Oceanography: Chapter 4
At what level of Dissolved Oxygen do many organisms become stressed?
5mg
Term used for measuring the height/energy/of a wave?
Amplitude
What is the term used for measuring the height/energy/of a wave?
Amplitude
Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element.
Atom
What is nitrogen narcosis like?
Being drunk
Which color is the ocean most transparent to?
Blue
How is a tsunami produced?
By earthquakes and other seismic disturbances on the seafloor.
How is a rouge wave produced
Caused by multiple waves meeting at their crests and joining together at the exact same point.
Scientists can track the _ of water over great distances
Circulation
What temperature makes the bottom of the water stable?
Cold
What temperature of water makes gases dissolve better?
Cold
What is the temperature at the bottom?
Cold (More dense)
Currents and waves are also driven by the _ _.
Coriolis Effect
Things do not go in a straight line but bend due to the _ _.
Coriolis Effect
High points of a wave
Crest
What are the high points of a wave called?
Crest
If we come up too fast in the water, what kind of sickness will we have?
Decompression sickness
Bottom layer
Deep
What do you do to help with issues that come along with nitrogen narcosis?
Descend until symptoms clear and avoid depths greater than 60 ft.
How does one measure the wavelength of a wave?
Distance between the crests
A Pure substance that is made of only one type of atom.
Element
What do waves transfer?
Energy
Water transfers _.
Energy (not water)
Wind is driven by heat from the _.
Equator
The water mass in overturn can be traced because it has a certain _ to the column of water.
Fingerprint
Large circles of movement
Gyres
Thermo
Heat
The amount of hear needed to raise the temperature by a certain amount
High heat capacity
The bond that holds water molecules together.
Hydrogen Bonds
Middle layer
Intermediate
An atom or molecule which has gained or lost one or more of its valence electrons, giving it a positive or negative electrical charge.
Ion
Why is transparency important in the ocean?
It provides light energy for photosynthesis
Stuff that the wave is passing through
Medium
Successive high tides of different
Mixed semidiurnal tides
Two or more atoms combined covalently.
Molecule
As you go deeper, what happens to the other colors?
More colors are filtered out/absorbed
2 ways water becomes more dense
More salt and cold temperatures
3 gases that are dissolved in the ocean
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide
Are all tsunamis bad?
No
Who uses up the oxygen in the ocean?
Organisms
When water is unstable (called 2 different things)
Overturn and Downwelling
What is the treatment for the bends?
Oxygen and hyperbaric chamber
The time it takes for a wave to pass a point
Period (Frequency of a wave)
The most variable winds are the _ _. They are located at high latitudes.
Polar Easterlies
What plots show temperatures v.s. depth or salinity v.s. depth?
Profile
A large wave that appears out of nowhere. This is caused by multiple waves meeting at their crests and joining together.
Rogue water
The salinity may change but the percentage of each ion remains the same.
Rule of constant proportion
When the water mass sinks in overturn, _ doesn't change
Salinity
Halin
Salt
Sharp peaks of a waves
Seas
What are the sharp peaks of waves called?
Seas
When the water is warm on the top and cold on the bottom it is _.
Stable
What messes up the stratification of the ocean?
Storms and Winds
What is the word used for layers of the ocean
Stratify
What two things affect the size of waves?
Strength of the wind and fetch
What is the "medium" for waves in the ocean?
Stuff that the wave is passing through
What is a wave that gets steeper and steeper at the shore and becomes top heavy and then falls forward?
Surf
Top layer
Surface
What are the three layers of the ocean?
Surface, Intermediate, Deep layer
Smooth waves
Swells
What are the smooth waves called?
Swells
Why is the open ocean blue?
There is not a lot of material or organisms to block the light
Driven by density differences or differences in temperature/salinity
Thermohalin
The rhythmic rising and falling of the sea surface.
Tides
What happens at about 1000m or 3270 ft?
Total darkness and blue light gets absorbed
Winds in the atmosphere are driven by solar heat. The warm air at the equator rises, air from adjacent areas is sucked in to replace this rising air (this creates wind). These winds are bent by the Coriolis effect.
Trade Winds
Low points of a wave
Trough
What are the low points of a wave called?
Trough
When the water is cold on the top and warm on the bottom it is _.
Unstable
Why are the trade winds called the TRADE WINDS?
Used by trading ships to sail
What is the temperature of the water on the top layer?
Warm
What temperature makes the top of the water stable?
Warm
What is the universal solvent?
Water
What makes life possible?
Water
Name three ways that salts get in our oceans.
Weathering of rocks on land, volcanoes, or hydrothermal vents
What area experiences the mixed semidiurnal tides?
West Coast
At the middle latitudes, the _ blow opposite of the trade winds. These are variable winds.
Westerlies
At first particles of water in a wave move in circular movement.
When the water particles interact with the bottom near the shore, the circles turn into circular movement.
Surface currents are driven primarily by _.
Wind
What makes the waves?
Wind drives surface currents and causes waves
What makes waves?
Wind drives surface currents and causes waves
The horse latitudes or degrees latitude are at the equator and have very little _.
Winds
Why is Dissolved Oxygen so important to the Chesapeake Bay?
Without Dissolved Oxygen the organisms in the Bat would perish
Why does the bends happen for decompression sickness?
You bend over in pain from the bubbles that shoot from your joints
What really makes the pain in our bodies with the bends?
bubbles
One high tide and one low tide per day
diurnal tides Example: Gulf Coast
Pressure increases as depth of the water _.
increases
The time it takes for a wave to pass a point
period
What do the gyres do for our earth?
regulate climate by transporting heat from tropical area to polar regions. (The gulf stream)
2 high tides and two low tides (Example: East Coast)
semidiurnal tide
What kind of tides do we have on the East Coast
semidiurnal tides
When the sun, moon, and earth form a right angle this is called a _ _.
spring tide
Tides are cause by the gravitational pull of what? (2 things)
sun and moon
It is important that sunlight be able to travel through water because it provides the light energy for photosynthesis. Water is most transparent to blue light. Other colors are absorbed more than blue, as depth increases more of these colors are filtered out. At depths greater than 1,000M even blue light gets absorbed so clear water will appear as total darkness.
transparency
A water wave is called a _ _ because the medium moves at right angle
transverse wave
Just being on the earth, we have how many atms of pressure on us
1
How do we measure salinity? ( there are two ways )
1. Evaporating 1,000 grams of seawater and massing the resulting salts 2. Using instruments to calculate salinity based on how well it conducts electricity
1atm=?ft
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