Nutrition Exam 3 (Adaptive quizzes)

The food with the highest dietary source of magnesium is: A. almonds (dry roasted), 2 oz. B. prunes, ½ cup. C. oatmeal, 1 cup. D. nonfat milk, 1 cup.

A

The leading cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is: A. chronic alcohol abuse. B. lack of whole grains consumption C. .low intake of dairy products. D. a vegan diet.

A

Vitamin C is responsible for synthesizing collagen. Individuals who are deficient in vitamin C may develop which health problem? A. poor wound healing B. liver damage C. impaired immune function D. anemia

A

Which of the following would provide the highest amount of iron with excellent bioavailability? A. ground beef B. salmon C. cashews D. chicken breast

A

Deficiency of ____________ leads to a decrease in the production of several neurotransmitters. A. cobalamin B. thiamin C. pantothenic acid D. riboflavin

B

The RDA for iodine for pregnant women is how much higher than it is for nonpregnant women? A. 25% B. 50% C. 100% D. 75%

B

Which food is an excellent source of vitamin C? A. eggs B. guava C. milk D. white bread

B

Which of the following statements would be considered a structure/function claim? A. Supportive, but not conclusive, evidence shows that the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of heart disease. B. Consuming a diet that is adequate in fiber may help to maintain bowel regularity. C. A diet rich in folate may help to reduce the risk of a woman giving birth to an infant with neural tube defects. D. Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure, a disease caused by many factors.

B

Which statement is true regarding a structure/function claim? A. A structure/function claim is made when there is inconsistent evidence or a lack of evidence regarding the role of a supplement in reducing the risk of a disease. B. A structure/function claim is made when a supplement may improve general well-being. C. A structure/function claim is made when a supplement is proved to reduce the risk of a disease. D. A structure/function claim is made when the purity of a supplement is high.

B

All of the following are potential concerns regarding dietary supplements EXCEPT: A. supplements have the potential to be harmful. B. because dietary supplements are not regulated as rigorously as drugs, supplements are sometimes sold contaminated with banned substances. C. supplement labels are not required to list which ingredients the supplement contains. D. supplements do not undergo the rigorous testing for effectiveness, interaction, or safety requirements that prescription and over-the-counter drugs do.

C

An individual presents with symptoms that include inflammation of the mouth and cracks in the corners of the mouth. Which health condition might the person be suffering from? A. beriberi B. scurvy C. ariboflavinosis D. pellagra

C

Assume that the total mass of folate plus folic acid ingested in each of these choices is the same. Which choice will result in the LOWEST amount of the vitamin entering the body? A. supplement consumed with an apple B. consuming cereals enriched with folic acid C. salad containing asparagus, avocados, and spinach D. supplement consumed by itself

C

Recovery from which of these conditions would be MOST directly and significantly compromised if someone had suboptimal levels of vitamin C in the body? A. serious bacterial infection B. fatty liver disease C.multiple bone fractures D. common cold

C

Sodium is the major positively charged ion in _______fluids such as blood. A. synovial B. amniotic C. extracellular D. intracellular

C

The reference book Herbs of Commerce lists: A. the new botanical ingredients that have been approved by the FDA. B. all botanical ingredients that can legally be sold in the United States. C. the standardized common names of botanicals. D. the botanicals that have GRAS status.

C

The statement "Diets containing adequate calcium and vitamin D support bone health" is an example of which type of claim? A. qualified health claim B. supplemental quality claim C. structure/function claim D. health claim

C

Which type of claim can be used when there is significant scientific agreement on the relationship between a supplement ingredient and the reduced risk of a disease or condition? A. functional foods claim B. supplement quality claim C. health claim D. structure/function claim

C

Which water-soluble vitamin participates in energy metabolism? A. vitamin A B. choline C. riboflavin D. vitamin C

C

_____ is the process in which water passes through a permeable membrane. A. Dilution B. Absorption C. Osmosis D. Filtration

C

One trace mineral with antioxidant properties is: A. fluoride. B. molybdenum. C. iodine. D. selenium.

D

Pregnant women should pay particular attention to their intake of which nutrient? A. choline B. vitamin C C. cobalamin D. folate

D

What is the UL for iodine? A. 500 micrograms B. 2000 micrograms C. 1000 micrograms D. 1100 micrograms

D

What is the main difference between functional foods and dietary supplements? A. All functional foods must contain a structure/function claim on their label; all dietary supplements must contain a health claim on their label. B. The safety of functional foods cannot be determined; dietary supplements are generally recognized as safe. C. Functional foods are regulated by the FDA; supplements are not. D. Functional foods naturally contain or have been enhanced with health-promoting nutrients; supplements are intended to supplement the diet.

D

What is the primary protein found in bone? A. calbindin B. actin C. myosin D. collagen

D

What recommendation is made for some pregnant women to ensure they consume adequate iodine? A. Consume processed foods. B. Consume sea salt. C. Take a prenatal vitamin. D. Take an iodine supplement.

D

Which cells are particularly vulnerable to destruction with vitamin E deficiency? A. epithelial cells B. liver cells C. retinal cells D. white blood cells

D

Which food provides the best source of retinol? A. carrots B. spinach C. sweet potatoes D. cheese

D

Which individual might be at risk for developing a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency? A. a healthy college student B. a healthy individual taking a multivitamin C. an individual who consumes a large amount of processed foods D. an individual who consumes a diet with very little fat

D

Which mechanism is responsible for helping to correct calcium concentrations in the blood? A. re-formation of rhodopsin to opsin B. donation of electrons from vitamin E to free radicals C. conversion of retinol to trans-retinol D. conversion of vitamin D to calcitriol in the kidneys

D

Which of the following is a function of trace minerals? A. nerve impulse transmission B. fluid balance C. pH balance D. structural support

D

Which of the following statements is true of magnesium? A. It regulates fluid balance. B. It is required to derive micronutrients from food. C. It is required for fat synthesis. D. Low intake may increase the risk of cancer.

D

Which factor may lead to dehydration? A. overconsumption of sodium in the diet B. kidney disease C. consuming a diet high in fruits and vegetables D. illness characterized by fever and vomiting

D

Which food preparation technique will help to preserve vitamins in foods? A. cooking fruits and vegetables at high temperatures B. submerging fruits and vegetables in water C. peeling the skins of fruits D. freezing fresh fruits and vegetables

D

Which statement would be considered a selected qualified health claim? A. Consuming a diet that is adequate in calcium will help to build strong bones and teeth. B. Diets low in saturated fats and rich in foods such as fruits and vegetables, which contain soluble fibers, may reduce the risk of heart disease. C. A diet rich in folate may help to reduce the risk of a woman giving birth to an infant with neural tube defects. D. Green tea may reduce the risk of breast or prostate cancer. The FDA has established there is little scientific evidence for this claim.

D

The ______diet emphasizes fruit, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy products, poultry, fish and nuts to lower blood pressure.

Dash

The primary ______ cation is sodium.

Extracellular

What is a protein that stores iron inside the cells of the body including the GI tract?

Ferritin

High doses of what can mask a B12 deficiency?

Folate

_________ deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects so all women of child bearing years are encouraged to take a supplement each day of this vitamin.

Folate

Iodization of salt began in the US in 1924 to prevent

Goiter

Excessive iron absorption due to a genetic disorder is called_______.

Hemochromatosis

75% of the iron in the body is bound to______.

Hemoglobin

Consistent excessive intake of sodium is associated with

High blood pressure

What is a condition of low blood potassium that may result from diuretics and alcohol consumption?

Hypokalemia

Potassium is the primary what cation

Intra cellular

What is needed for the production of thyroid hormones.

Iodine

Fortified cereals, red meat and dried beans are reliable sources of?

Iron

Six of the Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize 90 percent of all drugs/medications and require ________as a co-factor

Iron

A high oral intake of _______supplements can cause diarrhea used in medications to treat constipation.

Magnesium

A _______mineral is needed in amounts greater than 100 grams per day in the diet.

Major (trace is less than that)

A low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, MCV and MCH indicate?

Microcytic

5% of iron is stored in the muscle as?

Myoglobin

In 1998, folate was added to all US flour in an effort to reduce incidence of _______in neonates.

Neural tube defects

Green leafy vegetables, whole grains and _______are excellent sources of magnesium.

Nuts

Estrogen increases the life and activity of_______.

Osteoblasts

A t score of -1.5 is a diagnostic marker of?

Osteopenia

In addition, to nuts, cereals, and meat ______ are high in zinc.

Oysters

Niacin deficiency is called

Pellagra

________must be maintained in a 1:1 ratio with calcium in the blood but not likely to be deficient because it's a component of ATP.

Phosphorous

Long term deficiency of iron causes a craving for non food substances like ice clay or dirt and is called______.

Pica

More than table salt; _______ (convenience/fast) foods contribute high levels of sodium in the diet

Processed

More than 40 drugs can interfere with the vitamin ______ and cause anemia

Pyridoxine

_______pale red blood cells characterize iron deficiency anemia

Small

_____ is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solution. A.Oxidation B.Organic C.Bioavailability D.Solubility

Solubility

Many______medications interact with grapefruit.

Statins

Vitamin D is made by the body when skin is exposed to_______and cholesterol is converted to an inactive form of vitamin D.

Sunlight

The RDA for iron is set at _____times actual need because of its limited absorption in the gut.

Ten

The scientific name for vitamin E is_______of which there are 4 different types.

Tocopherol

A protein that binds iron absorbed from the intestines and carries it to the bone and other tissues in the body.

Transferrin

Which vitamin is given to babies at birth? A.vitamin D B. vitamin A C.vitamin E D.vitamin K

Vitamin K

What bearing activities increase bone density

Weight

A disorder of excessive copper accumulation is called?

Wilsons

What deficiency causes stunted growth and diminished taste and smell acuity.

Zinc

Pyridoxine is needed for all reactions in the body that involve ___________.

amino acids

Vitamin E primarily functions as an _____ at the cellular level to protect the body from damages by free radicals.

antioxidant

Reliable food sources of _______include strawberries, broccoli, citrus fruits and peppers.

ascorbic acid

Colonic ______ and dark green leafy vegetables are reliable sources for vitamin K.

bacteria

_________,potatoes, orange juice, milk and dried apricots are very high in the mineral potassium.

bananas

Consuming raw eggs on a regular basis can induce a ____deficiency.

biotin

The primary function of vitamin K is to _____ or clot blood.

coagulate

Tea, coffee, phytates, and low acidity of the stomach ______ iron absorption

decrease

All processed wheat _____ is required to have B1, B2, B3 and iron added back to it after processing.

flour

What was added to drinking watering the US in the 1940s to reduce dental cavities.

fluoride

Since 1998, ______ has been added to all wheat flour in the United States.

folate

Vitamin D primarily acts as a ______ in the body to maintain a calcium to phosphorus ratio of 1:1.

hormone

Renin and angiotenin ______ blood pressure

increase

___________ in the stomach declines with age so all people over age 50 are encouraged to take a B12 supplement each day.

intrinsic factor

A reliable source of the Riboflavin is found in milk and easily destroyed by _____.

light

___________ and dairy products are the only reliable food sources for cobolamin (B12).

meat

Leafy greens, legumes, and ______ are reliable food sources for calcium

milk (or nuts?)

Stage______hypertension is diagnosed when repeated blood pressures measure 135/95.

one

Dark green and bright _________vegetables are good sourcesof pre-formed vitamin A.

orange (because of beta-carotene)

A t score of -2.5 is a diagnostic marker of

osteoporosis

Free-radical _____ is capable of altering DNA and destabilizing cell membranes. A.neutralization B.oxidation C.stabilization D.prevention

oxidation

Consistent, optimal intake of _____ is associated with lower blood pressure

potassium

Pantothenic acid is found widely in food and a deficiency is _________.

rare

Vitamin D deficiency in children is called _________ in children and osteomalacia in adults.

rickets

Vitamin C deficiency is called ______ and is critical forwound healing and absorption of iron.

scurvy

Deficiency of __________in alcoholics and severely undernourished hospital patients can cause re-feeding syndrome and/or death.

thiamin

Fortified flour, beans and green leafy __________are goodsources of folate.

vegetables

Vitamin A plays a key role in cell differentiation, bone health, reproduction, and _________

vision

High intake of ___________ during pregnancy may cause serious birth defects.

vitamin A

Toxic levels of ______ soluble vitamins are rare but possible.

water

Increased calcium absorption, decreased excretion in the urine and bone______are three mechanisms the body uses to increase blood levels of calcium.

"Resoertion"?

What deficiency caused over 100,000 deaths in the southeastern part of the United States after the civil war?

(Pellagra) Niacin

______ is a hormone released by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium is low.

(parathyroid) PTH

How many milligrams of niacin are produced from 180 mg of tryptophan?

3 mg

A deficiency of vitamin B6 may slightly increase the need for _____ from one's diet. A. niacin B. biotin C. thiamin D. folate

A

A female who has low peak bone mass at the age of 30 may develop which condition at the age of 70? A. osteoporosis B. hypercalcemia C. hypertension D. obesity

A

All of the following claims could appear on a supplement label without FDA approval EXCEPT: A. reduces depression. B. supports prostate and heart health. C. promotes fat burning and hormone regulation. D. preserves memory and brain health.

A

An excellent source of vitamin K is: A. collard greens. B. raspberries. C. cauliflower. D. plant oils.

A

Consuming which types of foods may ensure adequate intake of selenium? A. meats and cereals B. chocolate and nuts C. fruits and vegetables D. fortified dairy products

A

Foods that contain live cultures of beneficial bacteria are called: A. probiotics. B. antibiotics. C. prebiotics. D. symbiotics.

A

If equal quantities of preformed vitamin A or provitamin A are consumed, which food would result in the greatest absorption of retinol activity equivalents? A. salmon B. cooked red bell peppers C. mango juice D. raw spinach

A

If excess sodium accumulates in cells, this will: A. cause cells to swell. B. cause cells to export other electrolytes. C. cause blood pressure to increase. D. cause cells to shrink.

A

Individuals with celiac disease often develop vitamin deficiencies. What is the most probable reason for this? A. decreased vitamin absorption B. increased vitamin requirements C. increased vitamin breakdown D. decreased vitamin utilization in cells

A

The attempt to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane is a state of fluid: A. balance. B. intake. C. loss. D. concentration.

A

The bioavailability of the calcium present in some foods is very low because: A. they contain oxalates that bind calcium. B. they contain water. C. they contain phytates that bind calcium. D. calcium is trapped within the matrix of the food.

A

When red blood cells die, what happens to the iron they contain? A. Iron is reused to form new blood cells. B. Iron is lost through saliva. C. Iron is excreted through the bile. D. Iron is excreted through the urine.

A

Which factor of water loss is matched with the route of loss? A. spending time at a high altitude - lungs B. a fever - urine C. alcohol consumption - lungs D. high-protein diet - skin

A

Which factor will significantly affect the iodine content of crops? A. the mineral content of the soils they are grown in B. the use of pesticides C. climate conditions during growth D. the frequency of watering

A

Which food is NOT associated with reduced mineral absorption? A. orange juice B. whole grains C. certain vegetables D. coffee and tea

A

Which individual is at the lowest risk of developing iron deficiency? A. a 30-year-old man B. a 3-year-old child C. a 20-year-old woman D. a vegetarian

A

Which is MOST likely to cause a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency? A. absorption problems in the intestines B. obesity C. high-fat diet D.consumption of fat-soluble vitamins exceeding the UL

A

Which nutrients does the DASH diet emphasize? A. potassium, calcium, and magnesium B. calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus C. sodium, potassium, and chloride D. sulfur, phosphorus, and calcium

A

Which of the following is a likely sign or symptom of an iodine deficiency in adults? A. weight gain B. elevated energy levels C. intolerance to cold temperatures D. a lump in the stomach

A

Which of the following will increase a person's water needs? A. alcohol consumption B. a high-fat diet C. a cold D. spending time at a low altitude

A

Which source of iodine is the MOST abundant source in the American diet? A. processed grains and milk products B. kosher salt C. sea salt D. fish

A

Which statement BEST describes the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis? A. Osteopenia is characterized by reduced mineral and bone mass; osteoporosis is characterized by fragile and porous bones. B. Osteopenia can occur only at a young age; osteoporosis develops in older age. C. Osteopenia is a condition in which bone loss can be reversed; osteoporosis is a condition in which bone loss cannot be reversed. D. Osteopenia refers to healthy bones; osteoporosis refers to weakened bones.

A

Yogurt treated with bacterial cultures may help to: A. promote gastrointestinal health. B. manage blood glucose. C. promote cardiovascular health. D. reduce the risk of eye diseases.

A

A disclaimer stating that the FDA has NOT evaluated statements made on the product label must be included on the label of: A. all foods and supplements that make structure/function claims. B. only supplements that make structure/function claims. C. all foods and supplements that make health claims. D. only supplements that make health claims.

B

All of the following are benefits of "good" bacteria in the large intestine EXCEPT: A. they reduce gut infections B. .they reduce the risk of obesity. C. they promote immune system health. D. they synthesize vitamin K.

B

All of the following are structure/function claims EXCEPT: A. the supplement may strengthen various organs or tissues. B. the supplement may improve signs or symptoms associated with a disease. C. the supplement may help maintain good health. D. the supplement may improve feelings of general well-being.

B

All of the following factors influence the bioavailability of nutrients to the body EXCEPT: A. the presence of age-related physiological conditions. B. the total amount of the nutrient consumed. C. chronic alcoholism. D. the presence of competing nutrients or other food components.

B

All of the following groups would be at risk for vitamin D deficiency EXCEPT: A.lactose-intolerant people. B.occasional sunscreen users. C.breastfed infants. D.elderly adults.

B

Antidiuretic hormone is responsible for: A. increasing the absorption of sodium. B. raising blood pressure. C. decreasing blood volume. D. increasing the excretion of sodium.

B

The red blood cells that develop when folate intake is inadequate are: A. misshapen and lacking nuclei. B. larger than normal and containing large nuclei. C. very small and pale in appearance. D. normal, mature red blood cells that no longer contain nuclei.

B

What is rhodopsin? A. a compound that is composed of opsin and trans-retinal B. a pigment that absorbs light and triggers nerve impulses to the brain C. a compound that must be recharged with cis-retinal, forming opsin, to facilitate the visual cycle D. a preformed vitamin A carotenoid

B

Where in the body is rhodopsin found? A. liver B. retina C. immune cells D. reproductive tissues

B

Which food source is highest in thiamin? A. skim milk B. pork C. white rice D. apples

B

Which functional food would you select if you were looking to improve the quality of bacteria in the gut? A. blackberries B. yogurt C. margarine D. orange juice

B

Which of the following descriptions is LEAST consistent with a functional food? A. foods that have one or more vitamins or minerals added to them to reduce disease risk B. foods that are naturally a good source of several vitamins and minerals C. foods that have one or more health-promoting phytochemicals added to them D. foods naturally high in one or more phytochemicals linked to improved cognition

B

Which of the following is an example of water functioning in a way other than as a solvent? A. delivery of digestive enzymes to their sites of action B. incorporation into the products of biochemical reactions C. transport of nutrients D. waste removal from the body

B

Which of the following provides a source of vitamin A that is in its active form in the food? A.mangos B.cereal bar, fortified C.spinach D.apricots

B

Which statement is true regarding the activation of vitamin D? A. The skin is responsible for the metabolism and activation of vitamin D. B. Vitamin D must be metabolized by the liver and kidney to become active in the body. C. Active sources of vitamin D are consumed through the diet. D. The liver is the primary site of metabolism and activation of vitamin D.

B

Thiamin deficiency is called _____.

Beriberi

Preformed vitamin A in plants is a weak antioxidant and is called?

Betacarotene

A deficiency in which nutrient may lead to dental caries? A. molybdenum B. manganese C. fluoride D.iron

C

A plant or plant part that is valued for its health-promoting properties is known as a: A. mineral. B. functional food. C. botanical. D. vitamin.

C

All of the following would be listed on the Supplement Facts Panel in decreasing order of predominance by weight EXCEPT: A. sweeteners. B. flavors. C. botanicals. D. colors.

C

An individual who suffers from constipation may benefit from taking which botanical supplement? A. fenugreek B. St. John's wort C. senna D. black cohosh

C

Consuming citrus fruits as part of the diet will reverse the symptoms of which health condition? A. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome B. pellagra C. scurvy D. megaloblastic anemia

C

Daily consumption of which food source may increase the risk of vitamin A toxicity? A. butternut squash B. cantaloupe C. beef liver D. vitamin A-fortified milk

C

Iron deficiency can lead to: A. neurologic impairment. B. osteoporosis. C. decreased oxygen transport in the body. D. blood loss.

C

Iron stores in the body are regulated by controlling: A. its loss in sweat. B. its excretion in urine. C. its absorption. D. its excretion in bile.

C

What information on the food label will tell you if the product has been enriched with nutrients? A. serving size B. Percent Daily Value of a specific nutrient C. ingredients list D. total calories

C

What type of exercise will be MOST effective at maintaining bone density? A. cycling B. stationary biking C. running D. swimming

C

When concentrations of calcium in blood decline slightly, the body's first response is to: A. activate vitamin D. B. increase calcium release from bone. C. release parathyroid hormone into blood. D. increase calcium absorption.

C

Which compound will assist in the absorption of some minerals? A. polyphenols B. phytates C. vitamin C D. oxalates

C

Which of the following describes how alcohol abuse leads to a thiamin deficiency? A. Conversion of thiamin to tryptophan is interrupted. B. Thiamin intake remains the same. C. Thiamin absorption is reduced. D. Decreased thiamin excretion occurs in sweat.

C

Which public health intervention has helped to prevent dental caries? A. the fortification of vitamin D in milk B. the iodization of salt C. the addition of fluoride to drinking water D. the enrichment of grains with zinc

C

What is needed for optimal bone health, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission.

Calcium

Absorption of iron and recycling of red blood cells requires the mineral_______.

Copper

Deficiency of iodine during pregnancy causes_______and diminished IQ in infants and children.

Cretinism

"Psyllium husk may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, although the FDA has concluded that there is very little scientific evidence for this claim." Which type of statement is this? A. tentative health claim B. health claim C. structure/function claim D. qualified health claim

D

Acting together, parathyroid hormone and active vitamin D: A. will cause bone to take up more calcium. B. will decrease total calcium in the body. C. will increase bone strength. D. will decrease total bone calcium.

D

After light-sensing cells in the retina are struck by light, they must regenerate: A.retinoic acid. B.retinal. C.opsin. D.rhodopsin.

D

All of the following are ways in which vitamin D helps maintain calcium concentrations in blood EXCEPT: A. decreased calcium excretion by the kidneys. B. activation of vitamin D in the kidneys. C. increased release of calcium from bone. D. increased glucose uptake in adipose tissue.

D

Consuming which foods would reverse the signs and symptoms of pellagra? A. bananas, broccoli, and potatoes B. citrus fruits, peppers, and broccoli C. fresh corn, grits and cornbread D. poultry, peanuts, and mushrooms

D

How many more molecules of oxygen can be carried by one molecule of hemoglobin versus one molecule of myoglobin? A. two B. one C. four D. three

D

In normal circumstances, what stimulates the release of TSH? A. increased need for iodine by the thyroid gland B. low levels of iodine in blood C. high levels of iodine in blood D. low levels of thyroid hormone

D

Iodine is an essential component of what hormone? A. thyroid-stimulating hormone B. insulin C. epinephrine D. thyroid hormone

D

The iodine-containing food additives in processed grain products are called: A. preservatives. B. sweeteners. C. salt. D. dough conditioners.

D

What happens after you consume water-soluble vitamins? A. Once absorbed, they are packaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system. B. They are stored in fat tissue for later use. C. The body immediately destroys them. D. They are freely absorbed into the circulation.

D