Nutrition Mid Term

If a person has a low income level, how does their risk of obesity change? a. increased risk b. decreased risk c. risk is unchanged; education is what matters

Both education and income are negatively correlated with obesity, meaning that lower education or lower income is related to a higher rate of obesity.

A food scientist feeds a group of healthy people a new test food and measures how their blood glucose level changes after this food. What is the scientist testing? a. glycemic index b. acceptable daily intake c. Hypoglycemia d. diabetes

a

By feeding anemic patients regurgitated meat, William Bosworth Castle was able to prove that a protein was needed for the absorption of what micronutrient? a. Vitamin B12 b. Vitamin K c. Iron d. Fluoride

a

Hemoglobin contains what nutrient? a. Iron b. Iodine c. Folic acid d. Vitamin B12

a

In order to gain a pound of muscle mass, an athlete needs to consume about how many grams of extra protein? a. 100 b. 150 c. 300 d. 250

a

Intrinsic factor is a protein produced in the stomach that allows what nutrient to be absorbed? a. Vitamin B12 b. Vitamin E c. Iron d. Vitamin D

a

Many people were likely locked up in mental institutions in the 1800s unknowingly due to deficiency of which vitamin? a. Niacin b. Thiamin c. Folic acid d. Vitamin A

a

Rickets is the deficiency of what micronutrient? a. Vitamin D b. Folic acid c. Vitamin A d. Niacin

a

The average American diet is often inadequate in vitamin C. What effect would the average American be most likely to experience due to this inadequacy? a. Low antioxidant function b. Hysteria, delirium, and suicidal tendency c. Impaired wound healing d. Hemorrhages (bleeds) around the hair follicles

a

The energy required to digest and absorb nutrients is included in which component of energy expenditure? a. Thermic effect of food b. Basal metabolic rate c. Non-exercise physical activity d. Exercise

a

Tiny hemorrhages (bleeds) around hair follicles is a sign of deficiency of which micronutrient? a. Vitamin C b. Vitamin A c. Vitamin B12 d. Folic acid

a

Too much vitamin D will cause a buildup of what other nutrient in the body? a. Calcium b. Fluoride c. Iron d. Vitamin E

a

What is the deficiency state of niacin? a. Pellagra b. Beriberi c. Scurvy d. Wernicke-Korsakoff

a

Why is calcium intake important for growing children and teenagers? a. Their bones are still being mineralized. b. With inadequate calcium intake, their bodies stop cell signaling to support bone growth. c. Their bones are gaining more protein as they age. d. Bone breakdown peaks during the teenage years

a

Your friend Nguyen wants to gain weight for football. In order to do that, he needs to achieve what state? a. positive energy balance b. negative energy balance c. energy balance

a

What is a function of protein? a. Immune system b. Energy storage c. Used to make cholesterol d. Binds bile acids

a (Antibodies in the immune system are made of protein. As we'll cover soon, if a person has a very low protein intake, like during starvation, they are at much higher risk for infections due to a suppressed immune system.)

Fat is emulsified in the small intestine by which of these? a. Bile b. Pancreatic lipase c. Cholesterol d. Phospholipids

a (Bile emulsifies fat, breaking it into smaller droplets. Pancreatic lipase breaks apart triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids for absorption. Cholesterol and phospholipids do not play a significant role in fat digestion.)

Yvonne has a soup and sandwich at lunch. Which of these changes could she make to her lunch to help lower her blood cholesterol? a. Switch out the bacon on her sandwich for avocado. b. Switch to low-sodium chicken noodle soup. c. Change her turkey sandwich to an egg sandwich. d. Change her whole grain bread to enriched wheat bread.

a (By changing the bacon on her sandwich to avocado, Yvonne reduces saturated fat and increases monounsaturated fat.)

Your uncle always removes the cheese from his sandwiches. By removing the cheese, he is decreasing his intake of what type of fatty acid? a. Saturated fatty acid b. Monounsaturated fatty acid c. Trans fatty acid d. Polyunsaturated fatty acid

a (Cheese and other full-fat dairy is a rich source of saturated fatty acids.)

When the bran is removed from whole grains like rice or wheat, what nutrient is lost? a. fiber b. carbohydrates c. protein d. fat

a (Fiber is present in the bran. When that is removed, the resulting grain (like white rice or white flour) does not contain much fiber.)

Calcium and vitamin D intake may be low in a vegetarian diet. What foods may aid in meeting needs for these micronutrients? a. fortified with soymilk b. fruit c. mixing beans and grains d. any animal food

a (Fortified dairy substitutes are excellent sources of calcium and vitamin D. Check the label to make sure it's fortified, though!)

Which of these foods has a high amount of carbohydrate? a. grapes b. ground pork c. eggs d. olive oil

a (Fruit (like grapes) have a high amount of carbohydrate. Ground pork is protein and fat; eggs are protein and fat; olive oil is entirely fat.)

Which type of lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from the bloodstream and takes it to the liver? a. HDL cholesterol b. Both HDL and LDL cholesterol c. None of these d. LDL cholesterol

a (HDL is sometimes referred to as a "scavenger" -- it picks up excess cholesterol in the bloodstream and takes it back to the liver for destruction.)

Which of these must be provided in the diet to avoid a deficiency? a. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids b. Cellulose c. Cholesterol d. Amylose and amylopectin

a (Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids are essential fatty acids, meaning humans cannot create them and must consume them in our diets. Cholesterol is not essential; our livers can make cholesterol as needed.)

Gabriel wants to decrease the amount of sugars he is consuming. If he eats like the average American, what is a good recommendation for him? a. Reduce intake of sodas and sports drinks b. Decrease the amount of breakfast cereals he eats c. Reduce fruit in his diet, since it contains fructose d. Avoid consuming lactose, as he is probably intolerant

a (Sugar-sweetened beverages (sodas, fruit drinks, and energy or sports drinks) are the top contributor of added sugars to the American diet. Per the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 24% of added sugars in the "average" diet are from these beverages.)

The Acceptable Daily Intake is: a. The maximum amount of a food additive a person can eat every day for a lifetime and have no adverse effects b. The amount of a sweetener that must be consumed to achieve health benefits c. The amount of a food additive that will cause allergic reactions d. The amount of a sweetener that is acceptable for a child

a (The Acceptable Daily Intake is the amount of a food additive that a person can consume every day for a lifetime and experience no adverse effects.)

Per the American Heart Association, what is the recommended limit on added sugars for an adult man? a. 150 calories per day b. 100 calories per day c. 50 calories per day d. eliminate all sources of added sugar

a (The American Heart Association recommends a limit of 150 kcal per day for men from added sugars; this is half the limit on discretionary calories.)

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends what limit on added sugars? a. no more than 10% of total calories b. no more than 25% of total calories c. no more than 5% of total calories d. Eliminate all sources of added sugars

a (The DGA 2020-2025 recommend a limit of 10% of total calories coming from added sugars.)

Which of these snacks contains a complete protein? a. Apple and a string cheese stick b. Pumpkin spice latte made with almond milk c. Celery with peanut butter d. Toast with butter and jam

a (The string cheese (made from dairy milk) is an example of a complete protein. The peanut butter, almond milk, and toast all contain some protein but all lack all the essential amino acids, so are considered incomplete proteins.)

How many calories are in a gram of high fructose corn syrup? a. 4 kcal b. 7 kcal c. 9 kcal d. 12 kcal

a (All carbohydrates have 4 kcal per gram. High fructose corn syrup is a sugar.)

Why could overconsumption of sugar alcohols cause diarrhea? a. Sugar alcohols are poorly absorbed, so are excreted b. Sugar alcohols increase insulin production c. Sugar alcohols cause water to not be absorbed in the colon. d. Sugar alcohols decrease pancreatic amylase production, so increase fat in the feces

a (Sugar alcohols are not well absorbed in the GI tract, so they pass through the intestine to the colon. Once in the colon, the high concentration of sugar alcohols pulls water from the lining of the colon into the inside of the colon. This osmotic effect causes loose, watery diarrhea.)

Who might benefit from using non-nutritive sweeteners in place of sugars? a. Bill, who drinks a six-pack of soda daily b. Ursula, who has an overall balanced diet c. Amanda, who rarely consumes desserts d. Kirk, who is a hyperactive child

a (Sugars have known detrimental effects on health. People who consume a large amount like Bill may benefit from reducing their intake and substituting a beverage sweetened with a non-nutritive sweetener. People who have overall balanced diets and a low sugar intake may be able to consume a moderate amount of regular soda and still fit within the recommendations. Hyperactivity in children has no relationship to sugar intake.)

Which of these meals/snacks contains complementary proteins? a. Burrito made with black beans, brown rice, lettuce, and tomato b. Fried rice with carrots, corn, and onion c. Grilled cheese sandwich and creamy tomato soup d. Trail mix made with almonds, raisins, and dried cranberries

a (The burrito contains two types of grains (tortilla and rice), both of which lack lysine, but the burrito also contains black beans, which contain lysine but lack methionine (supplied by the grains). This is an example of a complementary protein. The cheese in the sandwich is a complete protein, not complementary. The trail mix contains nuts, but these lack lysine. The fried rice contains two types of grains (rice and corn) but both lack lysine.)

What is the primary function of carbohydrate? a. provide energy b. protect the abdominal organs c. provide insulation d. help with vitamin absorption

a (The primary purpose of carbohydrate is to provide energy. 45-65% of total calories from carbohydrate is associated with the best disease-free life.)

A calorie (or kilocalorie) is a measurement of: a. mass b. weight c. energy d. volume

b

A friend of yours is trying to lose his "freshman 15." In order for that to occur, he must achieve what state? a. energy balance b. negative energy balance c. positive energy balance

b

How do most modern weight loss medications work? a. They increase the thermic effect of food, causing greater calorie expenditure. b. They work in the brain to reduce appetite. c. They increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating the cardiovascular system. d. They cause your stomach to empty more slowly so you feel full longer.

b

Jacobus Bonitus wrote a letter describing the disease called beriberi, which is a deficiency of what micronutrient? a. Folate b. Thiamin c. Vitamin D d. Riboflavin

b

Seizures in infants in the 1950s were linked to deficiency of what micronutrient? a. Vitamin B12 b. Vitamin B6 c. Vitamin A d. Iron

b

What is the primary function of the stomach? a. digest carbohydrates b. holds food c. move food via peristalsis d. create lipse

b

Which organ in the gastrointestinal tract functions to reabsorb water? a. esophagus b. colon or large intesine c. stomach d. small intestine

b

Why might a person decide to eat without physical feelings of hunger? a. Humans are biologically driven to eat whenever food is offered b. Adults tend to follow routines with set mealtimes c. The body is craving a specific nutrient d. Humans only eat food when physical feelings of hunger are present

b

___ is a measurement of the amount of energy in food. a. glycemic index b. calorie c. carbohydrate d. lipid profile

b

What is "gold standard" for measurement of body composition? a. Skinfold thickness b. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) c. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) d. BodPod

b (DEXA is considered the gold standard, against which all other measurements are compared.)

Lanugo, a fine hair, can develop in which of these eating disorders? a. Bulimia nervosa b. Anorexia nervosa c. Binge eating disorder d. Orthorexia

b (Lanugo is a delicate, dense hair that grows on the skin and is typical of anorexia nervosa, when insulating body fat is lost.)

Which of these dietary changes will be the most effective at reducing LDL cholesterol? a. Reducing cholesterol intake b. Reducing saturated fat intake c. Reducing monounsaturated fat intake d. Reducing polyunsaturated fat intake

b (Reducing the intake of saturated fat is the most effective step to reduce LDL cholesterol. This is significantly more effective than reducing dietary cholesterol.)

Who might benefit from using non-nutritive sweeteners in place of sugars? a. Ursula, who has an overall balanced diet b. Bill, who drinks a six-pack of soda daily c. Amanda, who rarely consumes desserts d. Kirk, who is a hyperactive child

b (Sugars have known detrimental effects on health. People who consume a large amount like Bill may benefit from reducing their intake and substituting a beverage sweetened with a non-nutritive sweetener. People who have overall balanced diets and a low sugar intake may be able to consume a moderate amount of regular soda and still fit within the recommendations. Hyperactivity in children has no relationship to sugar intake.)

DNA creates the code to what? a. ketones b. proteins c. fat d. carbohydrate

b (Through the processes of transcription and translation, every 3 bases in DNA codes for 1 amino acid in a protein.)

When served larger portion sizes, how does calorie intake at that meal change? a. decrease b. increase c. stay the same

b (When adults are served a larger portion, they almost always eat more food.)

The order of amino acids in a protein is determined by which of these? a. Your current state of fed or fasting b. Your order of DNA base pairs c. The amount of essential amino acids you consume d. The overall balance of essential versus nonessential amino acids

b (Your individual DNA codes for the proteins that make you a little different from every other person in the world.)

A food contains 80 kcal, 5 grams total fat, 3 grams saturated fat, and 0 grams trans fat. What percentage of calories comes from fat? a. 33% b. 56% c. 15% d. 25%

b (5 grams of fat x 9 calories per gram = 45 kcal from fat 45 / 80 = 0.56 or 56%)

How does the Mediterranean diet differ from the DASH diet? a. The Mediterranean diet helps to reduce risk of heart disease, whereas the DASH diet does not. b. The Mediterranean diet is significantly higher in fat than the DASH diet. c. The Mediterranean diet has a low amount of meat, whereas the DASH diet is based around meat. d. The Mediterranean diet encourages fruits and vegetables more than the DASH diet.

b (Both diets emphasize whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. The Mediterranean Diet is relatively high in fat (from olive oil) whereas the DASH diet is relatively low fat.)

At breakfast today, Jen ate an omelet with cheese, whole wheat toast with butter, and a yogurt parfait with blueberries. Which of these foods contained carbohydrate? a. egg (in omelet) b. yogurt c. butter d. cheese

b (Foods at Jen's meal that are primarily carbohydrate foods include her whole wheat toast (the bread only; butter is almost entirely fat), yogurt (which contains lactose, naturally occurring milk sugar), and blueberries.)

What causes lactose intolerance? a. Autoimmune destruction of small intestine cells b. Inadequate production of lactase c. Excess intake of milk/dairy products d. Low production of hormones

b (People who have lactose intolerance have a low production of the lactase enzyme in their small intestine. Because of this, when they eat lactose, they cannot digest it into glucose and galactose. The disaccharide lactose cannot be absorbed by the small intestine and instead goes to the colon where it is fermented by bacteria.)

Which organ processes nutrients and releases them into the bloodstream? a. small intestine b. liver c. brain d. pancreas

b (The liver processes nutrients that it receives in the portal bloodstream (the blood coming from the small intestine to the liver). The pancreas's function is to produce hormones like insulin and glucagon and digestive enzymes like pancreatic amylase. The small intestine's purpose is to digest and absorb food. The brain is the body's command center.)

Chicken salad sandwich (wheat bread, roasted chicken, mayonnaise), potato chips, apple and pear slices, and iced tea Which food at this meal is a common allergen? a. Apple slices b. Bread c. Chicken d. Potato chips

b (The most common allergens include wheat, which is a primary ingredient in bread.)

A bariatric surgery that detaches part of the stomach and small intestine is called: a. Lap band b. Gastric sleeve c. Gastric bypass d. Laparotomy

c

If a person is in energy balance, how does calorie intake compare to calorie expenditure? a. Calorie intake is less than calorie expenditure b. Calorie intake is greater than calorie expenditure c. Calorie intake is approximately the same as calorie expenditure

c

If a person is in positive energy balance, how does their calorie intake compare to calorie expenditure? a. Calorie intake is approximately the same as calorie expenditure b. Calorie intake is less than calorie expenditure c. Calorie intake is greater than calorie expenditure

c

The National Weight Loss Registry has identified four behaviors/changes associated with maintaining weight loss. Which is one of these four behaviors? a. Weight cycling b. Watching more TV c. Eating breakfast d. Taking a weight loss medication

c

What's a healthy method to lose weight? a. Skip lunch every day so that she reduces her calorie intake. b. Cut down on carbohydrates, since they are the biggest source of calories in the diet. c. Keep a food diary and reduce her usual intake by 500 kcal per day. d. Make sure she rewards herself for following her diet with a treat, like an ice cream sundae.

c

Which of these cooking methods results in the most loss of water-soluble vitamins? a. Steaming b. Stir-frying c. Boiling d. Grilling

c

Which of these is an effect of training? a. Increased thermic effect of food b. Decreased basal metabolic rate c. Increased amount of glycogen in muscle cells d. Decreased use of fat for energy during exercise

c

Why are dietary supplements for weight loss discouraged? a. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned their use in the United States. b. They cause weight loss that occurs much too quickly to be healthy. c. There is very little research to support any weight loss supplement. d. They work to cause weight loss without the person making any changes to diet, so the person doesn't get any healthier.

c

___ is the nutrient goal for individuals and meets the needs of a majority of the population. a. Tolerable upper intake level (UL) b. Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) c. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) d. Daily Value (DV)

c

Fat is emulsified in the small intestine by which of these? a. Pancreatic lipase b. Phospholipids c. Bile d. Cholesterol

c (Bile emulsifies fat, breaking it into smaller droplets. Pancreatic lipase breaks apart triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids for absorption. Cholesterol and phospholipids do not play a significant role in fat digestion.)

Which method of determining body composition (in other words, how much fat mass and how much lean mass a person has) is the most accurate? a. Body mass index b. Weight c. Bioelectrical impedance analysis d. Food diary

c (Bioelectrical impedance analysis can determine amount of body fat. None of the other measurements directly measure body fat.)

Yvonne has a soup and sandwich at lunch. Which of these changes could she make to her lunch to help lower her blood cholesterol? a. Switch to low-sodium chicken noodle soup. b. Change her whole grain bread to enriched wheat bread. c. Switch out the bacon on her sandwich for avocado. d. Change her turkey sandwich to an egg sandwich.

c (By changing the bacon on her sandwich to avocado, Yvonne reduces saturated fat and increases monounsaturated fat.)

Which of these is the most variable (and the most amenable to change) contribution to your total energy expenditure? a. Basal metabolic rate b. Thermic effect of food c. Physical activity

c (Calories spent in physical activity are the most variable, both from day-to-day and between individuals. Basal metabolic rate and thermic effect of food do not change significantly.)

Whenever your roommate has a bad day, he/she will go buy a large amount of junk food to console himself/herself. This could be a characteristic of which eating disorder? a. Muscle dysmorphia b. Pregorexia c. Binge eating disorder d. Anorexia nervosa

c (Eating very large amounts of food (or binge eating) to aid with emotions is common in binge eating disorder.)

Kennedy is an 18-year-old female who is vegan. Which of these nutrients would be of special concern for Kennedy? a. vitamin C b. vitamin A c. iron d. Phytochemicals like lycopene

c (Iron is likely to be inadequate in a vegan diet, and young women who menstruate are at high risk for deficiency.)

What is the most scientifically accurate definition of obesity? a. High abdominal obesity b. There is not an accurate definition; it depends on the individual. c. Excess body fat d. BMI greater than 30

c (Obesity is excess body fat. BMI is a surrogate marker (a way to estimate likelihood of obesity) but it does not accurately describe everyone.)

In class, we discussed an experiment where participants were served sandwiches on two different occasions, and they ate more sandwich during one of the two sessions. What was the difference between the two sessions? a. They reported they were more satisfied with their meal after they ate more sandwich. b. The sandwich they were served during one session had more fat and protein, and they liked that one more than the other. c. They were served a larger portion of sandwich during one session. d. They were hungrier before one session than they were before the other.

c (The only change between was the portion given. The participants had similar levels of hunger and satiety in both conditions.)

Julia wants to create a meal with complementary proteins. She already has leftover rice that she wants to use. Which of these foods could she add to her meal? a. Corn b. Farro (a type of wheat) c. Garbanzo beans (chickpeas) d. Pepitas (pumpkin seeds)

c (The rice lacks lysine. Farro, corn, and pumpkin seeds also lack lysine. The garbanzo beans contain adequate lysine, so combining that with her rice gives her all the essential amino acids.)

Which of these is a post-exercise snack that contains the right macronutrients to maximize recovery? a. Beef jerky b. Raisins c. Turkey sandwich d. Lettuce salad with olive oil

c (The turkey sandwich provides both carbohydrates (in the bread) and protein (in the turkey). The salad provides almost entirely fat; beef jerky is almost all protein; raisins are only carbohydrates.)

Which eating disorder is characterized by eating large amounts of food or feeling out of control of eating? a. Pregorexia b. Anorexia nervosa c. Binge eating disorder d. Muscle dysmorphia

c (This describes binge eating disorder, in which there is no compensatory behavior (as in bulimia).)

Your friend Amy is a runner who has been experiencing gastrointestinal distress during her events. You recommend that she make which of these changes to reduce the likelihood of experiencing this problem? a. Increase fat in her pre-event meal b. Increase fiber in her pre-event meal c. Avoid caffeine before the event d. Consume a large meal before the event so she won't be hungry

c (Caffeine makes the GI tract move faster, potentially leading to malabsorption. A pre-exercise meal should be small, mostly carbohydrate, and avoid caffeine, fiber, fat, and protein if possible.)

Carbohydrates are stored in the human body as: a. insulin b. Monosaccharides c. glycogen d. phospholipids

c (Glycogen is made up of glucose and is the way that humans and other animals store glucose for ready use when needed.)

How does insulin change blood glucose levels? a. Insulin signals the small intestine to reduce production of digestive enzymes b. Insulin helps to raise blood glucose when we are fasting c. Insulin triggers the cell to open glucose transporters in the membrane d. Insulin binds to glucose and allows it to be broken down (oxidized) for energy

c (Insulin is the "key" that "unlocks" the glucose transporters in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to go from the blood into the cell, thereby lowering blood glucose levels.)

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the: a. colon b. stomach c. mouth d. small intestine

c (Salivary amylase begins carbohydrate digestion; salivary amylase is produced by the salivary glands and is present in saliva. When we put food into our mouths and mix food with saliva, salivary amylase begins to break apart the bonds between monosaccharide units, beginning the digestion process.)

On the advice of his trainer, your friend Bobby has been eating a low-calorie diet made up entirely tuna and eggs in order to gain muscle mass. He's not gaining weight or muscle like he had hoped. What would you tell him if he asks for your opinion? a. He needs to eat more complete protein with more essential amino acids instead of the proteins he is eating now. b. He should decrease his calorie intake to put himself in an anabolic phase. c. He needs to increase his workouts to twice a day if he wants to gain muscle mass instead of just once per day. d. He should eat more calories and more carbohydrates to allow protein to be used for muscle.

d

What nutrient recommendation is set as a goal intake when there is not a lot of research to guide a strong recommendation? a. Tolerable upper intake level (UL) b. Daily value (DV) c. Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) d. Adequate intake (AI)

d

Which of these causes fatigue during exercise? a. Excess insulin release b. Nitrogen loss c. Gastrointestinal distress d. Running out of glycogen

d

Which of these has caused Americans' vitamin D levels to be lower than desired? a. Destruction of the vitamin due to microwaving food b. Increase in milk consumption c. Inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables d. Increase in sunscreen use

d

Which of these is a bad food? a. cheddar cheese b. Dr. pepper c. chocolate d. There are no bad foods. Each of these may have nutrients that are beneficial at different times for different people

d

Which of these people is in negative nitrogen balance? a. Monica, who is gaining weight b. Benji, who is a growing 8-year-old c. Jana, who is pregnant d. Michael, who was injured in a car accident

d

Whenever your roommate has a bad day, he/she will go buy a large amount of junk food to console himself/herself. This could be a characteristic of which eating disorder? a. Muscle dysmorphia b. Anorexia nervosa c. Pregorexia d. Binge eating disorder

d (Eating very large amounts of food (or binge eating) to aid with emotions is common in binge eating disorder.)

Which of these meals contains a complete protein? a. Refried pinto beans b. Pretzels and raisins c. Banana and peanut butter d. Edamame (soybeans)

d (Edamame is cooked soybeans, which are a complete protein. Pretzels are made from flour (a grain) and therefore lack lysine. Refried pinto beans lack methionine. Peanut butter lacks methionine (peanuts are a legume)

Which of these factors helps lower the glycemic index of a food? a. Low fat b. Low protein c. High sugar d. High fiber

d (Higher fiber foods stay in the stomach longer, which means digestion takes longer. High sugar, low protein, and low fat foods tend to have higher glycemic index values.)

Dwayne is a college student who is trying to eat a healthier diet, but he doesn't have a lot of money. Which of these tips can help him eat a healthy diet on a budget? a. Shop right before dinner, so he is buying food that is as fresh as possible, and if he's hungry, he won't buy extra food. b. He should buy only fresh fruits and vegetables, because they have the most nutrients. c. He should go straight to the middle shelves in the store, because that's where the cheapest foods are kept. d. He could make a meal plan for the week before he goes to the grocery store so he doesn't buy food that will go to waste.

d (If you have a plan in place, you can buy just what you need and not lost money as food goes to waste. Frozen fruits and vegetables are a high-quality option that will stay good for a long time and won't go to waste. Shopping while hungry tends to increase impulse purchases. It's recommended to make most purchases from the perimeter of the grocery store (produce, fresh meats, dairy) instead of the middle aisles, which often include more shelf-stable, highly processed foods.)

Ceviche is made by soaking seafood in large amounts of acid. What effect does this have on the proteins in the seafood? a. It converts ammonia (which is toxic) to urea. b. It deaminates amino acids. c. It breaks off nonessential amino acids from the protein. d. It unfolds the 3D structure of the protein.

d (Just like heat, acid unfolds the 3D structure of a protein, making it easier to digest.)

Which of these statements about physical activity is true? a. Doing yoga after dinner would be considered non-exercise physical activity. b. If you do not work out today, you will burn no calories in physical activity. c. Physical activity is the only way that calories can be used or burned. d. Non-exercise activities can contribute significantly to calorie output.

d (Physical activity can be divided into exercise and non-exercise. Non-exercise activities contribute significantly to calorie expenditure and to maintain energy balance.)

Which of these carbohydrates CANNOT be absorbed in the small intestine without digestion? a. glucose b. fructose c. galactose d. amylopectin

d (Amylopectin is a starch that is made up of many glucose units, so it must be broken down to individual units of glucose before it can be absorbed. Fructose, glucose, and galactose are all monosaccharides that can be absorbed by the small intestine.)

Canola oil is a particularly good source of what type of fatty acid? a. Trans fatty acid b. Saturated fatty acid c. Polyunsaturated fatty acid d. Monounsaturated fatty acid

d (Canola oil is a good source of MUFAs.)

How is type 2 diabetes treated? a. Insulin must be provided with all meals b. Only high glycemic index foods are allowed c. Medications reduce the digestion of carbohydrates d. Carbohydrate intake throughout the day is controlled

d (Carbohydrate control in the diet is the cornerstone of treatment for type 2 diabetes. Medications may be used in addition to diet therapy; these medications may help cells respond better to insulin, may help the pancreas make more insulin, or help lower their blood glucose in a variety of other ways.)

Carbohydrate A is made up of 5 glucose units. What type of carbohydrate is Carbohydrate A? a. Monosaccharide b. Disaccharide c. simple d. complex

d (Polysaccharides have 3 or more monosaccharide units; they are complex carbohydrates.)

As long as a person looks good, they're probably healthy and a good source of nutrition advice. (true or false)

false

If someone's parents and grandparents are obese, that person will be destined to be obese. (true or false)

false (Diet absolutely still plays a role in development of obesity and many other diseases! A healthy diet can moderate that inherited risk.)

Vitamins also have an important role in the prevention of heart disease. (true or false)

true (Some vitamins have antioxidant functions, which can help to prevent the oxidation or breakdown of LDL in the bloodstream. Fruits and vegetables help to prevent heart disease!)

True or false: Some religions mandate (or at least strongly encourage) vegetarianism. (true or false)

true (True. Many different religions either require a vegetarian diet or restrict specific types of foods or when they can be eaten.)