Neuro/Psych 277 Inside the Disorderd Brain Duke Final
Connections between neurons with cortical laminae __________ support intra-cortical communication
1- 3
The _____ supplies sensory information to the VS.
BLA
GAD: activity of the _____ increases with anticipation of getting a shock only in individuals with high _____ .
BNST, trait anxiety
Decreased amygdala activity to signals of distress like fearful or sad facial expression is associated with_____ traits in conduct and antisocial persoanilty disorder
C/U
tej dopmaine transfer defieciet hypotheise posits that individuals with ______ show a defieci tin the normal shift go ______ release from a reward to a cue prediction the reward
ADHD DA
_______ facial expression represent conditioned stimuli that reliably predict, interpersonal, direct threat
Angry
Primary reinforcers trigger release of ______ from the _______ in the midbrain
DA VTA
in ADHS there is hyperactivity of the _____ during anctipation of delayed rewards which is correlated with symptoms of hyperacityi/impulsivity
DS
women with AN show hyperconnecity between the ____ and ______ when choosing low calorie food over high calorie food, which subsequently predicts how much food they eat the day after scanning
DS DLPFC
The VS indirectly increase general comical responsiveness by driving the acitivy of _______ neurons in the VP
Cholinergic
the _______ relays contextual information to the VS
HF
The _________ provides contextual encoding of the specific environment in which we encounter threat
HF/Hippocampus
Input to the cortex from subcortical structures occurs within cortical lamina_______
IV
___________ facil expression represent implicit environmental or indirect threat
Fearful
The CeA can trigger the HPA axis by driving activity of the ______ in the hypothalamus
PVN
Output from the cortex to subcortical structures occurs within laminae_______
V, VI
Reciprocated trust during the investing game was associated with increased activity in the ______, which subsqueneyly response to the faces of trustworthy partners
VS
increased activity in the _____ when hearing new music precuts hoe much you will pay to add it to your library
VS
in the shopping study, activity in both the ______ and _______ increase in response to items that were subsequently purchased
VS vmPFC
A stronger response to sexually provocative images in men relative to eon occurs in the __________ which regulate sexual behavior like copultaion
medial prepotic area, hypothalamus
The core functions of the corticohippocampal circuit are_____ and _________
memory executive control
A fearful facial expression with ________ eye gaze and an angry facial expression with _______ eye gaze trigger a maximal response from the amygdala.
direct indirect
two core functions of corticostriatal circuit ate
motiavtion action
the _______ prefrontal correct supports the higher cognitive processes of planning and execution
dl
TMS delivered to the _____ disrupts working memory for both faces and object locations.
dlPFC
The _____________________ plays a critical role in selecting what information is encoded in declarative memory and subsequently recalled in service of goal-directed behavior
dlPFC
the inability of depressed individuals to maintain positivity emotion is associated with decreased functional connectivity between the ____________ and ______________ overtime
dlPFC VS
the magnitude of _______________ activity when regulation negative emotion is inversely correlated with the severity of anxiety symptoms in GAD and PD
dlPFC/dmPFC
Using TMS to disrupt activity of the _________________ when a ciggerrete is available decreases smoking by impairing the ability to plan goal-directed behavior
dlpfc
Successful suppression of craving in smokers is associated with increased activity of the ______ and decreased activity of the ________________
dlpfc vs
both the __________ and ____________ components of the addiction cycle are associated with the downregualtion of __________ signaling in the striatum
bingeing/tolerance withdrawl DA
Release of _____________ from the midbrain VTA following activity of pyramidal neurons in the dlPFC helps maintain their selective tuning of information
dopamine
in____________ condition a response is required to receive a reward
operant
the dlpfc is necearry for _______ conditioning but not __________ conditioning
operant classical
Hedonic tone or how pleasurable we find an experience felts acitivtyof neurons in the VS and VP that rleaelse
opioids
The CeA is the principal _____ structure. The BLA is the principal _____ structure of the _______
output, input amygdala
The expression of receptors for _______ in the lateral division of the CeA contributes to prosocial behaviors
oxytocin
the ______ and _______ totters form the dorsal striatum
caudate putamen
In _________ conditioning, a response is not required to receive a reward
classical/pavlovian
impulsive-antisocial traits are associated with _______ vs activity during the MID
greater
Trait-like hyperactivity of the _____ is one proposed mechanism through which the experience of stress increases risk for depression
amygdala
the combination of _______ hyperactivity to threat and ______ hypoactity to reWRD IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GREATEST RISK FOR PTSD- LIKE YMPOTONS IN ISARELI MILITARY MEDIcs
amygdala VS
Pharmacotherapy is associated with a decrease _____ activity, and also increase its functional connectivity with the _____ and _____
amygdala, amygdala VmPFC/mPFC
Activity in _____ decreases while activity in _____ increases after exposure therapy in specific phobia
amygdala, vmPFC
Amygdala hyperactivity to _____ facial expressions is associated with reactive or impulsive aggression
angry
dysfunction of the octiciostrialat circuit is primarily associated with the core symptom of ______ in individuals experiencing depression
anhedonia
Decreased _____ of amygdala activity to repeated presentations of facial expressions predicts the severity of social impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
habituation
During the MID, VS activity is most prominent during the ________ of winning money
anticipation
_______________________ is the component process of executive control that entails selectively concentration on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others
attention
in Freshmen at Dartmouth, relatively ________ VS activity to pictures of food predicted increased body mass index over time
higher
in health yindicvuals increased behavioral impulsivity is associated with relatively ______ vs activity
higher
Relatively_______ amygdala activity to threat and _________ VS activity to reward is associated with stress-related problem drinking in Duke students as a means to cope with higher negative affect and lower positive affect
higher lower
HM's temporarily graded retrograde amnesia may have reflected remaining functional tissue in his
hippocampus
In Capgras syndrome, damage to the ________________ likely produces that delusion that an imposter has replaced a familiar individual
hippocampus
The _________________ is critical for the encoding and recall of declarative memory
hippocampus
Decreased gray matter volume of the _____ in MCI is associated with relatively _____ activity in effort to maintain normal memory.
hippocampus Increased
Increased activity in both the ____________ and ______________ during encoding predicts better subsequent memory for new information.
hippocampus dlPFC
In Israeli military medics, decreased functional connectivity between the _____ and _____ after combat predicts PTSD-like symptoms
hippocampus/HF, vmPFC
Psychopathy is associated with deficits in fear _____
conditioning
Specific phobia likely reflects a history of fear _____ without subsequent opportunities for contextually appropriate fear _____
conditioning, extinction
Brodmann based his scheme for classifying different regions of human cortex not on gross anatomical landmarks but on detailed ---
cytoarchitechtonics
During executive control tasks, activity in the _____________ functions to resister negative feedback or error and help initiate a switch in strategy.
dACC
In observational fear learning activity in the _____ like provides top-down input to the amygdala that mimics the direct experience of an aversive event
dACC
Extrapolating from rfeasrch in fans of MLB, as a conflicted Blue Devils fan your ________ is likely activated when watching Carolina beat Duke
dACC/insula
In williams syndrom, there is evidence for _______ amygdala activity to threat related facial expressions
decreeased/lower
In bipolar disorder, there is evidence of trait-like ________________ activity of the dlPFC during working memory
hypo
the _______ symptoms of ADHD are assocaietd with ______________ reduced activity pf prefrontal region during task switching and behavioral control
inattentive reduced
The APOE e4 risk allele is associated with relatively _________________ activity of the hippocampal formation during encoding
increased
in ADHD relatively ________ VS activity is associated with decreased symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity
increased
The Tea indirectly drives activity of the _______ to promote initial awareness of changes in Bodily states or interception.
insula
A spontaneous panic attack during fMRI was mapped first onto activity of the _____ followed by activity in the _____.
insula, amygdala
The ______ and______ components of the addiction cycle are associated with VS activity to primary or secondary reinforcers, respectively
intoxication craving
dopamine functions as the _____ that opens the VS_______
key gate
the _______ hypothalamus regulates thirst and hunger
lateral
in community volunteers, relatively______ VS activity when consuming food predicted larger waist circumference
lower
Relatively_______ amygdala activity to threat and _________ VS activity to reward is associated with stress-related problem drinking in Duke students as an expression of higher impulsivity
lower higher
working memory is the component process of executive control felting the ______________________ and ____________________ of information in real time in the service of achieving a goal
maintenance manipulation
reward learning involves a shift in dopamine release from a ______ reinforce to a _________ refincfer
primary secondary
Low Road visual input to the amygdala comes via the ______ nucleus of the thalamus
pulvinar
core functions of the CLC are _____ and _____
recognition and reaction
in a large study of teens, relatively_______ activity of the VS during the mID was associated with devloepin drepriion 2 years later
reduced
the larger ______ of the eye of fearful facial expression are a speech feature that trigger amgydla activity
sclera/whites
_______________________ support both the integration of multiple sources/modalities of information as well as storage of the details associated with specific memories
sensory associaation cortices
The CeA drives the nucleus reticular points caudal (NRPC) to potentiate _______
startle
Later development of the human cortex in adolescence and young adulthood is characterized by progressive___________ of grey matter
thinning
Women with AN show relatively increased VS acuity to model imaged that are ________weight
under
the ______ prefrontal cortex generates subjective evaluation of our experiments by integrating signals from the amygdala, insulation, hippocampal formations, and sensory corticies
vm
During fear extinction in PTSD, the _____ exhibits hypoactivity while the _____ exhibits hyperactivity.
vmPFC amygdala
LABEL NODES AND USE ARROWS TO SHOW FLOW OF INFO FROM THE VS IN THIS CORTICOSTRIATAL SUBCIRCUIT THAT RESULTS IN GOAL DIRECTED ACTIONS/MOVEMENT
vs, sn, ds, dp, van/vlm motor cortiices, movement
LABEL NODES AND USE ARROWS TO SHOW FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM THE VS IN THIS CORTICOSTRIATAL SUBCIRCUIT SUPPORTING ERROR MONTIORING DURING GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIORS
vs,vp,dmN dmn, to dlpfc dmN to vmPFC, dacc, dlpfc
The amygdala and VS can indirectly bias information processing the dlPFC toward threat and read, respectively, by driving the release of _________________
acetylcholine
In Williams syndrome, the specific pattern of amygdala activity to social versus non-social threat may reflect the increased use of _______
affective enhancers/language
In Duke undergrads, the interpersonal facet of self-reported psychopathic (SRP) traits is negatively correlated with amygdala activity to _____ facial expressions
fearful
The CeA can indirectly influence many downstream structure by driving the release of acetylcholine from the _______
NBM
Freezing behavior is mediated through CeA drive of the _____
PAG
_____ are pockets of inhibitory neurons "moats" meant to regulate output
ICM
In a safe contact, the hippocampal formation drives______ neurons in the BLA during recall
extinction
The magnitude of amygdala in Autism Spectrum Disorder reflects the amount of time individuals direct their gaze towards the _____ when looking at faces
eyes