newton final
What are the three levels of critical thinking in nursing?
- basic - complex - commitment
The four recognized APRN clinical roles are:
- clinical nurse specialist - nurse anesthetist - nurse midwife - nurse practitioner
What are the four characteristics of academic/scientific disciplines?
- distinct body of knowledge - distinct schools/colleges - baccalaureate = entry level - doctoral education is discipline specific
What are sources of diagnostic label errors?
- errors during data collection - errors in the interpretation and analysis of patient data - errors in data clustering - usually occurs when the nurse clusters data prematurely, incorrectly or not at all - errors in the diagnostic statement - use only NANDA-I terminology
What are the 7 domains of nursing practice?
- helping role - the teaching-coaching function - the diagnostic and patient-monitoring function - effective management of rapidly changing situations - administering and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regimens - monitoring and ensuring the quality of health care practices - organization and work-role competencies
What four items does the nursing process allow nurses to do?
- identify patient responses to health and illness situations - plan nursing care that assists patients to deal with those situations - implement nursing care to facilitate positive patient outcomes - evaluate the effectiveness of the nursing care given
How does one determine outcome achievement?
- identify the expected outcome that was established - compare the patient's status after the nursing care is given to the expected outcome - decide the extent of outcome achievement
How do you correct errors in the diagnostic label?
- identify the patient response, not the medical diagnosis - identify a NANDA-I diagnosis, not a patient symptom - identify a related factor that is amenable to nursing interventions, not something that can be treated by a nurse - identify the patient issue, not your issue with the nursing care given/not given - avoid legally inadvisable statements that simply blame, negligence, or malpractice
What are three examples of master's prepared nurses who are not APRN's?
- nursing education - forensic nursing - nursing informatics
What are the purposes of nursing diagnoses?
- provides a precise definition of a patient's response to health problems - gives nurses a common language and the ability to communicate what they do - distinguishes the nurse's role form that of other health care providers - helps nurses focus on the scope of nursing practice - fosters the development of nursing knowledge - promotes the creation of practice guidelines that reflect the essence and science of nursing
What are the five preparatory activities for the implementation process?
- re-assessing the patient - reviewing and revising the existing NCP - organizing resources and care delivery - anticipating and preventing complications - implementing nursing interventions
What are the 6 important factors involved in choosing interventions?
- the patient goals and expected outcomes - characteristics of the nursing diagnosis - research basis for the intervention - feasibility for doing the intervention - acceptability of the intervention to the patient - the nurse's own competency in performing the intervention
All types of thinking/learning are used in nursing, what are they?
- visual - auditory - performance based
How do you promote a patient-centered interview?
- visualize yourself as the nurse you want to be - give your name, position, and explain your role - ask the patient how he/she would like to be addressed. do not assume it is OK to use the patient's first name - perform any necessary comfort measures - maintain privacy/confidentiality/HIPPA - give the patient your full attention - end by asking the patient to summarize the discussion/interaction
Implementation formally begins _________ the nursing plan of care is developed.
After
What is the professional organization for all RNs?
American Nurses Association (ANA)
critical thinking competency - the ability to examine, organize, classify, categorize, and prioritize variables
Analysis
What are the five steps of the nursing process?
Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Evaluation
Weaning a patient off of a ventilator.
Collaborative or interdependent interventions
What is the foundation of nursing practice?
Critical thinking
To become a CRNA, what level of graduate degree is becoming required?
Doctor of Nursing Practice
How do you document objective data?
Document exactly what you see, hear, feel, taste and NOT your interpretation of what you think it means.
What is the outcome of thinking?
Doing
T/F: a paradigm does not usually change over time.
False, it does change over time.
T/F: Nurse-intiated interventions require an "order" or prescription from another health care provider.
False, no order is required.
T/F: The NCP is implemented to address the 5 domains of nursing practice.
False, there are 7 domains.
T/F: the nurse who develops the NCP implements all of the NCP interventions.
False, they do not implement all of the interventions.
T/F: Subjective data is the nurses interpretation of what the patient said the data means.
False. It is NOT the nurses interpretation.
Nursing's theoretical/scientific heritage began with...
Florence Nightingale (FN) when she was sent to aid British soldiers during the Crimean War (1854-1856).
Administering medication
Health care provider-initiated intervention
Inserting an indwelling Foley catheter.
Health care provider-initiated intervention
Performing a dressing change
Health care provider-initiated intervention
critical thinking competency - the ability to formulate hypotheses or draw conclusions based on evidence
Inference
critical thinking competency - the ability to understand and identify problems
Interpretation
Who can be delegated some of the interventions by the RN?
LPN/unlicensed personnel
Diagnostic Label
NANDA-I nursing diagnosis, it describes the essence of the patient's response in a few words
Turning/positioning a patient to prevent pressure ulcer formation
Nurse-initiated intervention.
Complex Critical Thinking
Nurses analyze the situation and examine choices more independently while also recognizing that each solution has benefits and risks to be considered.
What does critical thinking in nursing mean?
Nurses need to think of clinical issues and situations using inquiring minds and as sources of data to facilitate positive patient outcomes.
The nurse will educate Mr. Lee regarding the need for a Q2 hour turn schedule.
Plan
The nurse will implement music therapy pre-operatively.
Plan
Who can delegate care?
RN's
Who is 100% accountable for all patient care and the outcomes of care?
RN's
Evaluation (ANA Standard 6)
The nurse evaluates the patient's response to the nursing care given whether the nursing interventions implemented were successful in attaining the patient goals/expected outcomes.
Planning (ANA Standard 4)
The registered nurse develops a plan that prescribes STRATEGIES to attain expected, measurable outcomes.
Outcomes Identification (ANA Standard 3)
The registered nurse identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the healthcare consumer or situation.
T/F: An expected outcome must be specific, singular, measurable, attainable, realistic, timed, written using future-oriented verbs.
True.
T/F: Objective data is measured on the basis of an accepted standard or "normal" values.
True.
T/F: all of the nurses caring for patient are responsible for the NCP.
True.
T/F: both approaches to knowledge development (inductive and deductive) are useful for understanding nursing phenomena, and both play a role in EBNP.
True.
T/F: involve the patient in priority setting as much as possible.
True.
T/F: nursing is currently in a huge paradigm shift.
True.
T/F: the domain of nursing is very comprehensive.
True.
T/F: the nursing phenomenon should be done every time if the conditions warrant it.
True.
T/F: there is one NCP for each nursing diagnosis/collaborative problem.
True.
Who are novice nurses?
Undergraduate students and new BSN graduates
A patient goal is...
a broad statement that describes a desired change in a patient's condition, perceptions, or behavior.
Health Promotion Nursing Diagnosis
a clinical judgment concerning a patient's, family's, group's, community's motivation and desire to increase well-being
Problem-Focused Nursing Diagnosis
a clinical judgment concerning an undesirable human responses to a health condition/life process
Risk for Nursing Diagnosis
a clinical judgment concerning the vulnerability of an individual, group, or community for developing an undesirable human response
Nursing Diagnosis
a clinical judgment made on the basis of information
To become certified as an APRN, currently the minimum education required is.....
a master's degree in nursing
Low Priority Nursing Diagnosis
a nursing diagnosis that affects a patient's future well being
High Priority Nursing Diagnosis
a nursing diagnosis that is left untreated, results in harm to a patient (or others)
When do you use health promotion nursing diagnosis?
a patient expresses readiness to enhance a specific health behavior
What is a paradigm?
a pattern of beliefs used to describe the domain of a scientific discipline.
What does a patient-centered goal represent?
a predicted resolution of a diagnosis or problem.
Health (paradigm)
a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality and lifestyle
Nursing (paradigm)
a verb (action/doing) or a noun (person providing care) or both
How much experience is needed to become a complex critical thinker?
about 2 years after becoming an RN
How much experience is needed to become a commitment critical thinker?
about 5 years clinical experience/often an APRN
What does back channeling include?
active listening prompts such as: - "go on" - "very interesting..." - "then what happened..."
You will learn more about nursing __________ you get out of school than during! You will continue to learn as you gain __________________.
after; experience
Environment/Situation (paradigm)
all possible conditions affecting patients and the settings where they receive nursing care
Collaborative Problem
an actual or potential physiological complication that nurses monitor and manage in collaboration with other health care professionals.
What does theory help explain?
an event by defining ideas or concepts, explaining relationships among the concepts, and predicting outcomes.
Nursing interventions are any _____________ or _________________ that ____________ ___________ based on clinical judgment and knowledge to _______________/_________________ patient outcomes.
any treatment or action; nurses perform; to enhance/facilitate
A nursing intervention is...
any treatment/action based on clinical judgment and knowledge that a nurse performs to enhance patient outcomes.
The process of choosing nursing interventions involves ____________________ __________ __________________ and using critical thinking and sound clinical judgment.
applying best evidence
A well-planned, comprehensive NCP facilitates...
attainment of expected outcomes
The registered nurse evaluates progress towards...
attainment of goals and outcomes.
What are the ANA Standards of Practice?
authoritative statements of the duties that all RNs, regardless of role, population or specialty are expected to perform
Movement to the next level of critical thinking is not ______________, one must have ___________________.
automatic; experience
Nurse-initiated interventions are __________________ ___________ based on _______________ _________________.
autonomous actions; scientific rationale
concrete, task-oriented, and based on a set of rules or principles.
basic/novice thinking
What is Florence Nightingale credited with?
being the first nurse theorist/nurse scientist.
Inductive reasoning is a _________-_____ process.
bottom-up
How does interpretation of the assessment data begin?
by organizing the data into data clusters
The nursing process is used exclusively _____________________________ and it provides a common language, format and process for all nurses to use, ____________________.
by the discipline of nursing; including APRNs
The nursing diagnosis is a _________________ _____________ concerning a human response to health conditions/life processes that nurses are licensed and ______________________________.
clinical judgment; competent to treat.
The ANA Standards of Practice describe ________________ _____________ _____ _________________ ___________ as demonstrated by use of the nursing process.
competent level of nursing care
Data Clusters
comprised of objective data and/or subjective signs, symptoms, and risk factors that when analyzed holistically lead to diagnostic conclusions
What level are NANDA-I nursing diagnoses written at?
conceptual level
Under what circumstances is the person to perform the actions?
condition of the expected outcome
What are the two parts of implementation?
coordination of care and health teaching/health promotion
Registered nurses are responsible for __________________ and __________________ a nursing ________ of ______________ for all patients.
creating; implementing; plan; care
In complex critical thinking, thinking becomes more _____________________ and ______________________.
creative; innovative
The nursing process is the _____________________ __________________ __________________ used by all professional registered nurses.
critical thinking framework
Nurses must be able to ___________________ think in order to ___________________ ___________________/deal with issues in the clinical setting and implement _________-__________________ strategies/interventions for each _________________'s needs.
critically; solve problems; best-practice; patient
What is the only thing you report?
data
EBP ___-_____________ habits and rituals as the basis for nursing care.
de-emphasizes
you have been taught in your nursing theory courses that young children have separation anxiety when they are separated from their parents. During your pediatric clinical experiences, you observe the children you care for to see if they show symptoms consistent with this phenomenon.
deductive reasoning.
Health care provider-initiated intervention
dependent; require an "order" from a health care provider (MD or NP).
Nursing theory explains an aspect of nursing in order to _________, ___________, ____________ or ______________ nursing care.
describe, explain, predict or prescribe
What is the ANA responsible for?
developing the standards that apply to the practice for all professional nurses
NANDA-International ___________, ______________, and ________________ nursing diagnoses
develops, refines and classifies
What is the focus of nursing?
diagnosis and treatment of human response
When the nurse accurately identifies patterns of data, they form...
diagnostic conclusions
Diagnostic Statement
diagnostic label + etiology/related factor
IV insertion
direct care intervention
bathing
direct care intervention
discharge instruction/counseling
direct care intervention
medication administration
direct care intervention
What do leading questions do?
direct the respondent to give the answer he/she thinks you want to hear
Nursing interventions include ___________ and ______________ care measures.
direct; indirect
The patient goals and expected outcomes help provide clear __________________ to the nurses to develop a ______ of ___________ specifically for that issue.
direction; plan; care
How do you create a favorable emotional climate for your patient?
do not rush your care, encourage family presence, allow time for questions and answers
Nursing ______________________ is used to ___________________________________.
documentation; evaluate the nursing care given
The nurse turned the patient at 1:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m.
documenting implementation
The ranking of priorities is _____________, and not the same for every patient.
dynamic
What kind of care are nurses responsible for providing?
empirically/evidence based care
critical thinking competency - the ability to assess the credibility, significance, and applicability of sources of information necessary to support conclusions
evaluation
Practice-Level Theory
even less abstract; describe interventions for a specific nursing phenomenon and/or situation
Nursing interventions should be ___________________-____________.
evidence-based
EBNP is an ____________________ of all professional nurses.
expectation.
BB will describe, at the next appointment with the nurse, the factors he believes led to his wife to seek a divorce
expected outcome
CM will ambulate in the hall three times/day by 2/14/18
expected outcome
Mr. Jones will sit at the side of the bed without getting dizzy by the end of the evening
expected outcome
Mrs. Smith will verbalize her intention to stop smoking by tomorrow morning
expected outcome
Critical thinking evolves with __________________.
experience
critical thinking competency - the ability to describe the assumptions that led to the conclusions reached
explanation
As you develop into a professional nurse, it is important to acquire critical thinking skills that allow you to...
face each patient care experience/situation with open-mindedness, creativity, confidence and inquiry.
Who is the secondary source for information?
family, significant other, friends, other members of the health care team or the health care record
How do you sign your name?
first initial of your first name, last name and credentials.
What does evaluation focus on that assessment does not?
focuses on the nursing care provided and the patient's response to the nursing care
Planning step is written in _______________ tense.
future
Deductive reasoning is generated from...
general principles
What level of theory contains all four paradigm concepts?
grand-level theory
What does doing without first using critical thinking/inquiry promote?
habitual modes of doing which is not consistent with the goals of professional nursing
What is the phenomenon of concern in nursing?
health
What is a key component of a comprehensive assessment?
health history
readiness for enhanced power
health promotion diagnosis
readiness for enhanced sleep
health promotion diagnosis
What is the definition of a patient?
holistic
Modify the Nursing Care Plan
if the expected outcome is not achieved, but new data/new diagnosis is revealed, or if interventions in the nursing care plan are no longer appropriate/ new ones have been identified that are better for attaining the expected outcomes.
Continue the Nursing Care Plan
if the expected outcome is not achieved, but the interventions in the nursing care plan are still appropriate.
Where are collaborative problems used?
in the acute care/in-patient setting where most patients have many actual and/or potential health issues.
A well-planned, comprehensive NCP reduces the risk for...
incomplete, incorrect or inaccurate nursing care.
Nursing is an ________________, __________________, _________________/__________________ discipline.
independent, autonomous, academic/scientific
Nurses are ___________________, __________________ healthcare professionals
independent; autonomous
Nurse-initiated Interventions
independent; interventions that a nurse initiates without direction from others.
delegation of care to LPNs/unlicensed care providers
indirect care interventions
documentation
indirect care interventions
listening to change of shift report
indirect care interventions
managing a patient's environment
indirect care interventions
talking on the phone to the doctor about a patient
indirect care interventions
You are a pediatric nurse and you observe during your clinical experiences that the children you care for get anxious when their parents leave. You conclude that all hospitalized children are anxious when separated from their parents, and you plan nursing care accordingly.
inductive reasoning
"The registered nurse _________________ ____________ and _____________ ____________ into practice" (ANA, 2015, p. 77).
integrates evidence; research findings
Thinking and learning about nursing care are _________-____________, __________-_________ processes
inter-related, life-long
In health care provider-initiated interventions, the nurse ________________ by carrying out the health care providers ________________ or _______________ ______________.
intervenes; written; verbal orders.
The nurse implements ____________________ to facilitate attainment of patient goals/expected outcomes
interventions
Collaborative or Interdependent Interventions
interventions that require the combined knowledge, skill and expertise of multiple health care providers.
How is data received through the primary source?
interview, observations and physical examination
Intermediate Priority Nursing Diagnosis
involves non-emergent, non-life threatening needs of patients
What do diagnostic conclusions include?
issues/responses treated solely by nurses (nursing diagnoses), and issues/responses treated by nurses in collaboration with other healthcare professionals (collaborative problems).
Primary form of research
journal articles
What does health care have a bias toward regarding sources of evidence?
knowledge derived from deduction and presented in research journals as primary reports of research.
What is evidence?
knowledge that is generated by research?
Nursing is a ____________________ profession built on a core body of _____________________ that reflects its dual components of _____ and _______________.
learned; knowledge; art; science
prescriptive
least abstract/most specific level of nursing theory
Middle-Range Theory
less abstract, more relevant to clinical practice situations
What do close-ended questions do?
limit answers to one or two words, such as yes/no, or a number
Every clinical situation presents an opportunity for nurses to think critically in order to...
make sound judgments about the nursing care to be planned/implemented.
What theory involves pain, hope, or stress?
middle-range theory
Grand-Level Theory
most abstract; designed to provide a structural framework for the entire discipline of nursing
By listing nursing diagnoses in order of their importance, the nurse can attend to the patient's...
most urgent needs and better organize care activities
Which is superior, inductive or deductive knowledge?
neither approach to knowledge development, alone, is superior or without limitations when used as the bases of knowledge development for nursing practice/for providing patient-centered nursing care.
Who produces the evidence needed for EBNP?
nurses
What does the NCP include?
nursing diagnosis, patient goal and expected outcome, the planned and implemented nursing interventions and evaluation
Clinical practice is based on....
nursing knowledge that is scientifically/empirically based
Inductive reasoning is generated from...
nursing practice
What is nursing guided by?
nursing process
Objective Data
observations or measurements of a patient's health status - what the nurse sees, hears, feels, tastes, etc
What type of question does not presuppose an answer?
open-ended questions
Critical thinking in nursing is always...
outcome focused and driven by the patient's/family's needs (not the nurses)
How do you offer comfort measures to your patient?
pain medication, elimination needs, address environment (room lighting, noise)
Documenting implementation is ________ tense.
past
Who is the primary source for information?
patient
The family will discuss their feelings related to the patient's cancer diagnosis prior to discharge.
patient goal
The patient will ambulate independently by tomorrow.
patient goal
The nurse and patient identify ________________ ____________ and ______________________ ___________________ for each nursing diagnosis/collaborative problem.
patient goals and expected outcomes
What is the most critical part after the diagnosis?
patient goals and expected outcomes
What are the criteria against which the nurse judges the success of the care provided?
patient goals/expected outcomes
What becomes the basis for forming a trusting/therapeutic relationship with patients/families?
patient-centered interview
What is an interactive exchange?
patient-centered interview
Nursing care is ________________-_______________ and _____________________ ____________________.
patient-centered; outcome focused
To facilitate patient health and achieve positive patient outcomes, nurses need to know how....
patients think and learn
how well is the person to perform the actions?
performance criteria of the expected outcome?
What are the four concepts of a paradigm?
person, health, environment/situation and nursing.
What does nursing theory focus on?
phenomena within the domain of nursing
Evidence for practice must be consistent with nursing's _____________________ ____ __________.
philosophy of care (holistic, patient-centered, and outcome focused)
When preparing the patient, ensure that the patient is ________________ and ____________________ comfortable and ready for the interventions.
physically; psychologically
What two levels of theory are most focused on as nursing students?
practice and prescriptive
What level of theory is usually found in nursing textbooks?
practice-level theory
Masters (MSN)
prepared to be active members of a research team and create/promote a clinical climate where research-based change can occur.
Doctoral (DNP/PhD)
prepared to contribute to nursing's knowledge base by conducting independent research and publishing the findings.
Baccalaureate (BSN)
prepared to read and critique research, and identify issues related to nursing practice
activity intolerance
problem-focused diagnosis
acute confusion
problem-focused diagnosis
acute pain
problem-focused diagnosis
diarrhea
problem-focused diagnosis
nausea
problem-focused diagnosis
EBNP is a _________________-_______________ approach to clinical practice that integrates the _________________ ____ ___ ___________ ______________ in combination with a ____________________ ______________ and _______________ ________________ ____ ____________ in making decisions about patient care.
problem-solving; conscientious use of best evidence; clinician's expertise; patient preferences and values
"Nursing is the ____________________, promotion, and ____________________ of health and abilities, ____________________ of illness and injury, _____________________ of healing, alleviation of suffering through the _____________________ and ______________________ of human __________________, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations." (ANA, 2015)
protection; optimization; prevention; facilitation; diagnosis; treatment; response
Is inductive reasoning quantitative or qualitative?
qualitative
Nurses as scientists rely on _____________________ to guide __________________ but, also as the means to evaluate _______________________.
qualitative (subjective) and quantitative (objective) data/evidence; nursing policies and practices; nursing's impact on the health outcomes of healthcare consumers/patients
Is deductive reasoning quantitative or qualitative?
quantitative
What does prioritizing involve?
ranking the nursing diagnoses/collaborative problems to establish which ones are the most important
Observation
recorded non-verbal, such as eye-contact, body language, tone of voice, etc.
How is data received through the secondary source?
reports and responses
The nurse evaluates the patient's ______________ to the nursing care given and whether the nursing interventions implemented were successful in attaining the __________________ _________/________________ ________________.
response; patient goals/expected outcomes
risk for falls
risk for diagnosis
risk for poisoning
risk for diagnosis
risk for trauma
risk for diagnosis
Nursing has both ___________________ and _________________ components, and the two must inform each other.
scholarly; clinical
What words are not used when documenting objective data?
seems or appears
How does a nurse select interventions?
selects interventions designed to help a patient move from their present level of health to the level described in the patient goal and measure by the expected outcome.
critical thinking competency - the ability to self-examine and self-correct
self-regulation
Critical thinking is not a simple _____-___-______ _____________ process that is easily taught or learned.
step-by-step linear
Who is expected to achieve the outcome?
subject of the expected outcome
by when is the person expected to be able to perform the actions?
target time frame of the expected outcomes
Nurses need to utilize ____________/_______________ _________________ that match the _________________ ______________.
teaching/learning approaches; patient's style
Secondary form of research
textbook
What enables the nurse to plan effective nursing care?
the accurate diagnosis of actual or potential health responses
What does a paradigm link?
the beliefs, theories, and assumptions accepted by the discipline
A well-planned, comprehensive NCP enhances...
the continuity of care
Assessment
the deliberate and systematic collection of information about a patient to determine the patient's current and past health and functional status, and his/her present and past coping patterns
After the nursing diagnosis and collaborative problems have been identified by the RN, the nurse will prioritize...
the diagnoses and collaborate with the patient to identify patient-centered goals and expected outcomes
Related Factor
the etiology/causative factor for the nursing diagnosis = identified from the assessment data.
The nursing phenomenon is at the level where ______ _________________ ___ ______________.
the intervention is prescribed.
An expected outcome is...
the measurable change in response to the nursing care given that must be achieved to reach a goal.
Commitment Level - Critical Thinking
the nurse makes clinical decisions without assistance from others, and chooses an action based on available alternatives, and accepts full accountability for the decision(s) made.
What do open-ended questions allow?
the patient to tell his/her story
Subjective Data
the patient's verbal descriptions of the health problems - includes the patients feelings, perceptions, self-reports
The domain is...
the perspective of a profession or discipline.
Inductive Reasoning
the process of developing generalizations from specific observations.
Deductive Reasoning
the process of developing specific predictions from general principles
What do nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems represent?
the range of patient conditions that require nursing care
Person (paradigm)
the recipient of nursing care
Diagnosis (ANA Standard 2)
the registered nurse analyzes assessment data to determine actual or potential diagnoses, problems and issues.
Assessment (ANA Standard 1)
the registered nurse collects pertinent data and information relative to the health care consumer's health or the situation.
What is coordination of care?
the registered nurse coordinates care delivery
What is health teaching/health promotion?
the registered nurse employs strategies to promote health and a safe environment.
ANA Standard 5 (Implementation)
the registered nurse implements the identified plan.
What does the domain provide?
the subject, central concept, values, beliefs and phenomena of interest for the discipline
Evidence for practice
the support/rationale for nursing actions
A novice nurse accepts...
the values/beliefs/behaviors of others, and believes that experts have the right answer for every problem
Nursing occurs whenever...
there is a need for nursing knowledge, wisdom, caring, leadership, practice or education anytime, anywhere
Critical thinking is a process gained only _______________ __________________ and an _________ _______________ _____________ __________________.
through experience; active curiosity toward learning
The goal of nursing is...
to achieve positive patient outcomes in keeping with nursing's social contract with an obligation to society
As assessment data is collected, the nurse begins to analyze it ____________________ that form ____________ indicating a patient's ___________________________ and desire for health promotion, and/or existing health problems.
to recognize cues; patterns; level of wellness
Deductive reasoning is a _____-__________ process.
top-down
What are indirect-care interventions?
treatments/actions performed away from a patient, but on behalf of the patient or group of patients.
What are direct-care interventions?
treatments/actions performed through interactions with patients
Do not use _____________ __________________ or ________ _______________ _____ _________
undefined quantities (some, a lot); vague periods of time (often, rarely, frequently, occasionally)
Inductive approaches have not always been...
valued as credible forms of evidence/research
What actions must the person take to achieve the outcome?
verb of the expected outcome
A critical thinking nurse considers __________________, mentally explores ________________, considers ethical principles, and then makes _________________ regarding care in order to ____________________________.
what is important in a situation; alternatives; informed decisions; attain the most positive patient outcomes.
Terminate the Nursing Care Plan
when the expected outcome is fully achieved.
When does critical thinking begin?
with the assessment data obtained by the nurse
The related factor must be...
within the scope of nursing and it must be amenable to nursing intervention