Nutrition Chapters 1-3
Dietary guidelines are revised every____ years
5
Chronic diseases are responsible for how many deaths in the US each year?
7 out of 10
What is digestion?
Breaking down food into nutrients in preparation for absorption
Goblet Cells secrete what?
Mucus
Of the 6 major nutrients, which are organic and which are inorganic?
Organic-Carbohydrates,Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins Inorganic-Water, minerals
Do minerals yield energy?
no
Many materials pass through the GI without being digested or absorbed. T or F
True
Mucus protects the lining from bacteria T or F
True
T or F Minerals are indestructible?
True
T or F Vitamins are prone to destruction?
True
T or F the circulatory, nervous and hormonal systems are coordinated with the digestive system?
True
True or False The DGAs are evidence-based advise and they are reviewed every five years.
True
What are the two sphincters that control muscle movement in the esophagus and stomach?
Upper esophageal sphincter Lower esophageal
Fortified foods-
Are things that have nutrition benefits added such as orange juice having vitamins added to it
Adequacy
*Sufficient energy *Adequate nutrients for healthy people
To prepare a nutrition assessment a trained health-care professional uses
1. Historical information 2. Anthropometric measurements 3. Physical examinations 4. Laboratory tests
The most nutrient-dense choice from the protein group would be? Breaded, Deep-Fried Chicken Breast Sandwich 1/2c. Cooked Legumes Bacon Cheeseburger made with Angus beef Chicken Strips
1/2c. Cooked Legumes
How long is the Small Intestine?
10 Feet long.
What is the Diaphragm?
A dome of muscle that separates the upper half of the body cavity from the lower.
What are the 6 Diet-Planning Principles?
Adequacy,Balance, Calorie Control, Nutrient Density, Moderation, Variety
Variety
Among and within food groups Not eating the same foods everyday, they need to be changed up so they do not contaminate the body
An experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group is called
Blind Experiment
Supports immunity and digestive health" is an example of a: Nutrient Claim Health Claim Structure/Function Claim
C. Structure/Function Claim
How many calories are in 1 gram of the following? Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Alcohol
Carbs=4 Protein=4 Lipids=9 Alcohol=7
What are Nutrient Claims?
Characterize the level of a nutrient in the food- for example "Fat Free" or "Less Sodium"
What are Health Claims?
Characterize the relationship of a food or food component to a disease or health-related condition- for example "Soluble fiber from oatmeal daily in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of hear disease.
3 out of 5 deaths in the world are due to?
Chronic Diseases
Once the bolus moves into the lower stomach and mixes with gastric juice it becomes ___?___.
Chyme The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.
Organic
Contains carbon, "alive" such as fat, carbs, protein and vitamins
Inorganic
Contains no carbon like water and minerals
1C Veggies= A. 1oz. of carrots B. 1C cut-up raw or cooked Veggies C. 2C raw, leafy greens D. B&C
D.
4 Vegetable Subgroups are?
Dark greens, Legumes, Red and Orange, Starchy,
What are structure/Function Claims?
Describes the effect that a substance has on the structure or function of the body and do not make reference to a disease for example "Supports immunity and digestive health" or "calcium builds strong bones"
Digestive enzymes do what?
Digest lipids, protein and carbs.
___?___ are proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler components.
Digestive Enzymes
Kcalories (energy) control
Energy in= energy out High nutrient density foods
What closes off the airway to prevent choking?
Epiglottis
The nutrients that the body cannot make, so they must be supplied by food are called
Essential Nutrients
1 oz of Protein= A. None of these B. 1 egg C. 2 oz of steak D. 1/2 oz of nuts and seed F. B& D
F
1C Fruit= A. 1C fresh frozen or canned fruit B. 1/2 C of strawberries C. 1C 100% Fruit Juice D. 1C of olives F. A & C
F.
True or False Deficiencies may lead to malnutrition, but excesses will not.
False Deficiencies or excesses over time lead to malnutrition.
True or False? A food that states "stone-ground" is usually a whole-grain product.
False Unless a product has whole-grain listed in the ingredients list, you cannot assume that it is a whole-grain product.
2C dried fruit= 1 serving size of fruit?
False it is 1/2 a cup of dried fruit
T or F Legumes are part of the protein and Fruit groups?
False it is the protein and Veggies group
True or False? You see that a nutrition supplement is being promoted in a local health food store. You can feel certain that it is safe because it was recommended by store nutritionist.
False, a nutritionist can be anyone, they may not be qualified or knowledge to say so.
True or False Ingredients are listed in order of greatest amount to lowest amount by volume.
False, it is by weight
True or False The DRIs are standards set for all people.
False, they are recommendations set for healthy people
What is Bolus?
Food after it is chewed and swallowed
Moderation
Food selections, low in solid fats and added sugar Eating bad foods occasionally
What are the five major food groups?
Fruit, Vegs. Milk products, Grains, Protein Products
What is the difference between processed food and fortified foods?
Fortified has nutrients added to it, while processed foods lose its nutritional value and are treated.
How many servings are from each food group in the following meal? ½ cup whole-wheat pasta ½ cup zucchini noodles 3 - 1 ounce turkey meatballs 1/2 cup spaghetti sauce 1 slice garlic toast (whole wheat) 1 cup light vanilla soymilk 1 cup raw spinach ½ cup sliced cucumbers 2 tbsp. low-fat ranch dressing
Fruits = 0 Vegetables = 2 Zuc. Noodles (1/2c. = ½ serving) Sauce (1/2c. = ½ serving) Raw spinach (1c. = ½ serving) Cucumber (1/2c. = ½ serving) Grains = 2 Pasta (1/2c. = 1 ounce) Bread (1 slice = 1 ounce) Protein Foods = 3 Meatballs (3 oz. = 3 servings Milk & Milk Products = 1 Milk (1c. = 1 serving)
What two organs drop fluid into the the small Intestine?
Gallbladder and the pancreas
The three gastrointestinal hormones listed in our text are:
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK)
RD's are required to
Get a Degree and clinical internship Take a National exam Maintain up-to-date knowledge
What amount is 1 serving from each of the groups?
Grains= 1oz Vegs.= 1c Fruit=1c Protein= 1 oz Milk= 1c
EAR Estimated Average Requirement
Half of the healthy people of a given age and gender group getting the recommendations of nutrients
What is the order of the Vascular system?
Heart- to arteries- to capillaries- to veins- to heart
Stability of conditions within the body is called __________.
Homeostasis
The ileocecal valve performs what function?
Letting small contents go from the small to the big intestine.
What is the difference between a macro-nutrient and a micro-nutrient?
Macro-nutrients- yield energy, need more of and are fats, lipids, and carbs. Micro-Nutrients- do not yield energy, need less of , Minerals and vitamins
RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance
Meets 98% of the population for healthy people
Moderate alcohol use for men and women is considered to be?
Men: 2 drinks/day or less Women: 1 drink / day or less
inorganic, and are essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.
Minerals
Is an Oil part of a major food group?
No, it is a subgroup and is an extra required in the Diet.
Phytochemicals
Non-nutrient compounds found in plants
is the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease.
Nutritional Genomics
Food is swallowed and passed through the
PHARYNX
is a process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to ensure that the scientific method was followed.
Peer Review
What is peristalsis?
Peristalsis is wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along.
Name Five Factors that influence personal food choices.
Preferences Habit Ethnic Heritage & Regional Cuisines Social Interactions Availability, Convenience, & Economy Positive and Negative Associations Emotions Values Body Weight & Image Nutrition & Health Benefits
Balance
Requires consuming enough nutrients but not too much in the diet
____________ moistens food for easy passage through the esophagus
Saliva
What is it called when cells absorb into the intestinal walls?
Segmentation
What are the absorption techniques?
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport
The majority of absorption occurs in the _______?_______.
Small Intestine
Factors that may interfere with peristalsis?
Stress, medicine, medical condition
What passageway is from this Lymphatic system to the vascular system.
Subclavian Vein
Taste buds have five basic sensations what are they?
Sweet, Salty, Bitter, Sour and Umami or savory.
The number one reason most people choose certain foods is?
Taste!
The pyloric opens briefly. (3x a minute) when?
The Chyme is liquefied by gastric juices
What organ in the GI tract is the strongest?
The Stomach
What were some changes to the new food labels?
The calories are printed bigger, added calories will be shown, and the Daily % value has changed at the bottom.
Genome-
The complete set of genetic material (DNA) in an organism or a cell
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels UL-
The maximum daily amount of nutrients that appears safe for most healthy people
Nutrient Density
The most nutrients for the least amount of calories
1/4c cooked legumes or tofu, 1 tbs peanut butter all = one serving of protein?
True
1C cooked legumes= 1 serving size of veggies?
True
Aroma, appearance, texture, and temp. affect a foods flavor? T or F
True
T or F Tobacco is the #1 killer in the U.S.
True 1 of every 5 deaths a year
Bile is not an enzyme, it is an emulsifier. T or F
True it brings in fat so it can be broken down
Fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine are called ___?___, which are covered with small projections called ___?___.
Villi; Microvilli
What were the micronutirent changes to food labels?
Vitamin D, Potassium, Calcium and Iron
_____?_____ are organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.
Vitamins
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
Water, Carbs, Lipids, Protein, Minerals and Vitamins
Gastric Juices contain what three elements?
Water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid
What are the three groups of grains?
Whole- wheat(grain), Enriched, refined
Does 1 slice of bread, 3c popped popcorn and 1oz of dry pasta or rice all = one serving of grains?
Yes
Placebo Effect-
a change that occurs in response to expectations about the effectiveness of a treatment that has no effects
AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
a) 45-65% Kcals from carbs b) 20-35% Kcals from fat 10-35% Kcals from protein- has the widest range
Primary Deficiency-
a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of nutrient
Estimated Energy Requirement EER
average dietary energy intake (calories per day) that will maintain energy balance
Secondary Deficiency-
caused by something other than an inadequate intake such as a disease condition
Hydrolysis
chemical reaction in which molecules split into two.
1oz of grains= A. 2 slices of toast B. 1c ready to eat cereal C.1/2 cooked rice or cereal D. B & C F. All of the above
d.
What does the GI tract run through in the body?
mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum to anus.
Why is Alcohol not a nutrient
only similarity is that it yields energy (7 Kcals per gram) not considered a nutrient because it doesn't sustain life you don't need it to live like the others.
What sphincter remains tightly closed, not letting the chyme pass to the duodenum?
pyloric
Pancreatic juice neutralized the acidic chyme arriving in what?
small intestine
Adequate Intakes AI-
used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined
Double-blind experiment-
when there is a third party handles the subject, the researchers and the subjects don't know who are apart of the experiment