NUTRITION
Antioxidants
-increase the risk of inherited disorders -are substances that prevent cell damage and destruction from free radicals. -stimulate iron and potassium production -ure cases of food poisoning
how to calculate total # of kcals
1. carbs x 4 kcal/gram 2.protein x 4 kcal/gram 3. fat x 9 kcal/gram add total = calories
Rank the following steps of the scientific method in order, beginning with the first step at the top.
1.observe 2.develop a question 3.test the question 4.analyze 5.form conclusions 6.share the results
which of the following is likely to contain phytochemicals?
1/2 cup raw broccolli
control
A participant or animal who does not receive the treatment being studied is a member of the _____ group.
experiment
A researcher is interested in investigating whether calcium can be absorbed as well in children with dairy allergies. To test this scientific question, the researcher should conduct a(n) _____.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
food energy
Carbs: 4 kcal/g Protein: 4 kcal/g Fat: 9 kcal/g Alcohol: 7 kcal/g
Phytochemicals
Chemicals in plant-based foods that are not nutrients but that have effects on the body.
which of the following substances is a nutrient that provides energy?
Glucose
what is a food that is energy dense & nutrient dense?
NUTS, example- almonds
Proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues. Source of energy
John likes to make oatmeal cookies. Each oatmeal cookie supplies about 105 kcal, 5 g fat, 13 g carbohydrate, and 2 g protein. Estimate the approximate percentages of total kilocalories in a cookie that are contributed by fat (yellow), carbohydrate (blue), and protein (orange) and fill in the pie chart according to your calculations. (Rounding the figures may be necessary to obtain 100%.) (To enter the percentages, click on the pencil icon in the upper left corner of each label, type in the number (do not include the percentage sign), click on the save icon in the upper left corner and drag the label to the appropriate place on the pie chart.)
There are about 9 kcal/g of fat, 4 kcal/g of carbohydrate, and 4 kcal/g of protein. Each cookie contains about 5 g fat, so multiply 5 g by 9 kcal/g to obtain the number of "fat kilocalories" (45 kcal). Each cookie has about 13 g carbohydrate, so multiply 13 g by 4 kcal/g to obtain the number of "carbohydrate kilocalories" (52 kcal). Each cookie contains about 2 g protein, so multiply 2 g by 4 kcal/g to obtain the number of "protein kilocalories" (8 kcal). To determine the approximate percentage of energy supplied by fat, divide the number of kcal from fat (45 kcal) by the total number of kcal in each cookie (105 kcal), move the decimal point two places to the right, and replace the decimal point with a percent symbol (approximately 43%). Follow the same procedures to determine the approximate percentages of energy supplied by carbohydrate and protein, except use 52÷105 for carbohydrate and 8÷105 for protein. Carbohydrate contributes about 50% and protein contributes about 7% of the calories in each cookie.
the placebo effect
When people report positive or negative reactions to a treatment even though they received the placebo, this is known as _____.
deficency disease
a disease caused by the lack of some essential or important element in the diet, usually a particular vitamin or mineral.
nutrient dense
a high ratio of nutrients to calories leafy greens, fat-free milk, eggs, orange juice etc...
The only time a specific nutrient can cure a health condition is when the condition is _____.
a nutrient deficiency disease
experiment
a way of testing a specific question
bomb calorimeter
an instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned, thus providing an estimate of the potential energy of the foods
Macronutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Nutrient Classifications
carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
_____ require the nutrients in food to perform their metabolic activities.
cells
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water are all _____
classes of nutrients
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water are all _____ Multiple choice question.
classes of nutrients
Non-nutrients
compounds in foods, other than the six nutrients, that have biological activity in the body
Your _____ is your usual pattern of food choices.
diet
these contain vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids or other plant products
dietary supplement
you can get all the nutrients the body requires by
eating health foods
Pastries, sugar-sweetened beverages, snack chips, and candies may be considered _____ foods.
empty calories
Which term describes a food or beverage that supplies a large amount of beneficial nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, in relation to its energy value?
energy dense
Which term describes the energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight?
energy density
A nutrient that cannot be made by the body or is not produced in great enough amounts to meet needs and therefore must be supplied by food is considered _____.
essential
Physicians _____ if they select a product based on financial gain rather than effectiveness of treatment.
face a great deal of risk
what can influence your food choices
family and culture, friends, time and money, advertising
energy suppliers
fats, carbs, protein, alcohol (not a nutrient)
Minerals
fluid balance, formation of certain chemical messangers, necessary for physical growth, maintenance and development.
functional foods
foods believed to have specific health benefits beyond their basic nutrients
best source of protein for the body
good carbs
Alcohol
harmful non-nutrient
Poor eating habits contribute to which two leading causes of death in the United States?
heart disease and cancer
energy dense/ empty calories
high in cal from unhealthy fats poor source of vitamins and minerals candy, little debbies, sodas etc..
wheat layers
inner-germ (health fats, vitamin E) outer-bran (fiber) middle-endosperm (starch)
why dont you need to include vitamin c and iron in your cal calculations?
iron and vitamin c are micronutrients that DO NOT PROVIDE CALORIES
The amount of energy in foods is reported as _____.
kilocalories
malnutrition
lack of proper nutrition
causes of malnutrition
low income, eating disorders, substance abuse, health issues, elderly
_____ are needed by our body in relatively large amounts on a daily basis
macros
Carbohydrates
main source of energy for the body
water
maintenance of fluid balance, regulate body temp, elimination of wastes, transport substances and participate in many chemical reactions
_____ are involved in the regulation of fluid balance, whereas _____ are involved in the maintenance of immune function. Multiple choice question.
minerals ; vitamins
Life-sustaining chemicals found in foods are called
nutrients
essential nutrients
nutrients necessary for normal body functioning that must be obtained from food- because the body can not make these
anecdote
nutrition facts and recommended dietary practices were often based on intuition, common sense, conventional wisdom or (reports of personal experiences)
overnutrition
obesity, 51% of college students gain weight in their 1st year "freshman 15" average is 7.5 lbs
After a scientific question is tested once using the scientific method, _____
other researchers may conduct additional studies to examine the original scientific question
peer review
other researchers with appropriate knowledge will judge the scientific merit of the article
DIET is defines as
pattern of food choices
Anthocyanins, capsaicin, sulfur compounds, and caffeine are all examples of ___
phytochemicals
When compared to plant foods, nutrient supplements do not contain a wide variety of _____.
phytochemicals
_____ such as caffeine are nonnutrients made by plants that may have health benefits.
phytochemicals
dietary supplements
products that supply one or more nutrients as a supplement to, not a substitute for, healthful foods -vitamin -mineral -herb -amino acid
In a research study, members of the treatment group _____. Multiple choice question.
receive the treatment
vitamins
regulate body processes, maintain immune functions, protect against agents that can damage cellular components.
A personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a disease is called
risk factor
Lipids
source of energy (fats) , cellular development, physical growth, regulation of body processes and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
taking ________ can increase the risk of health related toxicity
supplements
When an athlete is paid to endorse a company's product, the information in the commercial is likely to be biased in favor of the product. Such an advertisement is known as a _____. Multiple choice question.
testimonial
Infants, children, pregnant women, and older adults often need nutrient supplements _____.
to increase their nutrient intakes
foods that are bad for you contain
toxins, bacteria, viruses, microscopic animals that lead to food-borne illness
2 other forms of malnutrition
undernutrition and overnutrition
Calorie
unit describing energy content of food
kilocalorie (kcal)
unit used to report energy content of food 1000 calories per kcal
health diet
variety of nutrient-dense foods
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
nutrients in females
water 57% fat 25% carbs < 1 % minerals 5 % protein 13 % females have more fat due to child bearing
nutrients in men
water 62% fat 16% carbs < 1 % minerals 6 % protein 16 % males have more muscle/protein