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What are the three levels of critical thinking in nursing?

- basic - complex - commitment

The four recognized APRN clinical roles are:

- clinical nurse specialist - nurse anesthetist - nurse midwife - nurse practitioner

What are the four characteristics of academic/scientific disciplines?

- distinct body of knowledge - distinct schools/colleges - baccalaureate = entry level - doctoral education is discipline specific

What are sources of diagnostic label errors?

- errors during data collection - errors in the interpretation and analysis of patient data - errors in data clustering - usually occurs when the nurse clusters data prematurely, incorrectly or not at all - errors in the diagnostic statement - use only NANDA-I terminology

What are the 7 domains of nursing practice?

- helping role - the teaching-coaching function - the diagnostic and patient-monitoring function - effective management of rapidly changing situations - administering and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regimens - monitoring and ensuring the quality of health care practices - organization and work-role competencies

What four items does the nursing process allow nurses to do?

- identify patient responses to health and illness situations - plan nursing care that assists patients to deal with those situations - implement nursing care to facilitate positive patient outcomes - evaluate the effectiveness of the nursing care given

How does one determine outcome achievement?

- identify the expected outcome that was established - compare the patient's status after the nursing care is given to the expected outcome - decide the extent of outcome achievement

How do you correct errors in the diagnostic label?

- identify the patient response, not the medical diagnosis - identify a NANDA-I diagnosis, not a patient symptom - identify a related factor that is amenable to nursing interventions, not something that can be treated by a nurse - identify the patient issue, not your issue with the nursing care given/not given - avoid legally inadvisable statements that simply blame, negligence, or malpractice

What are three examples of master's prepared nurses who are not APRN's?

- nursing education - forensic nursing - nursing informatics

What are the purposes of nursing diagnoses?

- provides a precise definition of a patient's response to health problems - gives nurses a common language and the ability to communicate what they do - distinguishes the nurse's role form that of other health care providers - helps nurses focus on the scope of nursing practice - fosters the development of nursing knowledge - promotes the creation of practice guidelines that reflect the essence and science of nursing

What are the five preparatory activities for the implementation process?

- re-assessing the patient - reviewing and revising the existing NCP - organizing resources and care delivery - anticipating and preventing complications - implementing nursing interventions

What are the 6 important factors involved in choosing interventions?

- the patient goals and expected outcomes - characteristics of the nursing diagnosis - research basis for the intervention - feasibility for doing the intervention - acceptability of the intervention to the patient - the nurse's own competency in performing the intervention

All types of thinking/learning are used in nursing, what are they?

- visual - auditory - performance based

How do you promote a patient-centered interview?

- visualize yourself as the nurse you want to be - give your name, position, and explain your role - ask the patient how he/she would like to be addressed. do not assume it is OK to use the patient's first name - perform any necessary comfort measures - maintain privacy/confidentiality/HIPPA - give the patient your full attention - end by asking the patient to summarize the discussion/interaction

Implementation formally begins _________ the nursing plan of care is developed.

After

What is the professional organization for all RNs?

American Nurses Association (ANA)

critical thinking competency - the ability to examine, organize, classify, categorize, and prioritize variables

Analysis

What are the five steps of the nursing process?

Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Evaluation

Weaning a patient off of a ventilator.

Collaborative or interdependent interventions

What is the foundation of nursing practice?

Critical thinking

To become a CRNA, what level of graduate degree is becoming required?

Doctor of Nursing Practice

How do you document objective data?

Document exactly what you see, hear, feel, taste and NOT your interpretation of what you think it means.

What is the outcome of thinking?

Doing

T/F: a paradigm does not usually change over time.

False, it does change over time.

T/F: Nurse-intiated interventions require an "order" or prescription from another health care provider.

False, no order is required.

T/F: The NCP is implemented to address the 5 domains of nursing practice.

False, there are 7 domains.

T/F: the nurse who develops the NCP implements all of the NCP interventions.

False, they do not implement all of the interventions.

T/F: Subjective data is the nurses interpretation of what the patient said the data means.

False. It is NOT the nurses interpretation.

Nursing's theoretical/scientific heritage began with...

Florence Nightingale (FN) when she was sent to aid British soldiers during the Crimean War (1854-1856).

Administering medication

Health care provider-initiated intervention

Inserting an indwelling Foley catheter.

Health care provider-initiated intervention

Performing a dressing change

Health care provider-initiated intervention

critical thinking competency - the ability to formulate hypotheses or draw conclusions based on evidence

Inference

critical thinking competency - the ability to understand and identify problems

Interpretation

Who can be delegated some of the interventions by the RN?

LPN/unlicensed personnel

Diagnostic Label

NANDA-I nursing diagnosis, it describes the essence of the patient's response in a few words

Turning/positioning a patient to prevent pressure ulcer formation

Nurse-initiated intervention.

Complex Critical Thinking

Nurses analyze the situation and examine choices more independently while also recognizing that each solution has benefits and risks to be considered.

What does critical thinking in nursing mean?

Nurses need to think of clinical issues and situations using inquiring minds and as sources of data to facilitate positive patient outcomes.

The nurse will educate Mr. Lee regarding the need for a Q2 hour turn schedule.

Plan

The nurse will implement music therapy pre-operatively.

Plan

Who can delegate care?

RN's

Who is 100% accountable for all patient care and the outcomes of care?

RN's

Evaluation (ANA Standard 6)

The nurse evaluates the patient's response to the nursing care given whether the nursing interventions implemented were successful in attaining the patient goals/expected outcomes.

Planning (ANA Standard 4)

The registered nurse develops a plan that prescribes STRATEGIES to attain expected, measurable outcomes.

Outcomes Identification (ANA Standard 3)

The registered nurse identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the healthcare consumer or situation.

T/F: An expected outcome must be specific, singular, measurable, attainable, realistic, timed, written using future-oriented verbs.

True.

T/F: Objective data is measured on the basis of an accepted standard or "normal" values.

True.

T/F: all of the nurses caring for patient are responsible for the NCP.

True.

T/F: both approaches to knowledge development (inductive and deductive) are useful for understanding nursing phenomena, and both play a role in EBNP.

True.

T/F: involve the patient in priority setting as much as possible.

True.

T/F: nursing is currently in a huge paradigm shift.

True.

T/F: the domain of nursing is very comprehensive.

True.

T/F: the nursing phenomenon should be done every time if the conditions warrant it.

True.

T/F: there is one NCP for each nursing diagnosis/collaborative problem.

True.

Who are novice nurses?

Undergraduate students and new BSN graduates

A patient goal is...

a broad statement that describes a desired change in a patient's condition, perceptions, or behavior.

Health Promotion Nursing Diagnosis

a clinical judgment concerning a patient's, family's, group's, community's motivation and desire to increase well-being

Problem-Focused Nursing Diagnosis

a clinical judgment concerning an undesirable human responses to a health condition/life process

Risk for Nursing Diagnosis

a clinical judgment concerning the vulnerability of an individual, group, or community for developing an undesirable human response

Nursing Diagnosis

a clinical judgment made on the basis of information

To become certified as an APRN, currently the minimum education required is.....

a master's degree in nursing

Low Priority Nursing Diagnosis

a nursing diagnosis that affects a patient's future well being

High Priority Nursing Diagnosis

a nursing diagnosis that is left untreated, results in harm to a patient (or others)

When do you use health promotion nursing diagnosis?

a patient expresses readiness to enhance a specific health behavior

What is a paradigm?

a pattern of beliefs used to describe the domain of a scientific discipline.

What does a patient-centered goal represent?

a predicted resolution of a diagnosis or problem.

Health (paradigm)

a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality and lifestyle

Nursing (paradigm)

a verb (action/doing) or a noun (person providing care) or both

How much experience is needed to become a complex critical thinker?

about 2 years after becoming an RN

How much experience is needed to become a commitment critical thinker?

about 5 years clinical experience/often an APRN

What does back channeling include?

active listening prompts such as: - "go on" - "very interesting..." - "then what happened..."

You will learn more about nursing __________ you get out of school than during! You will continue to learn as you gain __________________.

after; experience

Environment/Situation (paradigm)

all possible conditions affecting patients and the settings where they receive nursing care

Collaborative Problem

an actual or potential physiological complication that nurses monitor and manage in collaboration with other health care professionals.

What does theory help explain?

an event by defining ideas or concepts, explaining relationships among the concepts, and predicting outcomes.

Nursing interventions are any _____________ or _________________ that ____________ ___________ based on clinical judgment and knowledge to _______________/_________________ patient outcomes.

any treatment or action; nurses perform; to enhance/facilitate

A nursing intervention is...

any treatment/action based on clinical judgment and knowledge that a nurse performs to enhance patient outcomes.

The process of choosing nursing interventions involves ____________________ __________ __________________ and using critical thinking and sound clinical judgment.

applying best evidence

A well-planned, comprehensive NCP facilitates...

attainment of expected outcomes

The registered nurse evaluates progress towards...

attainment of goals and outcomes.

What are the ANA Standards of Practice?

authoritative statements of the duties that all RNs, regardless of role, population or specialty are expected to perform

Movement to the next level of critical thinking is not ______________, one must have ___________________.

automatic; experience

Nurse-initiated interventions are __________________ ___________ based on _______________ _________________.

autonomous actions; scientific rationale

concrete, task-oriented, and based on a set of rules or principles.

basic/novice thinking

What is Florence Nightingale credited with?

being the first nurse theorist/nurse scientist.

Inductive reasoning is a _________-_____ process.

bottom-up

How does interpretation of the assessment data begin?

by organizing the data into data clusters

The nursing process is used exclusively _____________________________ and it provides a common language, format and process for all nurses to use, ____________________.

by the discipline of nursing; including APRNs

The nursing diagnosis is a _________________ _____________ concerning a human response to health conditions/life processes that nurses are licensed and ______________________________.

clinical judgment; competent to treat.

The ANA Standards of Practice describe ________________ _____________ _____ _________________ ___________ as demonstrated by use of the nursing process.

competent level of nursing care

Data Clusters

comprised of objective data and/or subjective signs, symptoms, and risk factors that when analyzed holistically lead to diagnostic conclusions

What level are NANDA-I nursing diagnoses written at?

conceptual level

Under what circumstances is the person to perform the actions?

condition of the expected outcome

What are the two parts of implementation?

coordination of care and health teaching/health promotion

Registered nurses are responsible for __________________ and __________________ a nursing ________ of ______________ for all patients.

creating; implementing; plan; care

In complex critical thinking, thinking becomes more _____________________ and ______________________.

creative; innovative

The nursing process is the _____________________ __________________ __________________ used by all professional registered nurses.

critical thinking framework

Nurses must be able to ___________________ think in order to ___________________ ___________________/deal with issues in the clinical setting and implement _________-__________________ strategies/interventions for each _________________'s needs.

critically; solve problems; best-practice; patient

What is the only thing you report?

data

EBP ___-_____________ habits and rituals as the basis for nursing care.

de-emphasizes

you have been taught in your nursing theory courses that young children have separation anxiety when they are separated from their parents. During your pediatric clinical experiences, you observe the children you care for to see if they show symptoms consistent with this phenomenon.

deductive reasoning.

Health care provider-initiated intervention

dependent; require an "order" from a health care provider (MD or NP).

Nursing theory explains an aspect of nursing in order to _________, ___________, ____________ or ______________ nursing care.

describe, explain, predict or prescribe

What is the ANA responsible for?

developing the standards that apply to the practice for all professional nurses

NANDA-International ___________, ______________, and ________________ nursing diagnoses

develops, refines and classifies

What is the focus of nursing?

diagnosis and treatment of human response

When the nurse accurately identifies patterns of data, they form...

diagnostic conclusions

Diagnostic Statement

diagnostic label + etiology/related factor

IV insertion

direct care intervention

bathing

direct care intervention

discharge instruction/counseling

direct care intervention

medication administration

direct care intervention

What do leading questions do?

direct the respondent to give the answer he/she thinks you want to hear

Nursing interventions include ___________ and ______________ care measures.

direct; indirect

The patient goals and expected outcomes help provide clear __________________ to the nurses to develop a ______ of ___________ specifically for that issue.

direction; plan; care

How do you create a favorable emotional climate for your patient?

do not rush your care, encourage family presence, allow time for questions and answers

Nursing ______________________ is used to ___________________________________.

documentation; evaluate the nursing care given

The nurse turned the patient at 1:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m.

documenting implementation

The ranking of priorities is _____________, and not the same for every patient.

dynamic

What kind of care are nurses responsible for providing?

empirically/evidence based care

critical thinking competency - the ability to assess the credibility, significance, and applicability of sources of information necessary to support conclusions

evaluation

Practice-Level Theory

even less abstract; describe interventions for a specific nursing phenomenon and/or situation

Nursing interventions should be ___________________-____________.

evidence-based

EBNP is an ____________________ of all professional nurses.

expectation.

BB will describe, at the next appointment with the nurse, the factors he believes led to his wife to seek a divorce

expected outcome

CM will ambulate in the hall three times/day by 2/14/18

expected outcome

Mr. Jones will sit at the side of the bed without getting dizzy by the end of the evening

expected outcome

Mrs. Smith will verbalize her intention to stop smoking by tomorrow morning

expected outcome

Critical thinking evolves with __________________.

experience

critical thinking competency - the ability to describe the assumptions that led to the conclusions reached

explanation

As you develop into a professional nurse, it is important to acquire critical thinking skills that allow you to...

face each patient care experience/situation with open-mindedness, creativity, confidence and inquiry.

Who is the secondary source for information?

family, significant other, friends, other members of the health care team or the health care record

How do you sign your name?

first initial of your first name, last name and credentials.

What does evaluation focus on that assessment does not?

focuses on the nursing care provided and the patient's response to the nursing care

Planning step is written in _______________ tense.

future

Deductive reasoning is generated from...

general principles

What level of theory contains all four paradigm concepts?

grand-level theory

What does doing without first using critical thinking/inquiry promote?

habitual modes of doing which is not consistent with the goals of professional nursing

What is the phenomenon of concern in nursing?

health

What is a key component of a comprehensive assessment?

health history

readiness for enhanced power

health promotion diagnosis

readiness for enhanced sleep

health promotion diagnosis

What is the definition of a patient?

holistic

Modify the Nursing Care Plan

if the expected outcome is not achieved, but new data/new diagnosis is revealed, or if interventions in the nursing care plan are no longer appropriate/ new ones have been identified that are better for attaining the expected outcomes.

Continue the Nursing Care Plan

if the expected outcome is not achieved, but the interventions in the nursing care plan are still appropriate.

Where are collaborative problems used?

in the acute care/in-patient setting where most patients have many actual and/or potential health issues.

A well-planned, comprehensive NCP reduces the risk for...

incomplete, incorrect or inaccurate nursing care.

Nursing is an ________________, __________________, _________________/__________________ discipline.

independent, autonomous, academic/scientific

Nurses are ___________________, __________________ healthcare professionals

independent; autonomous

Nurse-initiated Interventions

independent; interventions that a nurse initiates without direction from others.

delegation of care to LPNs/unlicensed care providers

indirect care interventions

documentation

indirect care interventions

listening to change of shift report

indirect care interventions

managing a patient's environment

indirect care interventions

talking on the phone to the doctor about a patient

indirect care interventions

You are a pediatric nurse and you observe during your clinical experiences that the children you care for get anxious when their parents leave. You conclude that all hospitalized children are anxious when separated from their parents, and you plan nursing care accordingly.

inductive reasoning

"The registered nurse _________________ ____________ and _____________ ____________ into practice" (ANA, 2015, p. 77).

integrates evidence; research findings

Thinking and learning about nursing care are _________-____________, __________-_________ processes

inter-related, life-long

In health care provider-initiated interventions, the nurse ________________ by carrying out the health care providers ________________ or _______________ ______________.

intervenes; written; verbal orders.

The nurse implements ____________________ to facilitate attainment of patient goals/expected outcomes

interventions

Collaborative or Interdependent Interventions

interventions that require the combined knowledge, skill and expertise of multiple health care providers.

How is data received through the primary source?

interview, observations and physical examination

Intermediate Priority Nursing Diagnosis

involves non-emergent, non-life threatening needs of patients

What do diagnostic conclusions include?

issues/responses treated solely by nurses (nursing diagnoses), and issues/responses treated by nurses in collaboration with other healthcare professionals (collaborative problems).

Primary form of research

journal articles

What does health care have a bias toward regarding sources of evidence?

knowledge derived from deduction and presented in research journals as primary reports of research.

What is evidence?

knowledge that is generated by research?

Nursing is a ____________________ profession built on a core body of _____________________ that reflects its dual components of _____ and _______________.

learned; knowledge; art; science

prescriptive

least abstract/most specific level of nursing theory

Middle-Range Theory

less abstract, more relevant to clinical practice situations

What do close-ended questions do?

limit answers to one or two words, such as yes/no, or a number

Every clinical situation presents an opportunity for nurses to think critically in order to...

make sound judgments about the nursing care to be planned/implemented.

What theory involves pain, hope, or stress?

middle-range theory

Grand-Level Theory

most abstract; designed to provide a structural framework for the entire discipline of nursing

By listing nursing diagnoses in order of their importance, the nurse can attend to the patient's...

most urgent needs and better organize care activities

Which is superior, inductive or deductive knowledge?

neither approach to knowledge development, alone, is superior or without limitations when used as the bases of knowledge development for nursing practice/for providing patient-centered nursing care.

Who produces the evidence needed for EBNP?

nurses

What does the NCP include?

nursing diagnosis, patient goal and expected outcome, the planned and implemented nursing interventions and evaluation

Clinical practice is based on....

nursing knowledge that is scientifically/empirically based

Inductive reasoning is generated from...

nursing practice

What is nursing guided by?

nursing process

Objective Data

observations or measurements of a patient's health status - what the nurse sees, hears, feels, tastes, etc

What type of question does not presuppose an answer?

open-ended questions

Critical thinking in nursing is always...

outcome focused and driven by the patient's/family's needs (not the nurses)

How do you offer comfort measures to your patient?

pain medication, elimination needs, address environment (room lighting, noise)

Documenting implementation is ________ tense.

past

Who is the primary source for information?

patient

The family will discuss their feelings related to the patient's cancer diagnosis prior to discharge.

patient goal

The patient will ambulate independently by tomorrow.

patient goal

The nurse and patient identify ________________ ____________ and ______________________ ___________________ for each nursing diagnosis/collaborative problem.

patient goals and expected outcomes

What is the most critical part after the diagnosis?

patient goals and expected outcomes

What are the criteria against which the nurse judges the success of the care provided?

patient goals/expected outcomes

What becomes the basis for forming a trusting/therapeutic relationship with patients/families?

patient-centered interview

What is an interactive exchange?

patient-centered interview

Nursing care is ________________-_______________ and _____________________ ____________________.

patient-centered; outcome focused

To facilitate patient health and achieve positive patient outcomes, nurses need to know how....

patients think and learn

how well is the person to perform the actions?

performance criteria of the expected outcome?

What are the four concepts of a paradigm?

person, health, environment/situation and nursing.

What does nursing theory focus on?

phenomena within the domain of nursing

Evidence for practice must be consistent with nursing's _____________________ ____ __________.

philosophy of care (holistic, patient-centered, and outcome focused)

When preparing the patient, ensure that the patient is ________________ and ____________________ comfortable and ready for the interventions.

physically; psychologically

What two levels of theory are most focused on as nursing students?

practice and prescriptive

What level of theory is usually found in nursing textbooks?

practice-level theory

Masters (MSN)

prepared to be active members of a research team and create/promote a clinical climate where research-based change can occur.

Doctoral (DNP/PhD)

prepared to contribute to nursing's knowledge base by conducting independent research and publishing the findings.

Baccalaureate (BSN)

prepared to read and critique research, and identify issues related to nursing practice

activity intolerance

problem-focused diagnosis

acute confusion

problem-focused diagnosis

acute pain

problem-focused diagnosis

diarrhea

problem-focused diagnosis

nausea

problem-focused diagnosis

EBNP is a _________________-_______________ approach to clinical practice that integrates the _________________ ____ ___ ___________ ______________ in combination with a ____________________ ______________ and _______________ ________________ ____ ____________ in making decisions about patient care.

problem-solving; conscientious use of best evidence; clinician's expertise; patient preferences and values

"Nursing is the ____________________, promotion, and ____________________ of health and abilities, ____________________ of illness and injury, _____________________ of healing, alleviation of suffering through the _____________________ and ______________________ of human __________________, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations." (ANA, 2015)

protection; optimization; prevention; facilitation; diagnosis; treatment; response

Is inductive reasoning quantitative or qualitative?

qualitative

Nurses as scientists rely on _____________________ to guide __________________ but, also as the means to evaluate _______________________.

qualitative (subjective) and quantitative (objective) data/evidence; nursing policies and practices; nursing's impact on the health outcomes of healthcare consumers/patients

Is deductive reasoning quantitative or qualitative?

quantitative

What does prioritizing involve?

ranking the nursing diagnoses/collaborative problems to establish which ones are the most important

Observation

recorded non-verbal, such as eye-contact, body language, tone of voice, etc.

How is data received through the secondary source?

reports and responses

The nurse evaluates the patient's ______________ to the nursing care given and whether the nursing interventions implemented were successful in attaining the __________________ _________/________________ ________________.

response; patient goals/expected outcomes

risk for falls

risk for diagnosis

risk for poisoning

risk for diagnosis

risk for trauma

risk for diagnosis

Nursing has both ___________________ and _________________ components, and the two must inform each other.

scholarly; clinical

What words are not used when documenting objective data?

seems or appears

How does a nurse select interventions?

selects interventions designed to help a patient move from their present level of health to the level described in the patient goal and measure by the expected outcome.

critical thinking competency - the ability to self-examine and self-correct

self-regulation

Critical thinking is not a simple _____-___-______ _____________ process that is easily taught or learned.

step-by-step linear

Who is expected to achieve the outcome?

subject of the expected outcome

by when is the person expected to be able to perform the actions?

target time frame of the expected outcomes

Nurses need to utilize ____________/_______________ _________________ that match the _________________ ______________.

teaching/learning approaches; patient's style

Secondary form of research

textbook

What enables the nurse to plan effective nursing care?

the accurate diagnosis of actual or potential health responses

What does a paradigm link?

the beliefs, theories, and assumptions accepted by the discipline

A well-planned, comprehensive NCP enhances...

the continuity of care

Assessment

the deliberate and systematic collection of information about a patient to determine the patient's current and past health and functional status, and his/her present and past coping patterns

After the nursing diagnosis and collaborative problems have been identified by the RN, the nurse will prioritize...

the diagnoses and collaborate with the patient to identify patient-centered goals and expected outcomes

Related Factor

the etiology/causative factor for the nursing diagnosis = identified from the assessment data.

The nursing phenomenon is at the level where ______ _________________ ___ ______________.

the intervention is prescribed.

An expected outcome is...

the measurable change in response to the nursing care given that must be achieved to reach a goal.

Commitment Level - Critical Thinking

the nurse makes clinical decisions without assistance from others, and chooses an action based on available alternatives, and accepts full accountability for the decision(s) made.

What do open-ended questions allow?

the patient to tell his/her story

Subjective Data

the patient's verbal descriptions of the health problems - includes the patients feelings, perceptions, self-reports

The domain is...

the perspective of a profession or discipline.

Inductive Reasoning

the process of developing generalizations from specific observations.

Deductive Reasoning

the process of developing specific predictions from general principles

What do nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems represent?

the range of patient conditions that require nursing care

Person (paradigm)

the recipient of nursing care

Diagnosis (ANA Standard 2)

the registered nurse analyzes assessment data to determine actual or potential diagnoses, problems and issues.

Assessment (ANA Standard 1)

the registered nurse collects pertinent data and information relative to the health care consumer's health or the situation.

What is coordination of care?

the registered nurse coordinates care delivery

What is health teaching/health promotion?

the registered nurse employs strategies to promote health and a safe environment.

ANA Standard 5 (Implementation)

the registered nurse implements the identified plan.

What does the domain provide?

the subject, central concept, values, beliefs and phenomena of interest for the discipline

Evidence for practice

the support/rationale for nursing actions

A novice nurse accepts...

the values/beliefs/behaviors of others, and believes that experts have the right answer for every problem

Nursing occurs whenever...

there is a need for nursing knowledge, wisdom, caring, leadership, practice or education anytime, anywhere

Critical thinking is a process gained only _______________ __________________ and an _________ _______________ _____________ __________________.

through experience; active curiosity toward learning

The goal of nursing is...

to achieve positive patient outcomes in keeping with nursing's social contract with an obligation to society

As assessment data is collected, the nurse begins to analyze it ____________________ that form ____________ indicating a patient's ___________________________ and desire for health promotion, and/or existing health problems.

to recognize cues; patterns; level of wellness

Deductive reasoning is a _____-__________ process.

top-down

What are indirect-care interventions?

treatments/actions performed away from a patient, but on behalf of the patient or group of patients.

What are direct-care interventions?

treatments/actions performed through interactions with patients

Do not use _____________ __________________ or ________ _______________ _____ _________

undefined quantities (some, a lot); vague periods of time (often, rarely, frequently, occasionally)

Inductive approaches have not always been...

valued as credible forms of evidence/research

What actions must the person take to achieve the outcome?

verb of the expected outcome

A critical thinking nurse considers __________________, mentally explores ________________, considers ethical principles, and then makes _________________ regarding care in order to ____________________________.

what is important in a situation; alternatives; informed decisions; attain the most positive patient outcomes.

Terminate the Nursing Care Plan

when the expected outcome is fully achieved.

When does critical thinking begin?

with the assessment data obtained by the nurse

The related factor must be...

within the scope of nursing and it must be amenable to nursing intervention


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