Nutrion study guide 5-7
alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid:
Aspartame
Most dietary ___ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.
Fibers
A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with:
Hydrogen Atoms
contributes to softer and easier-to-eliminate feces
Insoluble fiber
Gluten sensitivity and celiac disease have which of the following in common:
Requires a gluten free diet
quaternary structure
The structure of hemoglobin is an example of
Hypoglycemia
condition that occurs when blood glucose level is too low
high-quality protein
dietary proteins that are complete and well-digested, absorbed, and used by the body high quality protein are found in: animal foods including: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products.
pancreatic lipase
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
The simplest type of sugar is a
monosaccharide
Diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of
protein glucose fat
The process of breaking down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins is called
protein turnover
high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
syrup obtained from the processing of corn
Serious chronic disease characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.
Diabetes Mellitus
Human Genome Project
In the year 1990, scientists began an effort to identify and sequence the human genes that code for protein synthesis in DNA.
Type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to:
Insuline resistance
GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates occur
Small intestine
Are the most common oligosaccharides in food
Stachyose Raffinose
prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels
Statins
10-35
The acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein is __ percent of energy intake
Major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are
obesity certain cancers cardiovascular disease (CVD) stroke and heart disease
hydrophilic
part of a molecule that attracts water
hydrophobic
part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
deamination
removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid
food allergy
results when a protein is absorbed without complete digestion
Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?
Type 2 diabetes
can be added to sweeten foods while providing few or no kcal.
alternative sweeteners
Proteins are made up of smaller units called
amino acids
Microvilli
are dipeptides and tripeptides broken into amino acid
oligosaccharides. Oligo=a few
carbohydrates comprised of three to 10 monosaccharides bonded together
lipoprotein lipase
enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides
Nondigestible plant material is termed
fiber
most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include
heart disease stroke
inability to digest lactose properly because of a deficiency in the enzyme lactase
lactose intolerance
Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient
lipids
class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water; triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols, cholesterol
lipids
the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body:
-to insulate and protect the body. -to provide energy -to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
two amino acids present in aspartame:
aspartic acid phenylalanine
During processing, ______ are incorporated into foods to contribute to flavor, browning and tenderness, and preservation of food.
Added sugars
denaturation
Altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, stomach acids, and physical agitation
sugar alcohols
Alternative sweeteners used to replace sucrose in some sugar-free foods; sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol
Lipid Storage disease
Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damages
by-products of lipid digestion
Glycerol Fatty acids Monoglycerides cholesterol phospholipid
non-celiac gluten sensitivity
Intolerance to wheat products, resulting in IBS-like symptoms
condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
metabolic syndrome
amino acids
nitrogen-containing chemical units that constitute proteins
Dietary fiber include:
nondigestible plant material; most types are polysaccharides
What happens to amino acids once they enter the absorptive cells?
peptides are broken down into amino acids
dietary recommendations based on individual response to food and nutrients
personalized nutrition
vegetarian diet plant-based eating pattern that may or may not include some animal foods
plant-based eating pattern that may or may not include some animal foods
complete protein
dietary proteins that contain an adequate proportion of each of the nine essential amino acids
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
hereditary material that provides instructions for making proteins
trans fats
unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond
Cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by:
carbohydrates
Hypoglycemia may be diagnosed when the blood glucose level is
less than 70 mg/dL
cholesterol
lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D. (Egg yolk, liver, meat, poultry and diary products made from cream or whole milk)
Order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal
1.Eating a meal 2.Elevated blood glucose 3.insulin releases from the pancreas 4. blood glucose level returns to normal.
Sugars added to foods during processing or preparation
ADDED SUGARS
the body respond to an increase in blood glucose
Insulin is secreted by the pancreas
vegan diet
diet based solely on plant foods, with complete elimination of animal foods and products
Cardiovascular disease
includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
Disaccharides are
sucrose, lactose, maltose
food intolerances
conditions characterized by unpleasant physical reactions (migraines, scaly skin rashes, asthma, fatigue and intestinal discomfort) following consumption of certain foods
difference between soft drinks and 100% fruit drinks?
100% fruit juices contribute micronutrients and phytochemicals
A person consuming 2000 kcals and eating 20% of her kcals from protein is eating how many grams of protein?
2,000/20= 100 grams
A group of serious, chronic conditions characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism is called:
Diabetes
Lipid Storage Diseases
Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells
primary source of fuel for the body's cells?
Glucose
personalized nutrition
Making dietary choices based on nutritional genomics, blood pressure. height and weight. health assessment. genes t is the concept of
Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
Maltose, formed as a by-product of starch digestion, is glucose bonded to glucose. Galactose is a monosaccharide commonly found in milk. Lactose, commonly found in milk, is a disaccharide composed of glucose bonded to galactose. fructose monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "fruit sugar"
is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts:
Nonessential
Classifying diabetes according to hemoglobin A1c Values
Normal: 4.5-5.6% Pre-diabetes 5.7-6.4% Diabetes 6.5 or above
Raffinose (nondigestible oligosaccharide made of three monosaccharides)
Onions, brussels, sprouts, cabbage, broccoli legumes and whole grains.
Complex carbohydrates are also known as.
Starch and Glycogen
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on:
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
signs of metabolic syndrome
triglycerides >/=150mg/dL waist circumference >/= 35 inches (women)
phospholipid
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
amino acid derivatives
Nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins but have important physiological roles
Dietary fiber usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria.
Soluble
Treatment for diabetes includes
diet exercise oral medications insuline injections
phenylketonuria (PKU)
genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to convert the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine, resulting in accumulation of phenylalanine
nonessential amino acids
group of amino acids that the healthy body can make
omega-6
increase blood clotting and inflammation
The major function of carbohydrate is to
supply the body with energy
omega-3 fatty acid (unsaturated.)
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule
celiac disease
autoimmune disorder in which antibodies made against gluten react with intestinal villi; results in damage to the small intestine and poor absorption of nutrients (autoimmune disorder which a person immune system reacts to gluten)
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake
between 20 and 35% of total calories
The three most important dietary monosaccharides are:
glucose, fructose ans galactose.
gallstones (most common digestive diseases in the United States.) (mostly made of cholesterol)
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
atherosclerosis and risk factors
having one or more risk factors increases a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis -atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease
most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine, where does it begin
mouth
Deamination
process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid
fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms
saturated fatty acid (SFA)
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
syrup obtained from the processing of corn
atherosclerosis
term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls
the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?
It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.
triglyceride has
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
monosaccharide with the food where the sugar is commonly found.
Glucose=Table sugar Frutose=Fruit Galactose= milk
The Adequate Intake of alpha-linolenic acid for men and women (ages 19-50 years old) is
(1.6 g/day men) and (1.1 g/day women), respectively
true about a monosaccharide
-It is a chemical unit of carbohydrates. -It is the simplest type of sugar.
deamination
-Occurs primarily in the liver -A process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid -Once the nitrogen is removed, the remaining amino acid is a carbon skeleton
protein are
-Proteins are organic molecules. -Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. -All living organisms contain protein.
to determine a person's risk for developing atherosclerosis:
-Test triglyceride levels -Request lipoprotein profile -Check blood pressure
food additives that sweeten but provide few or no calories per serving:
-artificial sweeteners -alternative sweeteners
People with diabetes should try to maintain HbA1c levels below
7%
acceptable hemoglobin HbA1c level for a person with diabetes?
7%
People with PKU need to avoid
Meats eggs milk and diary products
HDL cholesterol
carries cholesterol from the body tissue back to the liver for recycling
plant sterols/stanols
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol. (may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels) Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties.
carbohydrates
class of nutrients that is a major source of energy for the body
protein complementation
combining certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids
A trans fatty acid is similar in structure to a saturated fatty acid because the hydrocarbon chain is relatively
straight
nitrogen is lost from the body by:
-intestinal tract sheds cells -loss of hair and nails -urinary elimination
Five signs of metabolic syndrome:
-large waist circumference -hypertension -low fasting HDL cholesterol -elevated fasting triglycerides -high fasting blood glucose
amino acid derivatives
-nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins -examples include creatine and melanin -serve important physiological roles
Dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development. Multiple select question.
-reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories. -replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats -limit trans fat intake
omega-3
decrease blood clotting and inflammation
Added sugars are incorporated into foods during processing to:
decrease moisture content inhibit the growth of mold increase tenderness of food contribute to flavor
lipoprotein profile
series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels
arteriosclerosis (by product)
a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"
Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two ___ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.
amino acids
essential amino acids
amino acids the body cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs
sugar alcohols
mannitol xylitol sorbitol
protein turnover
breaks down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and then recycles them to make new proteins.
Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your:
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
After being digested, most amino acids are first transported into
absorptive cells
Having a headache and intestinal discomfort from eating a food, without triggering the body's immune response is a sign of a
food intolerance
High-fructose corn syrup such a commonly used food additiveL
fructose is sweeter than glucose. Corn is ready available in the United States
inullin include:
garlic, chicory root, onions, leeks, legumes, asparagus, cow milk
proteins
large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids
describes a starch
A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
