OFFICIAL TEST 3 GOVT

Motivation to join an interest group based on the belief in the group's cause from an ideological or a moral standpoint:

Purposive incentive.

A special type of poll that both attempts to skew public opinion about a candidate and provides information to campaigns about candidate strengths and weaknesses:

Push polls.

A method by which pollsters structure a sample so that it is representative of the characteristics of the target population is called:

Quota sample.

A method by which pollsters structure a sample so that it is representative of the characteristics of the target population:

Quota sample.

A poll that surveys people who are 18 years and younger, 19 to 64 years old, and 65 and older in proportion to their numbers in the general population is using:

Quota sample.

A scientific method of selection in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample:

Random sampling.

To ensure that one part of the population is not over represented in a poll, pollsters often rely on:

Random sampling.

A theory that some individuals decide the cost of voting are not worth the effort when compared to the benefits:

Rational abstention thesis.

The idea that from an economic perspective it is not rational for people to participate in collective action when they can secure the collective good without participating:

Rational choice theory.

The idea that it is not economically rational for people to participate in collective action when the resultant collective good could be realized without participating is the essence of:

Rational choice theory.

The individual in a group who does not contribute to the group but enjoys the benefits of it is providing evidence to support what theoretical perspective?

Rational choice.

A shift in party allegiances or electoral support that propels a political party to majority status:

Realignment.

A significant shift in party allegiances or electoral support is called:

Realignment.

A special election in which voters can remove an officeholder before his or her term is over:

Recall.

A special election in which voters can remove officeholders before their term is over called:

Recall.

An election in which voters in a state can vote for or against a measure proposed by the state legislature:

Referendum.

When state voters are given the opportunity to vote on a measure the state legislature has proposed, it is called:

Referendum.

Which of the following is a method through which citizens can directly participate in policymaking?

Referendum.

The Federal Communications Commission:

Regulates the ownership of radio and television stations.

Political scientists' view that a function of a party is to offer a clear choice to voters by establishing priorities or policy stances different from those of rival parties:

Responsible party model.

Political scientists' view that a function of a party is to offer a clear choice to voters by establishing priorities or policy stances that differ from those of rival parties is called the:

Responsible party model.

A method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to support them based on their past performance:

Retrospective voting.

A follow-up election that is held when no candidate receives the majority of votes cast in the original election:

Runoff election.

In some states, if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the original election a _______________ must be held:

Runoff election.

An issue that has resonance and intense interest among voters is said to be a:

Salient issue.

In retaliation to a voting issue- having resonance, being significant, causing intense interest:

Salient.

A statistical calculation of the difference in results between a poll of a randomly drawn sample and a poll of the entire population is called:

Sampling error.

Also called margin of error; a statistical calculation of the difference in results between a poll of a randomly drawn sample and a poll of the entire population:

Sampling error.

________ have the strongest influence on political socialization.

School

The many ways in which our lives are improved in many ways by social connections:

Social capital.

To social scientists, the ways in which our lives are improved by social connections is called:

Social capital.

A large, often informal group of individuals or organizations striving for a broad, common goal, frequently centered on significant change to the social or political order is called:

Social movement.

Large, often informal groups of individuals or organizations striving for a broad, common goal, frequently centered on significant change to the social or political order:

Social movement.

Platforms that enable users to construct a profile, specify other users with whom they share a connection, and view others' connections:

Social networking sites.

A pluralist could be expected to argue that:

Society is best seen as a collection of separate interests.

The Supreme Court's interpretation of campaign finance law that enabled political parties to raise unlimited funds for party-building activities such as voter registration drives and get-out-the-vote efforts:

Soft money loophole.

The motivation to join an interest group based on the companionship and the satisfaction derived from socializing with offers that it offers:

Solidary incentive.

The motivation to join an interest group based on the social opportunities it provides is called:

Solidary incentive.

Which region tends to favor Republicans?

South, West, and most of the Midwest

The practice of rewarding political supporters with jobs:

Spoils system.

Who or what controls the timing of elections?

State Legislature

A referendum is an election in which the voters can vote for or against a measure proposed by ____________.

State legislature

A process of random sampling in which the national population is divided into fourths and certain areas within these regions are selected as representative of the national population:

Stratified sampling.

A poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes:

Straw poll.

Political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcomes of elections:

Super PACs.

Arrange the following events in the chronological order in which they occur during presidential elections.

Super Tuesday, National Party Conventions, general elections.

The Tuesday in early March on which the most primary elections are held, many of them in southern states:

Super Tuesday.

Voter registration requirements have usually been set by the states. T/F?

TRUE

A grassroots, conservative protest movement that opposed recent government actions, including economic stimulus spending and health care reform:

Tea Party movement.

A new, grassroots, conservative protest movement that opposed recent government actions, including economic stimulus spending and health care reform, is called the:

Tea Party movement.

All of these technologies are considered new media EXCEPT ___________.

Television

What media technology dominated between the 1940's to 1980's?

Television

Which of the following medium by which young children receive entertainment and socialization?

Television

All of these are examples of new media except:

Television.

Which of the following has the greatest effect on enabling people to communicate their views?

The Internet

The era that saw a redefining of who was eligible to succeed in public office, the broadening of voter eligibility, and the beginnings of the women's suffrage movement was:

The Jacksonian era.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's broad social welfare program in which the government would bear the responsibility of providing a safety net to protect the weakest members of society was called:

The New Deal.

The influence a significant external event has in shaping a generation's views is called:

The age-cohort effect, and the generational effect.

The yellow journalism of the late nineteenth century was characterized by:

The emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers.

What long-term effects have third parties had on politics in the United States?

The focus attention on important issues that then co-opted by one or both major parties.

The phenomenon of someone deriving benefit from others' actions is called:

The free rider problem.

In the United States, it has been observed that men and women differ in their opinions about policies related to abortion, death penalty, and other such sensitive issues. They also tend to exhibit different voting behaviors, supporting candidates with diverse political ideologies. This difference in views and voting preferences is called:

The gender gap.

Generational Effect

The influence of a significant external event in shaping the views of a generation.

Which of the following is NOT true of the media's contribution to political socialization?

The media plays the strongest role in socialization.

Individuals who identify with or tend to support a party are called the:

The party in the electorate.

The formal party apparatus, including committees, party leaders, conventions, and workers, is called:

The party organization.

Free Rider Problem

The phenomenon of someone deriving benefit from others' actions.

Public interest groups are distinguished by the fact that:

Their members receive no direct economic benefit from attainment of the group's goals.

A party organized in opposition or as an alternative to the existing parties in a two-party system:

Third party.

The situation in which voters vote for candidates from more than one party:

Ticket splitting.

Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions performed by the media?

To check the accuracy of statements made during political conversations.

Lobby

To communicate directly with policy makers on an interests group's behalf.

Why do candidates need to raise enormous funds for their campaigns?

To pay staff to run the campaign. To pay for television advertisements. To pay for policy advice.

Polls that measure changes in public opinion over the course of days, weeks, or months by repeatedly asking respondents the same questions and measuring changes in their responses:

Tracking polls.

Polls that measure the changes in response to a question by a target population over a given length of time, therefore measuring a change in public opinion, are called:

Tracking polls.

Ability of citizens to have more and better information about governmental processes as well as services:

Transparency.

The situation that exists when one chamber of Congress is controlled by the same party that controls the White House, while the other chamber is controlled by the other party:

Truncated government.

The proportion of eligible voters who actually voted is called the:

Turnout rate.

The proportion of eligible voters who actually voted:

Turnout rate.

Interest groups that represent collective groups of industries or corporations:

Umbrella organizations.

Women and men are more likely to vote in every age group except ____________.

Under 25

Which of the following is a standard method of random sampling?

Using random-digit dialing for phone polling.

Online networks where individuals perform as leaders, information and opinions can be shared, and strategies can be planned, priorities organized, and roles assigned:

Virtual communities.

The condition in which voters grow tired of all candidates by the time Election Day arrives, and may thus be less likely to vote:

Voter fatigue.

When Election Day arrives, if voters abstain from voting because they have grown tired of candidates and their campaigns, they may be suffering from:

Voter fatigue.

Which of the following is cited as a reason why people don't vote?

Voter fatigue. Dislike of negative campaigns. The timing of elections.

The national chair of a political party has less prominence:

When his or her party holds the presidency.

An electoral system in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins that office, even if that total is not a majority:

Winner-take-all system.

Which one of these events is a strong example of generational effect on the oldest Americans?

World War 2

Encouraging the outbreak of the Spanish-American War is the most famous example of what type of journalism?

Yellow Journalism

An irresponsible, sensationalist approach to news reporting, so named after the yellow ink used in the "Yellow Kid" cartoons in the New York World:

Yellow journalism.

Sensationalist newspapers that promote irresponsible reporting fall under the category of:

Yellow journalism.

Which of the following are requirements for elected office at the state level?

age, residency, citizenship; all of these

In some states party goers select delegates at state party meetings known as __________.

caucuses

Which of the following is true of the iron triangle?

often seeks a policy outcome that benefits all parts of the triangle.

Early in the 19th century, advances in technology allowed news papers to drop prices, and were known as the ___________.

penny press

The primary function of peers as socialization agents is to __________.

reinforce our already help beliefs and values

Public opinion polls and voting behavior indicate that men and women have ___________ views on many political issues.

very different

Direct forms of political participation include __________.

volunteering on a campaign, running for office, and voting; all of these

(ACP) is a political party, whereas the (NRLC) is an interest group. How do they differ ?

ACP will seeks to govern, whereas NRLC will not want to govern.

The casting of a ballot in advance by mail in situations where illness, travel, or other circumstances prevent voters from voting in their precincts:

Absentee voting.

What major factor in addition to new technology, lead to news papers in the early 1800's lowering their prices?

Advertising

Regardless of how religious they are, __________ vote democrat.

African Americans

The individuals, organizations, and institutions that facilitate the acquisition of political views are called:

Agents of socialization.

The unlimited spending of a PAC to indirectly support or oppose a candidate, often through advertising, is called:

An independent expenditure.

The fluid web of connections among those concerned about a policy and those who create and administer the policy is called:

An issue network.

Who can vote in an open primary election?

Any registered voter of any party, and independents

A secret ballot prepared by the government, distributed to all eligible voters, and, when balloting is completed, counted by government officials in an unbiased fashion is called:

Australian ballot.

A secret ballot prepared by the government, distributed to all eligible voters, and, when balloting is completed, counted by government officials in an unbiased fashion, without corruption or regard to individual preferences:

Australian ballot.

A strategy in which a political party seeks to build a broad coalition among individuals with wide-ranging beliefs, backgrounds, and priorities:

Big tent principles.

A paid professional who specializes in the overall management of political campaigns or an aspect of campaigns:

Campaign consultant.

A ______________ is a professional who duties include strategic and managerial tasks such as fund-raising and developing a campaign strategy:

Campaign manager.

A professional whose duties comprise a variety of strategic and managerial tasks, from fund-raising to staffing a campaign:

Campaign manager.

The blueprint for the campaign, including a budget and fund-raising plan, an advertising strategy, and a staffing plan:

Campaign strategy.

Organizations that candidates form to support their individual election are called:

Candidate committees.

Organizations that candidates form to support their individual election:

Candidate committees.

A campaign in which an individual seeking election, rather than an entire party slate, is the focus in a:

Candidate-centered campaign.

A campaign in which the individual seeking election, rather than an entire party slate, is the focus:

Candidate-centered campaign.

A collective good

Cannot be selectively granted or denied to individuals; it must be shared.

A meeting of party members held to select delegates to the national convention:

Caucus.

A ready-made perforation on a punch card ballot:

Chad.

Supreme Court ruling stating that corporations and labor unions are entitled to the same First Amendment protections that individuals enjoy, resulting in drastically increased spending through super PACs by corporations and labor organizations:

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.

Which groups typically sponsor initiatives or initiative petitions?

Citizens and Interest Groups

The practice of using public outreach to build favorable public opinion of the organization is called:

Climate control.

A type of primary in which voting in a party's primary is limited to members of that party:

Closed primary.

Often occurring in an election with a party-column ballot, the phenomenon in which a down-ballot candidate benefits from the popularity of a candidate running for a higher-level office is called the:

Coattail effect.

The phenomenon by which candidates running for lower-level offices such as city council benefit in an election from the popularity of a top-of-ticket nominee:

Coattail effect.

Outcomes shared by the general public are called:

Collective goods.

Outcomes shared by the general public, also called public goods:

Collective goods.

When two interest groups with opposing views are attempting to influence policy, policy makers are often more likely to:

Compromise between the diverse interests of the two groups.

Public Opinion

Consists of the public's expressed views about an issue at a specific point in time.

The phenomenon of large corporations buying smaller ones so that there are fewer and fewer companies' products available is called:

Consolidation.

The phenomenon of large corporations buying smaller ones so that there are fewer and fewer companies' products available:

Consolidation.

When it comes to content on the Internet:

Consumers must exercise caution and consider the source of the information.

An open convention in which no candidate has won the required number of delegates to win the nomination on the first ballot:

Contested convention.

The increasing occurrence of several different media platforms merging together under one corporation and sharing the same resources and function is called:

Convergence.

The merging of various forms of media, including newspapers, television stations, radio networks, and blogs, under one corporate roof and one set of business editorial leaders:

Convergence.

A consequence of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act (BCRA) of 2002 is that it helped:

Create a soft money loophole.

The situation in which fewer voters support the two major political parties, instead identifying themselves as independent, or splitting their ticket between candidates from more than one party:

Dealignment.

The Supreme Court ruled in 2000 that:

Differing standards of hand counting ballots violates the equal protection clause.

The practice of only allowing users who have paid a fee or purchased a subscription to access content on a website is called:

Digital paywall.

The situation that exists when Congress is controlled by one party and the presidency by the other is called:

Divided government.

The situation that exists when Congress is controlled by one party and the presidency by the other:

Divided government.

The practice of mobilizing voters using the Internet:

E-campaigning.

Employment of the Internet for delivering government information and services to the citizens:

E-government.

Motivation to join an interest group because the group works for policies that will provide members with material benefits:

Economic incentive.

A restaurant owner who joins a trade association interest group because it advocates for wage policies that would benefit the business is an example of someone motivated by:

Economic incentives.

When an interest group pays for a television advertisement that supports a political candidate, it is called:

Electioneering.

Working to influence the election of candidates who support the organization's issues is called:

Electioneering.

Working to influence the election of candidates who support the organization's issues:

Electioneering.

A theory that holds that a group of wealthy, educated individuals wields most political power:

Elite theory.

The idea that a group of wealthy, educated individuals wields most political power is called:

Elite theory.

Polls conducted at polling places on Election Day to determine the winner of an election before the polls close are called:

Exit polls.

Polls conducted at polling places on Election Day to project the winner of an election before the polls close:

Exit polls.

The requirement that stations holding broadcast licenses present controversial issues of pubic importance in an honest, fair, and balanced manner was called the:

Fairness doctrine.

The requirement that stations holding broadcast licenses present controversial issues of public importance and do so in a manner that was honest, fair, and balanced:

Fairness doctrine.

Presidential elections are always held on what day?

First Tuesday after the first Monday in November

The emphasis on Hillary Clinton's gender during her race for the Democratic presidential nomination is an example of:

Framing.

The process by which the media set a context that helps people understand important events and matters of shared interest:

Framing.

The phenomenon of someone deriving benefit from other's actions:

Free rider problem.

A professional who works with candidates in identifying likely contributors to the campaign and arrange events and meetings with donors:

Fund-raising consultant.

Get out the vote:

GOTV.

The measurable difference in the way women and men vote for candidates and in the way they view political issues is called the:

Gender gap.

An election that determines which candidates win the offices being sought is called:

General election.

An election that determines which candidates win the offices being sought:

General election.

The impact of an important external event in shaping the views of a generation:

Generational effect.

Tasks that involve direct contact with voters or potential voters:

Grassroots organizing.

Political socialization impacts all of the following EXCEPT:

How well a person gets along with others.

What demographic factors influence who uses the Internet?

Income and age.

The situation of already holding the office that is up for reelection:

Incumbency.

Outlays by PACs and others, typically for advertising for or against a candidate, but uncoordinated with a candidate's campaign:

Independent expenditures.

A voter who does not belong to any organized political party; often used as a synonym for an unaffiliated voter:

Independent.

A hybrid of the words information and entertainment, news shows that combine entertainment and news:

Infotainment.

Saturday Night Live's "Weekend Update," and Samantha Bee's Full Frontal are examples of:

Infotainment.

A citizen-sponsored proposal that can result in new or amended legislation or a state constitutional amendment is called:

Initiative.

A citizen-sponsored proposal that can result in new or amended legislation or a state constitutional amendment:

Initiative.

A special runoff election in which the computerized voting machine simulates the elimination of last-place vote-getters:

Instant runoff election.

An organization that seeks to achieve goals by influencing government decision making:

Interest group.

Umbrella Organizations

Interest groups that represent collective groups of industries or corporations.

The interaction of mutual interests among members of Congress, executive agencies, and organized interests during policy making:

Iron triangle.

Which of the following statements about public opinion is false?

Is only recently important to American politics

The fluid web of connections among those concerned about a policy and those who create and administer the policy:

Issue network.

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of vote-by-mail?

It decreases voter participation

The practice of gathering and reporting events:

Journalism.

A letter in which a reader responds to a story in a a newspaper, knowing that the letter might be published in that paper:

Letter to the editor.

Collective Goods

Outcomes shared by the general public; also called public goods.

Today most political campaigns are conducted and managed by ____________.

Paid Campaign Consultant

Individuals who identify themselves as a member of one party or the other:

Party identifiers.

The partisan identifications of elected leaders in local, country, state, and federal government:

Party in government.

Individuals who identify with or tend to support a party:

Party in the electorate.

The formal party apparatus, including committees, party leaders, conventions, and workers:

Party organization.

The categorization of the number and competitiveness of political parties in a polity:

Party system.

Which type of ballot generally leads to the coat-tail effect?

Party-column Ballots

A ballot that organizes the candidates by political party:

Party-column ballot.

The system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party:

Patronage.

Newspapers that sold for a penny in the 1830s:

Penny press.

Women are more likely to be attracted to all these types of activism's except __________.

Persuading others to vote

The formal statement of a party's principles and policy objectives is called a:

Platform.

The formal statement of a party's principles and policy objectives:

Platform.

A theory that holds that policy making is a competition among diverse interest groups that ensure the representation of individual interests:

Pluralist theory.

Which interest group theory is illustrated by the successful efforts of the Texas municipalities and environmental groups to stop the building of a number of new coal plants in the state?

Pluralist theory.

The process by which we develop our political values and opinions.

Political Socialization

A committee established by the AFL-CIO to make campaign contributions is call a:

Political action committee.

An entity whose specific goal is to raise and spend money to influence the outcome of elections:

Political action committee.

Big-city organizations that exerted control over many aspects of life and lavishly rewarded supporters:

Political machines.

An organization that recruits, nominates, and elects party members to office in order to control the government:

Political party.

NGAP is an example of a:

Political party.

The process that eventually becomes the foundation of a person's political ideology is called:

Political socialization.

In a poll, the group of people whose opinions are of interest and/or about whom information is desired:

Population.

The first step in conducting a public opinion poll is to determine the target:

Population.

A philosophy supporting the rights and empowerment of the masses as opposed to elites is called:

Populism.

A philosophy supporting the rights and empowerment of the masses as opposed to elites:

Populism.

An election in which voters choose the party's candidates who will run in the later general election is called a:

Primary election.

An election in which voters choose the party's candidates who will run in the later general election:

Primary election.

Which of the following is the best way to describe the manner in which the media influences public agenda?

Priming

Bringing certain policies on issues to the public agenda through media coverage:

Priming.

When media use their coverage to bring attention to certain policies related to public issues, they are engaging in:

Priming.

The FCC's equal time requirement:

Prohibits broadcasters from selling or giving time to political candidates and denying it to their opponents.

An electoral structure in which political parties win the number of parliamentary seats equal to the percentage of the vote the party receives:

Proportional representation system.

A proposed measure placed on the ballot in an initiative election:

Proposition.

A method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views:

Prospective voting.

Public issues the media helps to shape and that demand government attention are called the:

Public agenda.

The public issues that most demand the attention of government officials:

Public agenda.

Labor organizations comprising federal, state, and municipal workers, including police officers and teachers:

Public employee unions.

A survey of a given population's opinion on an issue or a candidate at a particular point in time:

Public opinion poll.

The public's expressed views about an issue at a specific point in time is called:

Public opinion.

The public's expressed views about an issue at a specific point in time:

Public opinion.

What is the age limit to be president?

35 years old

A tax-exempt group that raises money for political activities, much like those allowed under the soft money loophole:

527.

A group that raises and spends money to influence the outcome of an election is called:

A political action committee.

Straw Poll

A poll conducted in an unscientific manner to predict the outcome of an election.

An election structure in which political parties win the number of parliamentary seats equal to the percentage of the vote the party receives is called:

A proportional representation system.

A special type of poll that both provides information to campaigns about candidate strengths and weaknesses and attempts to skew public opinion about a candidate is called:

A push poll.

A poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes, is called:

A straw poll.

To communicate directly with policy makers on an interest group's behalf:

Lobby.

A direct strategy to advance the interest of an interest group is:

Lobbying.

A role that the party out of power plays, highlighting its objections to policies and priorities of the government in power:

Loyal opposition.

The role that the party out of power plays, highlighting its objections to policies and priorities of the government in power, is called the:

Loyal opposition.

A professional who brings the campaign message to voters by creating all forms of media ads is called:

Media consultant.

A professional who brings the campaign message to voters by creating handouts and all forms of media ads:

Media consultant.

The breaking down of the media according to specific audiences they target is called:

Media segmentation.

The breaking down of the media accordingly to the specific audiences they target:

Media segmentation.

The term for tools used to store and deliver information or data is:

Media.

Tools used to store and deliver information or data:

Media.

Data-mining techniques that facilitate the tracking of individual voter preferences to generate support for a cause or campaign is called:

Microtargeting.

Criticism and breaking stories by journalists on corruption within government or industry at the turn of the 20th century was called:

Muckraking.

Criticism and exposes of corruption in government and industry by the journalists at the turn of the 20th century:

Muckraking.

Aiming media messages at specific segments of the public is called:

Narrowcasting.

The practice of aiming media content at specific segments of the public:

Narrowcasting.

The idea that Internet traffic should flow through the Internet pipeline without interference or discrimination by those who own or are running the pipeline:

Net neutrality.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's broad social welfare program in which the government would bear the responsibility of providing a safety net to protect the most disadvantaged members of society:

New Deal.

The process of political socialization in the United States is:

Normally cumulative;

Which region tends to favor Democrats?

North East, West Coast, and in most major cities

A type of ballot that arranges all the candidates for a particular office under the name of that office:

Office-block ballet.

Generational effect tends to be felt most strongly by which group?

Older generations

Who can vote in a closed primary election?

Only registered voters of members of that party

A type of primary in which both parties' ballots are available in the voting booth, and the voters simply select one on which to register their preferences:

Open primary.