OCE1001 FSU Chapter 1

What is a nebula?

a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago.

billion

What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?

material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply.

- Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. - The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop - As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment - Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. .

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans?

- Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water. - NASA satellites fly over Antarctica. - The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the scientific method? Choose all that apply.

- Scientists make predictions based on established theories. - The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. - The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations.

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere. - The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. -Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. -Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. -Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core?

- The outer core is liquid because it is so hot. - The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. - Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties.

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

- They utilize the energy in sugar.

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

- autotrophs - phytoplankton - primary producers

Rocks in which layer(s) of Earth are rigid?

- inner core - mesosphere -lithosphere

If you had an equally sized hand sample of each rock shown in the figure above, which would feel the heaviest?

-3 (Basalt, the darkest)

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What steps of the scientific method have you performed in your inquiry?

-Hypothesis formulation -Observation

Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean? Choose all that apply.

-Indian -Atlantic -Pacific

What element(s) are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust? Choose all that apply.

-Iron -Magnesium

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?

-Lithosphere

What element(s) are found in high concentrations in continental crust? Choose all that apply.

-Silica -Aluminum

Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like.

Asthenosphere

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.

Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

Ferdinand Magellan

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

Hypothesis

What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?

It was blown away by the solar wind.

Layers of the earth (outer to inner)

1. Crust 2. Lithosphere 3. Asthenosphere 4. Mantle (includes lithosphere and asthenosphere) 5. Outer Core 6. Inner Core

When did our Solar System begin to form?

5 billion years ago

A rock sample contains 75 atoms of a parent isotope and 25 atoms of a daughter isotope. The half-life of the parent isotope is 100 years. How old is this rock?

50 years old

Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.

50,000

How did our Solar System begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.

What is a scientific theory?

A well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, tested hypotheses, and logical inferences

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.

James Cook

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method?

Observation

Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?

Outer Core

Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth?

Pacific

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?

Pacific

Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth?

Pacific Ocean

What happens during radioactive decay?

Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.

Phoenicians

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.

Physical

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. (Ferdinand Magellan, John Cabot, Christopher Columbus, Ptolemy, Vasco de Gama)

Ptolemy

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by:

Pytheas

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:

Theories

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:

ages of rocks.

The nebular hypothesis suggests that:

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.

Oceanic crust is primarily:

basalt

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago.

billion

Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago.

billion

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:

can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

Earth's early atmosphere most likely included:

carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.

chemical composition

In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter B?

continental crust

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.

hydrogen

In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter C?

lithosphere

Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.

outgassing

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

oxygen gas and sugar

What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?

weak sphere

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents.

shape; position

As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________.

slowly, rapidly

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________.

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

Which rock in the figure above is likely high in iron and magnesium?

-3 (Basalt, the darkest)

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.

Geological

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

- C6H12O6

Which statement(s) below correctly describe differences between oceanic and continental crust? Choose all that apply.

- Continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt. - Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. - Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust.

Earth has three compositionally distinct layers—the crust, mantle, and core. The core has separate inner and outer sections that are physically different. For the following physical properties and compositional properties, sort each item into the bins for the layer of Earth that they best characterize. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

1st Bin (crust): -Is earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell -Is completely solid and never acts like a fluid -part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while another part is composed of many rock types. 2nd Bin (Mantle): -Contains a weak layer below the lithosphere -Contains rock rich in magnesium and iron 3rd Bin (Core): -Contains iron and nickel -Contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?

Easter Island

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?

Eratosthenes

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:

Eratosthenes.

Which of the following has the deepest waters?

Pacific Ocean

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What is the next step you would need to take to advance your understanding to the next level of scientific inquiry?

Testing

Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

100 atoms

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?

25 atoms

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________.

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

Earth is about:

4.6 billion years old.

What are the reaction products of respiration?

water and carbon dioxide gas

Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?

Arctic

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?

Cambrian

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere?

Silly Putty

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

The Arctic Ocean

Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?

The Arctic Ocean

How did the moon form?

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is __________.

The Pacific Ocean

What happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the Silly Putty with his hammer?

The material fractured like a solid.

Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?

The rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B.

What is the scientific definition of half-life?

the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half

Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?

thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________.

thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations