Nuclear Reactions Review HELL

Beta particle emission (decay)

A neutron in the nucleus is changed to a proton and a beta particle is given off for the atom and the element changes to one with one more as its atomic number. (same mass)

Positron Emission (decay)

A proton in the cucleus is changed to a neutron and a positron is given off for the atom and the element changes to one with one less as its atomic number. (same mass)

Electron Capture

A proton in the nucleus captures and electron and creates a neutron. The element changes to one with one less as its atomic number. (same mass)

Isotope

An atom that has the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons

Gamma ray emission (decay)

An element releases a gamma ray of zero mass and zero charge.

Fully Developed Fusion Process:

Bethe

Discovered: Positron

Carl Anderson

Discovered: Neutron

Chadwick

Throrized Existence: Positron

Dirac

+Q

Dissinegration Energy

Constructed 1st Reactor

Fermi

Developed Geiger Tube:

Geiger and Muller

Mass and Energy

If mass is converted to energy or energy is converted to mass during the nuclear reaction neither is balanced individually but together a balance of Energy and Mass is maintained E=mc^2

Discovered: Electron

J.J. Thompson

Fully Described Process: Fission

Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch

Developed Rudimentary Fusion

Mark Oliphant, light H isotopes

-Q

Means there is a threshold energy value

Momentum

Must balance on each side of equation. For beta decay if a beta particle or positron a massless neutrino and antineutrino are needed to balance the momentums or spins respectively.

Nucleons

Must balance on each side of the nuclear reaction

Fission

Nuclear reaction where atoms split to make new atoms

Fusion

Nuclear reaction where multiple atoms combine to make a single atom.

Discovered: Fission

Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman

Theorized Existence: Anti-neutrino

Pauli

Theorized Existence: Neutrino

Pauli

What defines an element?

Proton count

Throrized Existence: Proton

Prout

Discovered: Anti-neutrino

Reines and Cowan

Discovered: Neutrino

Reines and Cowan

Discovered: Proton

Rutherford

Throrized Existence: Neutron

Rutherford

Discovered: Transmutation

Rutherford and Soddy

Throrized Existence: Electron

Stoney

Charge

Total must balance on each side of the nuclear reaction. For positron emission that requires that the electron balance be accounted for carefully when calculating E=mc^2

+

reaction is spontaneous

-

reaction needs energy to occur