Nutrition Exam 2

___________ long term disease process, lipid containing plaques build up inside arteries. (narrow arteries, plaque may also result in the formation a thrombus)

(Athero)sclerosis (Plaque)

What is the daily protein requirement for healthy adult ?

0.66 kg

What is the protein general RDA for healthy adults ?

0.8 kg

H2O makes up how much percentage of body weight ?

50 to 75%

In 2015 about _____ of Americans 18 years of age or older had AUD

6%

Triglycerides make up how much of the fats we eat ?

95%

What is the percentage of fat is digested and absorbed ?

95% and less than 5% of undigested fat is secreted from the anus

10% of total calories from saturated fats. Keep cholesterol and trans fatty acid intakes as low as possible, while following a healthy eating pattern.

2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

How much water should you intake per day ?

2500ml (drink or food)

How much of calcium gets absorbed ?

30%

___________ is a small molecule that helps an enzyme function. in order to make _________ cells combine an inactive compound with a B vitamin. (water-soluble vitamins)

Coenzyme

___________ mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins (lysine + legumes)

Combining Complementary Proteins

___________ requires essential amino acids to be made (essential amino acid, methionine is used to make cysteine but if you don't have methionine, then you can't make cysteine)

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

___________ the small amounts of water we are losing via our skin but we don't notice

Cutaneous Transpiration

What is low in saturated fats, trans fat, cholesterol and total fat ?

DASH Diet

_____________ removal of nitrogen-containing group from unneeded amino acid

Deamination

__________ when the body's fluid losses are greater than it's fluid input, dehydration occurs. (weight loss can be a sign of this)

Dehydration

What is the DASH diet ?

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, helps you cut back on salt in diet

___________ substances that increase urine output (caffeine, alcohol)

Diuretics

What can you substitute meat, fish and poultry for ?

Eggs, cheese, milk and yogurt

Essential fatty acids are required to produce what hormone like lipid ?

Eicosanoids

_____________ is when the thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream

Embolus

What keeps oily and watery substances mixed together ?

Emulsifiers

_____________ are available from the amnio acid pool

Endogenous

What are the functions of lipids in food ?

Enhance the intestinal absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals. Contribute to rich flavor, smooth texture and appetizing

___________ can not be made by the body must be supplied by diet (9 of the 20 amino acids are essential)

Essential Amino Acids

____________ cannot be made in the body must be supplied by the diet (Alpha-linolenic acid and Linolenic acid)

Essential Fatty Acids

___________ is a simple 2-carbon compound and is found in fermented beverages such as beer, wine, vodka, whiskey and kefir.

Ethanol (Alcohol is toxic to cells, it effects everything in the body and organs)

_____________ proteins from dietary sources

Exogenous

___________ water surrounding the cells = interstitial fluid

Extracellular Water

Excessive red or processed meat intake may risk ?

Heart disease and cancer of the colon or rectum

Male: 15 or more drinks per week Female: 8 or more per week

Heavy Drinker

___________ iron-containing protein in RBC that transports oxygen to tissues and some CO2 away from tissues

Hemoglobin

Commonly called "good" cholesterol which transports cholesterol AWAY from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated.

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

_______________ contains all 9 essential amino acids in amounts that support protein deposition in tissues and child's growth, most animal products.

High-Quality Protein (complete protein)

Why are free Radicals dangerous?

Highly reactive (unstable) because they have an unpaired electron. May also contribute to chronic diseases and premature aging

_____________ amnio acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis (may cause cardiovascular disease)

Homocysteine

__________ a blood test that determines total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels

Lipoprotein Profile

___________ are made up of proteins that help transport lipids.

Lipoproteins

Continued alcohol consumption results in fat buildup in liver which creates _____________ the fats destroys liver cells and results in scar tissue.

Liver Cirrhosis

___________ 14 to 24 carbons

Long-chain Fatty Acids

Commonly called "bad" cholesterol which carries cholesterol into the tissue.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

______________ lacks or has inadequate amounts of 1 or more of the essential amino acids, most plant sources and gelatin.

Low-Quality Protein (incomplete protein)

What mineral participates in 300 chemical reactions ?

Magnesium

what mineral is the cofactor for many enzymes in the body ?

Magnesium

Why is Potassium important ?

Major Intracellular fluid, needed for nerve impulses, contracting muscles and kidney function

Why is Sodium necessary ?

Major positively charged ion in extracellular fluid Conducts nerve impulses Involved in transporting glucose and amino acids into cells

________________ inadequate energy and protein intake. (Muscle wasting and edema/PEM)

Marasmic Kwashiorkor

_____________ starvation (extreme weight loss/severe PEM)

Marasmus

Why is chromium necessary?

May enhance insulin's action on cell membranes "Holds the door open" for glucose entry into cells

__________ 6 to 12 carbons

Medium-chain Fatty Acids

____________ chemical reaction that generate water

Metabolic Water

____________ lipid-rich particles that are surrounded by bile salts, transport lipids to absorptive cells

Micelles

____________ elements in earth rocks, soil and natural water sources

Minerals

Male: fewer than 2 drinks per day Female: 1 per day

Moderate Drinker

______________ single fatty acid attached to glycerol backbone

Monoglyceride

Lipid Digestion and Absorption Step 5 ?

Monoglycerides and fatty acids form Chylomicrons and enter lacteal of villus.

Why are Trans and Saturated fats less healthy ?

More likely to create plaque build up in blood vessels, stroke, heart attack and blood clots.

__________ iron-containing protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from RBC

Myoglobin

Body loses more nitrogen than it retains

Negative Nitrogen Balance

___________ part of two coenzyme that help synthesize over 200 reactions (needed to obtain energy from macronutrients)

Niacin (B3)

________________ nitrogen balance

Nitrogen Equilibrium

Does calcium easily absorb into the body ?

No

Can you break down mineral ?

No they are elements

Can Cholesterol be broken down and why ?

No, because it can be directly absorbed by intestinal cells

Do you throw bile ?

No, bile absorbed in the small intestine. The liver recycles the used bile salts to make new bile.

Does Alcohol require digestion ?

No, it is rapidly absorbed in the mouth, esophagus, stomach and small intestine.

Does monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats lower HDL ?

No, monounsaturated does not but polyunsaturated does in some people.

Can humans and animals synthesize Vitamin C ?

No, most animals can but NOT humans

Does saturated fats and trans fat increase HDL ?

No, only saturated fats increase HDL. Trans fats lowers HDL

_____________ can be made by the body (11 of the 20 amino acids)

Non-Essential Amino Acids

What are the major functions of vitamin A ?

Normal vision, reproduction and cellular growth

Can you quench your thirst with alcohol ?

Not a good thirst quencher because it is a diuretic that suppresses the production of antidiuretic hormone

_______________ the study of how a persons genetic makeup affects the way his or her body responds to food.

Nutrigenetics

___________ investigates the complex interactions among gene functioning, dietary choices and the environment.

Nutritional Genomics

______________ first carbon of fatty acid chain that has 3 hydrogen atoms attached to it.

Omega End

___________ type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (Alpha-linolenic)

Omega-3 Fatty Acid

Fatty fish, canola oil, walnuts and flaxseeds is what type of fatty acid ?

Omega-3 and can reduce inflammation, blood clotting, blood pressure and may reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Vegetable oils and whole grains is what type of fatty acids ?

Omega-6 and can increase inflammation, blood clotting and role in heart disease is controversial.

____________ component of coenzyme A, which is critical for making energy from macromolecules and fatty acid production in the body.

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

__________ increase blood calcium by pulling calcium out the bone

Parathyroid Hormone

__________ manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids. (last in your pantry for a long time and can convert natural cis fatty acids to trans fatty acids)

Partially Hydrogenated Oils (PHOs)

The gastric enzyme __________ that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides

Pepsin

_____________ chemical attraction that connects 2 amino acids together

Peptide Bond

________________ small chains of amino acids

Peptides

____________ a rare genetic disorder caused by lack of enzyme that converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to another compound. (blood testing newborns can detect this)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

____________ make membranes of cell and water soluble (Function as emulsifiers because of hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, naturally found in plants and animal foods)

Phospholipids

______________ beta-carotene also called provitamin A body converts it to retinol (yellow, orange and green fruits/vegetables)

Plant Sources

_________ not well absorbed by the human intestinal tract, but they compete with cholesterol for absorption.

Plant Sterols

_____________ protein composed of 2 or more amino acids

Polypeptide

_____________ 2 or more double bonds between carbons

Polyunsaturated

Body retains more nitrogen than it loses

Positive Nitrogen Balance

What's the major positively charged ion in the cell ?

Potassium

_____________ experience problems at work, home and school (Including relationships) because of their alcohol consumption.

Problem Drinkers

What are essential fatty acids used to make (hormone like lipids that have many functions) ?

Prostaglandins

What macronutrient is a component for sulfur ?

Protein

___________ are complex organic molecules (composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and also contain nitrogen, they are also made of smaller units called amino acids)

Protein

__________ altering a proteins natural shape and function by exposing it to various conditions (heat, acid and physical agitation)

Protein Denaturation

____________ breaking down old or unneeded proteins into their components (amino acids) and recycling the amino acids for new uses

Protein Turnover

______________ condition that results from diets that provide inadequate amounts of protein and energy (Kwashiorkor, Marasmus,

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Protein-rich foods are high in ___________ nitrogen-containing substances that are not proteins. (May cause risk of Gout, kidney stones)

Purines

_____________ part of amino acid that identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid. (CH3, 20 groups)

R-Group (2, Unique)

Is vitamin A a group of molecules called ________

Retinols

__________ coenzyme for metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids and amino acids. (dairy foods, liver and enriched grains are major food sources)

Riboflavin (B2)

____________ is a vitamin D deficiency in children, results in soft bones that do not grow properly and become deformed

Rickets

___________ lack of double bonds between the carbons (more solid not good for health)

Saturated

Which fats should be consumed less ?

Saturated fats

What is the Vitamin C deficiency called ?

Scurvy (bleeding gums)

_____________ all expect red meats

Semi-vegetarian

What foods are high in plant sterols ?

Sesame oil, wheat germ oil, mayonnaise, pistachio nuts, olive oil, sage, oregano, thyme, paprika, cocoa butter oil, almond butter, sesame seeds, macadamia nuts.

_________ 2 to 4 carbons

Short-chain Fatty Acids

Protein absorption occurs in the _________

Small intestines

___________ cholesterol is precursor and make hormones

Steriods

__________ regulating membrane fluidity, permeability, and membrane protein functions

Sterols

Blockage of blood to the brain

Stroke

__________ is a component of amino acids and protein

Sulfur

__________ "hard" water contains a variety of minerals including calcium, sulfur, copper, iron and zinc. (most public water supplies provide fluoride)

Tap water

Vitamin A toxicity may lead to _________ which is anything that causes birth defects. (nervous system and heart abnormalities)

Teratogen

____________ part of coenzyme involved in release of energy from carbohydrates (found in grains)

Thiamin (B1)

______________ is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow.

Thrombus

_________ stimulates osteoblasts which build bone.

Thyroid Gland

Has 2 hydrogen atoms of the double bonded carbons on the opposite sides of molecule

Trans Fatty Acid

_______________ is the transfer of nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton, forming an amino acid.

Transamination

____________ store energy in fat tissue and possibly liver ("backbone" 3 fatty acids, 95% of lipids in the body and in food)

Triglycerides

Are green leafy vegetables a rich food source for Vitamin K ?

True

Are selenoproteins antioxidants

True

Bacteria in your large intestine make vitamins for us

True

Different vegetables have different bioavailability

True

Does the liver need Vitamin K to make certain clotting factors ?

True

Folate-deficient pregnant women are at risk of giving birth to infants with neural tube defects (spina bifida)

True

If HDL is low you are at risk of heart disease and stroke

True

If LDL is high you are at risk of heart disease and stroke

True

People who are most likely to get vitamin D live near the equator (south) ?

True

The 8x8 rule is drinking 8oz of water 8 times a day

True

The main component of urine is water ?

True

The enzymes _________ break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and individual amnio acids

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin

__________ one double bond between carbons (more fluid and healthier than saturated fats)

Unsaturated

The liver can use the ammonia to make __________ a metabolic waste product that is released into the bloodstream.

Urea

_______________ no animal foods

Vegan

_________ part of coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism (megadose of this can cause nerve damage)

Vitamin (B-6)

Night blindness is the inability to see in dim light and it is also a early sign of _______

Vitamin A Deficiency

What vitamin is needed for maintenance of myelin sheaths which insulates neurons ?

Vitamin B-12

Food-cobalamin Malabsorption

Vitamin B-12 Deficiency

What vitamin is not part of a coenzyme but is needed for collagen and can boost immune system

Vitamin C

The body uses cholesterol to make various substances, what are they ?

Vitamin D, Steroid Hormones and Bile

Impaired immune system function and nerve damage

Vitamin E Deficiency

_______ may occur in newborns, people with impaired absorption or liver function or people who are on long-term antibiotic therapy.

Vitamin K Deficiency

_________ occurs when a person is hot and perspires heavily

Water Conservation

too much water consumed at a time or conditions in which kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood. Which can be deadly due to cerebral edema.

Water Intoxication

Hydrophilic Phosphorus Head

Water Loving

___________ B and C vitamins

Water Soluble

Hydrophobic Tails

Water fearing (fats hate water)

Are Cis-fats more healthy ?

Yes

Can cancer be created from a single cell ?

Yes

Can fatty acids be both saturated and unsaturated ?

Yes

Can human proteins have 20 different amino acids ?

Yes

Does Low-Density contribute to arterial plaque ?

Yes

Does genetic code define proteins ?

Yes

Does liver make glucose ?

Yes

Does monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats lower LDL ?

Yes

Does saturated fats and trans fat increase LDL ?

Yes

Is Cholesterol the most well known Sterol ?

Yes

Is olive oil a rich source of monounsaturated acids ?

Yes

People with severe drinking problems have an alcohol use disorder (AUD) ?

Yes

can binge drinking be deadly ?

Yes

Does regular drinkers develop tolerance as levels of alcohol-detoxifying liver enzymes increase ?

Yes and alcohol dependence (alcoholism) is more likely to occur

Does detoxification begin in the stomach ?

Yes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) metabolizes up to 20% of the that is alcohol consumed.

Is alcohol a central nervous system depressant ?

Yes, the mild intoxication often produces pleasant sensations and relaxed inhibitions.

Does a man's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rise more slowly than a woman ?

Yes, women have a higher risk of serious health complications linked to alcohol consumption than men.

this occurs in people with chronic digestive tract problems and exclusively breastfed infants

Zinc Deficiency

How are fat soluble products absorbed into body ?

absorbed into the lacteals in the small intestine via chylomicrons

What is vitamin D needed for ?

bone health and blood calcium (all cells require calcium to function normally)

what does your body do with the fatty acids it absorbs if you don't need them for energy immediately ?

break down the stored fat for energy.

What are the 4 major parts of lipoprotein ?

chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

How can alcohol affect micronutrient consumption and possibly lead to malnutrition ?

displaces nutrient dense foods from diets and damages the liver, interferes with absorption, metabolism, storage of micronutrients.

Vitamin E toxicity symptoms

excess may interfere with vitamin k role in blood clotting

Niacin (B3) as medicine

high doses can lower LDL and raise HDL (megadose can be very toxic)

Why is Iron necessary ?

iron is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin and involved in energy generation and immune function

healthy fatty acids

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

What is considered a Major Mineral ?

more than 100mg/day

Is beta-carotene toxic ?

no, may cause yellowing of the skin but retinol is the main toxic

What are the 2 essential fatty acids? (fish, nuts, vegetable oil, flax seed)

omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid

Where can you find cholesterol ?

only in animals, including human liver (meat, eggs and whole milk)

Body water is lost through ?

urine, perspiration, exhaled air, feces, and insensible perspiration

___________ chronic disease characterized by low bone mass and reduced bone structure (bone fractures easily)

Osteoporosis

______________ eggs but no other animal foods

Ovo-vegetarian

Lipid Digestion and Absorption Step 3 ?

Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides within the emulsified droplets (2 fatty acids are broken off triglyceride to make monoglyceride)

Which fats should be consumed more ?

Cis Fats

Blockage of blood to the heart

Heart Attack

_________ characterized by loss of arterial flexibility (hardening of the arteries)

(Arterio)sclerosis

How much water comes from food ?

20%

An unhealthy blood pressure is ?

120/80

__________ a range of intakes for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients. (fat is 20-35% of total calories)

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

____________ acid portion (COOH)

Acid Group (3)

___________ cells remove free fatty acids and glycerol from blood and reform into triglycerides (fat) for storage. (fat cells that can be used later on)

Adipose

____________ regulate sodium and potassium in the blood

Aldosterone

__________ the substance the body reacts to

Allergen

____________ inflammation response resulting when body's immune system reacts to a substance that is typically harmless.

Allergy

___________ converted to urea that the kidneys excrete in urine

Ammonia

_______________ is a serious life threatening allergic response (Medication)

Anaphylaxis

__________ impairs oxygen transport in blood

Anemia

______________ retinol most active form of vitamin A (Liver and fish liver oils)

Animal Sources

__________ prevents water loss in kidney

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

How do Antioxidants work ?

Antioxidants gives up an electron to stabilize a radical

Lipid Digestion and Absorption Step 2 ?

Bile emulsifies fat

Male: 5 or more drinks on one occasion in the past 30 days Female: 4 or more

Binge Drinker

_________ chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide to other compounds (CO2)

Biotin (B7)

Why would getting rid of bile lower cholesterol ?

By blocking their absorption, the liver draws cholesterol out of the blood

What the 2 common dietary diuretics ?

Caffeine and Alcohol

_________ decrease blood calcium by putting it in bone

Calcitonin

_________ a group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have mutated (have damaged genes)

Cancer

_________ (malignant) cells are out of control and can spread (metastasize)

Cancerous

Water soluble digest in

Capillaries

_________ environmental factors that trigger cancers (DNA mutations that lead to uncontrolled growth)

Carcinogens

__________ is a common inherited condition that results in malabsorption of nutrients from the small intestine (can not eat foods that contain gluten and there is no cure)

Celiac Disease

_________ the primary negatively-charged ion found in extracellular fluid

Chloride

__________ hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes. (pancreatic juices from pancreas, bile from gallbladder and liver)

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

_________ is a precursor to acetylcholine (vitamin like nutrient)

Choline

__________ are a lipoprotein and are delivered to cardiovascular system by the lymphatic system

Chylomicrons

_____________ transporting dietary triglycerides and cholesterol absorbed by intestinal epithelia.

Chylomicrons

____________ A,D,E and K. does not dissolve in water or urine, stored in body and may be toxic

Fat Soluble

___________ a hydrocarbon chain (provide energy for muscles and most other types of cells)

Fatty Acids

Excessive amounts of alcohol are converted to fatty acids in the liver and create a ____________ this condition is reversible, if the person avoids alcohol.

Fatty Liver

Lipid Digestion and Absorption Step 4 ?

Fatty acids and monoglyceride are packaged into micelles and delivered to intestinal cells (even broken-down fatty acids hate water)

Lipid Digestion and Absorption Step 1 ?

Fatty chyme in the small intestine stimulates release of a hormone called CCK from the small intestine cells.

Where can you get Vitamin D if you don't get much sunlight ?

Fatty fish, fish liver oils and fortified milk

An infant born with ____________ has a degree of development abnormalities as a result of mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. (Low nasal, Thin upper lip)

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD/FAS)

Which vitamin is DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism (folic acid, folate)

Folate (B8)

Lack of folate affects cells such as red blood cells (RBC)

Folate Deficiency

Blockage of blood to tissue

Gangrene

__________ characterized by enlarged thyroid gland

Goiter

Why is Iodide necessary ?

Goiter and required for normal thyroid function and productions of thyroid hormone

What is low in lysine ?

Grains, seeds and tree nuts

What is a condition that results from Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis ?

Hypertension

_____________ chronic condition characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels (the blood vessels can't stretch anymore)

Hypertension

___________ water inside the cells 2/3 of body water is _____

Intracellular Water

Vitamin A deficiency can produce too much ________ which is tough protein found in hair, nails and outermost layers of skin. (too much of this can make skin rough and bumpy)

Keratin

___________ major regulators of body's water content and ion concentrations (water and minerals in the blood)

Kidneys

______________ infant is abruptly weaned from breast milk and given low quality protein when younger sibling is born (PEM)

Kwashiorkor

_______________ milk and eggs but no other animal foods

Lactoovo-vegetarian

_________ is the main phospholipid in foods rich sources are egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter and soy. (Eggs are often used in cooking for their emulsifying ability, choline)

Lecithin

________ are plants that produce seed pods with a single row of seeds (soybeans, lentils, beans, peanuts and peas)

Legumes

What is considered a Trace Mineral ?

Less than 100mg/day

If you don't have enough of essential amino acid from your diet, it is called ________ because it limits the amount of protein you can make because you need all 20 amino acids.

Limiting Amino Acid

What enzymes breaks down triglycerides and phospholipids lipids ?

Lipase

_______________ a class of macronutrients that include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol (Insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and acetone)

Lipids

____________ enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides

Lipoprotein Lipase

What enzyme breaks down alcohol ?

alcohol dehydrogenase

How to retain vitamin content in foods ?

avoid buying wilted, brushed or shriveled produce. Prevent vitamins from dissolving out of water

Where are vitamins absorbed?

small intestine

Why are phospholipids emulsifiers ?

they migrate to the interface between oil and water, and reduce the inter-facial tension, thereby stabilizing an emulsion.

What does bile and pancreatic juice do for lipid digestion ?

they work together to break down fat (lipase)

unhealthy fatty acids

trans fat

Why is Zinc necessary ?

wound healing, normal of taste and smell, DNA synthesis, immune function