Nutrition/Metabolism Chapter 24

38. A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as a. protein deficiency disease. b. Kwashiorkor. c. avitaminosis. d. carbohydrate loading. e. hypervitaminosis.

e. hypervitaminosis.

1. The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called a. glycolysis. b. oxidative phosphorylation. c. catabolism. d. anabolism. e. metabolism.

e. metabolism.

27. All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting, except that a. blood flow to the skin increases. b. shivering thermogenesis occurs. c. nonshivering thermogenesis occurs. d. epinephrine levels rise. e. blood returning from limbs is shunted to deep veins.

A blood flow to the skin increases.

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that a. levels of blood glucose are elevated b. fat mobilization occurs c. gluconeogenesis occurs in liver

A levels of blood glucose are elevated

43. The essential fatty acids are a. linoleic acid and linolenic acid. b. leucine and lysine. c. cholesterol and glycerol. d. HDLs and LDLs. e. both A and D

A linoleic acid and linolenic acid.

44. When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the a. postabsorptive state. b. absorptive state. c. starvation state. d. deprivation state. e. preabsorptive state.

A postabsorptive state.

The loss of infrared energy from the body is called a. radiation b. evaporation c. conduction d. convection

A radiation

28. More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of a. radiation. b. conduction. c. convection. d. evaporation. e. concentration.

A radiation.

50. Assuming they all weigh the same and maintain the same body temperature, which of the following would lose heat fastest? a. a short, thickly built person b. a tall, very slender person c. a person of average build

B a tall, very slender person

34. A malfunction of the thermoregulatory mechanisms caused by fluid loss in sweat is known as a. thermoneogenesis. b. heat exhaustion. c. hydrosis. d. afebrile reaction. e. dehydration reaction.

B heat exhaustion.

16. Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following, except a. amino acids. b. oxaloacetic acid. c. creatine. d. porphyrin. e. purines.

B oxaloacetic acid.

45. A growing child is in a state of a. nitrogen equilibrium. b. positive nitrogen balance. c. negative nitrogen balance.

B positive nitrogen balance

What percent of energy released from a catabolism is lost as heat a. 40 b. 60 c. 30

B. 60

4. During lipolysis a. triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. b. triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. c. lipids are converted into glucose molecules. d. lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates. e. lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.

B. triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

In the process of cellular respiration each molecule of glucose that is metabolized yields enough energy to form up to ____ molecules of ATP a. 2 b. 72 c. 32

C 32

12. For adults there are ________ essential amino acids. a. 2 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10 e. 20

C 8

17. The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are a. carbohydrates. b. proteins. c. fats. d. nucleic acids. e. vitamins.

C Fats

8. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of a. transport proteins. b. lipoproteins. c. essential fatty acids. d. essential amino acids. e. vitamins.

C essential fatty acids.

25. A T4 assay is used to a. determine the number of calories in food. b. directly measure the basal metabolic rate. c. obtain an index of metabolic activity. d. monitor the energy efficiency of metabolism. e. determine the amount of oxygen consumed during metabolism.

C obtain an index of metabolic activity.

31. The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid. a. inner membrane b. plasma membrane c. outer membrane d. matrix e. cristae

C outer membrane

29. Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. a. cytoplasm b. the plasma membrane c. the mitochondria d. the endoplasmic reticulum e. none of the above

C the mitochondria

15. A balanced diet should a. include adequate substrates for the production of energy. b. provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. c. contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. d. all of the above e. B and C only

D Include adequate substrates for the production of energy. provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. Contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals.

7. Lipogenesis generally begins with a. glucose. b. amino acids. c. fatty acids. d. acetyl-CoA. e. succinyl-CoA.

D acetyl-CoA.

6. Lipids a. deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. b. are difficult to store since they are not water soluble. c. yield quick bursts of energy. e. both B and C

D. provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.

13. N compounds include a. amino acids. b. purines. c. pyrimidines. d. creatine. e. all of the above

E amino acids. purines. pyrimidines. creatine.

30. Cells must synthesize new organic compounds a. to support growth. b. to perform structural maintenance or repairs. c. to produce secretions. d. to store nutrient reserves. e. all of the above

E all of the above

39. In the human body, cholesterol is important because it a. helps waterproof the epidermis. b. is a lipid component of all cell membranes. c. is a key constituent of bile. d. is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3. e. all of the above

E all of the above

40. Liver is to ________ as adipose tissue is to ________. a. focal point of metabolic regulation and control; storage of lipids b. storage of vitamin C; source of leptin c. cholesterol; triglycerides d. both A and B e. both A and C

E focal point of metabolic regulation and control; storage of lipids and cholesterol; triglycerides

14. During starvation a. carbohydrate utilization increases. b. gluconeogenesis accelerates. c. there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. d. muscle proteins are used as an energy source. e. both B and D

E gluconeogenesis accelerates. muscle proteins are used as an energy source.

During the absorptive state a. the liver forms glycogen b. adipocytes release fatty acids c. skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen d. insulin levels are elevated e. both A and D

E the liver forms glycogen and insulin levels are elevated

3. During glycolysis a. a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. b. four molecules of ATP are produced. c. two molecules of ATP are consumed d. A and B only e. A, B, and C

E two molecules of ATP are consumed four molecules of ATP are produced. AND a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

9. The largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 µm, ________ are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. a. very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) c. intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) d. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) e. chylomicrons

E. chylomicrons

26. When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting, a. peripheral vasoconstriction occurs. b. skin blood flow increases. c. tidal volume increases. d. sweat glands are inhibited. e. both B and C

E. skin blood flow increases. and tidal volume increases.

24. Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following, except a. physical exertion. b. age. c. body weight. d. genetics. e. gender.

a. physical exertion.

The production of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces a. acetyl-CoA b. urea c. water d. nitrate

b. urea

5. All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, except that a. it occurs in the mitochondria. b. fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments that enter the TCA cycle. c. lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. d. it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. e. it yields large amounts of ATP.

c. lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

37. Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 30

d. 20

2. Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? a. structural maintenance b. growth and repair c. secrete d. all of the above e. A and B only

d. all of the above

10. Sometimes called "good cholesterol," ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. a. very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) c. intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) d. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) e. very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)

d. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during? a. electron transport b. glycolysis c. the formation of pyruvic acid d. the Krebs cycle e. the formation of water

d. the Krebs cycle