Nutrition Chapters 1-3

Dietary guidelines are revised every____ years

5

Chronic diseases are responsible for how many deaths in the US each year?

7 out of 10

What is digestion?

Breaking down food into nutrients in preparation for absorption

Goblet Cells secrete what?

Mucus

Of the 6 major nutrients, which are organic and which are inorganic?

Organic-Carbohydrates,Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins Inorganic-Water, minerals

Do minerals yield energy?

no

Many materials pass through the GI without being digested or absorbed. T or F

True

Mucus protects the lining from bacteria T or F

True

T or F Minerals are indestructible?

True

T or F Vitamins are prone to destruction?

True

T or F the circulatory, nervous and hormonal systems are coordinated with the digestive system?

True

True or False The DGAs are evidence-based advise and they are reviewed every five years.

True

What are the two sphincters that control muscle movement in the esophagus and stomach?

Upper esophageal sphincter Lower esophageal

Fortified foods-

Are things that have nutrition benefits added such as orange juice having vitamins added to it

Adequacy

*Sufficient energy *Adequate nutrients for healthy people

To prepare a nutrition assessment a trained health-care professional uses

1. Historical information 2. Anthropometric measurements 3. Physical examinations 4. Laboratory tests

The most nutrient-dense choice from the protein group would be? Breaded, Deep-Fried Chicken Breast Sandwich 1/2c. Cooked Legumes Bacon Cheeseburger made with Angus beef Chicken Strips

1/2c. Cooked Legumes

How long is the Small Intestine?

10 Feet long.

What is the Diaphragm?

A dome of muscle that separates the upper half of the body cavity from the lower.

What are the 6 Diet-Planning Principles?

Adequacy,Balance, Calorie Control, Nutrient Density, Moderation, Variety

Variety

Among and within food groups Not eating the same foods everyday, they need to be changed up so they do not contaminate the body

An experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group is called

Blind Experiment

Supports immunity and digestive health" is an example of a: Nutrient Claim Health Claim Structure/Function Claim

C. Structure/Function Claim

How many calories are in 1 gram of the following? Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Alcohol

Carbs=4 Protein=4 Lipids=9 Alcohol=7

What are Nutrient Claims?

Characterize the level of a nutrient in the food- for example "Fat Free" or "Less Sodium"

What are Health Claims?

Characterize the relationship of a food or food component to a disease or health-related condition- for example "Soluble fiber from oatmeal daily in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of hear disease.

3 out of 5 deaths in the world are due to?

Chronic Diseases

Once the bolus moves into the lower stomach and mixes with gastric juice it becomes ___?___.

Chyme The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.

Organic

Contains carbon, "alive" such as fat, carbs, protein and vitamins

Inorganic

Contains no carbon like water and minerals

1C Veggies= A. 1oz. of carrots B. 1C cut-up raw or cooked Veggies C. 2C raw, leafy greens D. B&C

D.

4 Vegetable Subgroups are?

Dark greens, Legumes, Red and Orange, Starchy,

What are structure/Function Claims?

Describes the effect that a substance has on the structure or function of the body and do not make reference to a disease for example "Supports immunity and digestive health" or "calcium builds strong bones"

Digestive enzymes do what?

Digest lipids, protein and carbs.

___?___ are proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler components.

Digestive Enzymes

Kcalories (energy) control

Energy in= energy out High nutrient density foods

What closes off the airway to prevent choking?

Epiglottis

The nutrients that the body cannot make, so they must be supplied by food are called

Essential Nutrients

1 oz of Protein= A. None of these B. 1 egg C. 2 oz of steak D. 1/2 oz of nuts and seed F. B& D

F

1C Fruit= A. 1C fresh frozen or canned fruit B. 1/2 C of strawberries C. 1C 100% Fruit Juice D. 1C of olives F. A & C

F.

True or False Deficiencies may lead to malnutrition, but excesses will not.

False Deficiencies or excesses over time lead to malnutrition.

True or False? A food that states "stone-ground" is usually a whole-grain product.

False Unless a product has whole-grain listed in the ingredients list, you cannot assume that it is a whole-grain product.

2C dried fruit= 1 serving size of fruit?

False it is 1/2 a cup of dried fruit

T or F Legumes are part of the protein and Fruit groups?

False it is the protein and Veggies group

True or False? You see that a nutrition supplement is being promoted in a local health food store. You can feel certain that it is safe because it was recommended by store nutritionist.

False, a nutritionist can be anyone, they may not be qualified or knowledge to say so.

True or False Ingredients are listed in order of greatest amount to lowest amount by volume.

False, it is by weight

True or False The DRIs are standards set for all people.

False, they are recommendations set for healthy people

What is Bolus?

Food after it is chewed and swallowed

Moderation

Food selections, low in solid fats and added sugar Eating bad foods occasionally

What are the five major food groups?

Fruit, Vegs. Milk products, Grains, Protein Products

What is the difference between processed food and fortified foods?

Fortified has nutrients added to it, while processed foods lose its nutritional value and are treated.

How many servings are from each food group in the following meal? ½ cup whole-wheat pasta ½ cup zucchini noodles 3 - 1 ounce turkey meatballs 1/2 cup spaghetti sauce 1 slice garlic toast (whole wheat) 1 cup light vanilla soymilk 1 cup raw spinach ½ cup sliced cucumbers 2 tbsp. low-fat ranch dressing

Fruits = 0 Vegetables = 2 Zuc. Noodles (1/2c. = ½ serving) Sauce (1/2c. = ½ serving) Raw spinach (1c. = ½ serving) Cucumber (1/2c. = ½ serving) Grains = 2 Pasta (1/2c. = 1 ounce) Bread (1 slice = 1 ounce) Protein Foods = 3 Meatballs (3 oz. = 3 servings Milk & Milk Products = 1 Milk (1c. = 1 serving)

What two organs drop fluid into the the small Intestine?

Gallbladder and the pancreas

The three gastrointestinal hormones listed in our text are:

Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK)

RD's are required to

Get a Degree and clinical internship Take a National exam Maintain up-to-date knowledge

What amount is 1 serving from each of the groups?

Grains= 1oz Vegs.= 1c Fruit=1c Protein= 1 oz Milk= 1c

EAR Estimated Average Requirement

Half of the healthy people of a given age and gender group getting the recommendations of nutrients

What is the order of the Vascular system?

Heart- to arteries- to capillaries- to veins- to heart

Stability of conditions within the body is called __________.

Homeostasis

The ileocecal valve performs what function?

Letting small contents go from the small to the big intestine.

What is the difference between a macro-nutrient and a micro-nutrient?

Macro-nutrients- yield energy, need more of and are fats, lipids, and carbs. Micro-Nutrients- do not yield energy, need less of , Minerals and vitamins

RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance

Meets 98% of the population for healthy people

Moderate alcohol use for men and women is considered to be?

Men: 2 drinks/day or less Women: 1 drink / day or less

inorganic, and are essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.

Minerals

Is an Oil part of a major food group?

No, it is a subgroup and is an extra required in the Diet.

Phytochemicals

Non-nutrient compounds found in plants

is the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease.

Nutritional Genomics

Food is swallowed and passed through the

PHARYNX

is a process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to ensure that the scientific method was followed.

Peer Review

What is peristalsis?

Peristalsis is wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along.

Name Five Factors that influence personal food choices.

Preferences Habit Ethnic Heritage & Regional Cuisines Social Interactions Availability, Convenience, & Economy Positive and Negative Associations Emotions Values Body Weight & Image Nutrition & Health Benefits

Balance

Requires consuming enough nutrients but not too much in the diet

____________ moistens food for easy passage through the esophagus

Saliva

What is it called when cells absorb into the intestinal walls?

Segmentation

What are the absorption techniques?

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport

The majority of absorption occurs in the _______?_______.

Small Intestine

Factors that may interfere with peristalsis?

Stress, medicine, medical condition

What passageway is from this Lymphatic system to the vascular system.

Subclavian Vein

Taste buds have five basic sensations what are they?

Sweet, Salty, Bitter, Sour and Umami or savory.

The number one reason most people choose certain foods is?

Taste!

The pyloric opens briefly. (3x a minute) when?

The Chyme is liquefied by gastric juices

What organ in the GI tract is the strongest?

The Stomach

What were some changes to the new food labels?

The calories are printed bigger, added calories will be shown, and the Daily % value has changed at the bottom.

Genome-

The complete set of genetic material (DNA) in an organism or a cell

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels UL-

The maximum daily amount of nutrients that appears safe for most healthy people

Nutrient Density

The most nutrients for the least amount of calories

1/4c cooked legumes or tofu, 1 tbs peanut butter all = one serving of protein?

True

1C cooked legumes= 1 serving size of veggies?

True

Aroma, appearance, texture, and temp. affect a foods flavor? T or F

True

T or F Tobacco is the #1 killer in the U.S.

True 1 of every 5 deaths a year

Bile is not an enzyme, it is an emulsifier. T or F

True it brings in fat so it can be broken down

Fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine are called ___?___, which are covered with small projections called ___?___.

Villi; Microvilli

What were the micronutirent changes to food labels?

Vitamin D, Potassium, Calcium and Iron

_____?_____ are organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.

Vitamins

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

Water, Carbs, Lipids, Protein, Minerals and Vitamins

Gastric Juices contain what three elements?

Water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid

What are the three groups of grains?

Whole- wheat(grain), Enriched, refined

Does 1 slice of bread, 3c popped popcorn and 1oz of dry pasta or rice all = one serving of grains?

Yes

Placebo Effect-

a change that occurs in response to expectations about the effectiveness of a treatment that has no effects

AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

a) 45-65% Kcals from carbs b) 20-35% Kcals from fat 10-35% Kcals from protein- has the widest range

Primary Deficiency-

a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of nutrient

Estimated Energy Requirement EER

average dietary energy intake (calories per day) that will maintain energy balance

Secondary Deficiency-

caused by something other than an inadequate intake such as a disease condition

Hydrolysis

chemical reaction in which molecules split into two.

1oz of grains= A. 2 slices of toast B. 1c ready to eat cereal C.1/2 cooked rice or cereal D. B & C F. All of the above

d.

What does the GI tract run through in the body?

mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum to anus.

Why is Alcohol not a nutrient

only similarity is that it yields energy (7 Kcals per gram) not considered a nutrient because it doesn't sustain life you don't need it to live like the others.

What sphincter remains tightly closed, not letting the chyme pass to the duodenum?

pyloric

Pancreatic juice neutralized the acidic chyme arriving in what?

small intestine

Adequate Intakes AI-

used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined

Double-blind experiment-

when there is a third party handles the subject, the researchers and the subjects don't know who are apart of the experiment