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What is the purpose of 'light reactions'?
'use sunlight, H2O, NADP+ and ADP + PO4 to make NADPH and ATP
What are parenchyma cells and slerenchyma cells for support...describe
-large central vacuoles -surrounded by thin layer of CYTOSOL -packed with chloroplasts -site of photosynthesis
Essay: How does a plant conserve water?
...
Essay: What determines whether a stoma will be open or closed?
...
Essay: What environmental condition is best to keep stomata open and photosynthesis rate at optimum?
...
Essay: What is happening if water vapor is escaping from the stomata?
...
Essay:How does a plant obtain water?
...
Why does photosynthesis not stop with the synthesis of ATP and NADPH? There are 2 reasons.
1. ATP and NADPH are not stable. Plant cannot store or transport energy in this form 2. Light reactions do not produce new carbon compounds that the organism can use to grow...instead need Calvin cycle to produce the sugars
There are 3 main tissues involved in photosynthesis. Name them and any sub tissues
1. Epidermal -guard cells -stomata 2. Vascular - xylem - phloem 3. Ground tissue -parenchyma cells -slerenchyma cells for support
The process of photosynthesis involves three energy conversions. What are they?
1. absorption of light energy 2. conversion of light into chemical energy 3. storage of chemical energy in the form of sugars
What are the 4 main pigments associated with phgotosynthesis in leaves?
1. chlorophylls A= blue green B = yellow green 2. Xanthophyll -bright yellow 3. Carotene - yellow orange 4. other pigments - Anthocyanin (blue or red depending on pH)
The combination of 3 forces provides enough pressure to move water from roots to the top of the tallest trees. What are the 3 forces?
1. root pressure 2. capilary action 3. transpiration. (the most powerful of the 3 forcesa)
Describe pressure-flow hypothesis mechanics to move nutrients out of nutrient producing cells
1. sugars are pumped into the phloem,SOURCE 2. concentration of sugar increases in phloem, water from XYLEM moves in by OSMOSIS. 3. movement causes an increases in pressure, forcing nutrients to flow away from nutrient producing to nutrient using area.
What are the parts within the chloroplast organelle?
1. thylakoid membrane of disks 2. Stroma
There are 7 inputs required for photosynthesis. List them
1. water 2. CO2 3. sunlight 4. pigments 5. enzymes 6. ADP and P1 7. NADP+
How is transpiration controlled?
1. water abundant, raises guard cell water pressure, stoma open 2. Water pressure low, opposite happens, stoma close
Essay: Describe how does water transport occur in plants?
1. xylem forms a continuous set of tubes 2.stretch from roots through stems to spongy mesophyll. 3. ACTIVE transport and root pressure cause water to move from soil into plant ROOTS.
Effect of temperature onf photosynthesis shows that plants do photosynthesis best between what two temps?
20-30 degrees C.
When tw water molecules are oxidized in the light-dependent reaction it becomes _________ + ______ + _____
2H2O ----> 4 H+ + 4e- + O2
Of these 6 molecules of PGAL, _ are required to regenerate RuBP
5
Write the full equasion for photosynthesis
6 H2O + 6 CO2 ---> C6 H12 + 6 O2
Three turns of the Calvin cycle, each turn incorporating one molecule of CO2, result in the formation of _______ molecules of ________.
6 PGAL
Question from Powerpoint: Beside the ocean, what is the greatest reservoir for CO2?
??? limestone
_________ and _______ are used to drive the following reactions and _______ is generated. This molecule is used to make __________ and other biologically important molecules.
ADP NADPH G3P glucose
What are the 3 main molecules that make up ATP?
Adenine Ribose 3 phosphate groups
Question
Answer
What is a 'source cell' in phloem transport?
Any cell where sugar is produced
What is a 'sink cell' in phloem transport?
Any cell where sugars are used or stored
define chemoautotrophs
BACTERIA obtain energy from oxidizing inorganic substances such as iron, sulfur, or other minerals (live in conditions that they cannot have sunlight nor use photosynthesis such as in hot salty springs.)Use the energy to form SUGARS from CARBON DIOXIDE
What kinds of organisms obtain energy from organic compounds and transfer that energy to ATP molecules? Bacteria? DO ALL THESE organisms have MITOCHONDRION? Which ones do not? How do they get their energy from organic compounds? Protists? Fungi? P
Bacteria Y Protists Y Fungi Y Plants Y Animals Y NO NOT all have mitochondrion. ???? ????
Write the overall equasion for cellular respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 ----> 6 JH2O + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP
Plants use the oxygen from photosynthesis for what purpose? All of it?
Cellular respiration No.
In one sentence, what does the Calvin cycle do?
Completes the process of photosynthesis to form the sugars that he organism can use to grow.
Essay: Explain how guard cells/stoma control water loss due to transpiration
Guard cells control opening and closing of stoma. If water pressure is high, guard cells are curved open because they have a thin outer wall. This pulls thick inner walls away and open stoma. With low water pressure, opposite hapens. Humidity, wind, heat
Water provides what atoms for photosynthesis?
H atoms (with their electron and proton)
In the big picture, what happens in photosynthesis?
H2O gets oxydized CO2 gets reduced (in making glucose)
________ is split to produce hydrogen ions, ________ gas, and ___________ that replace those lost by chlorophyll
H2O oxygen 4 e-
Where does the calvin cycle occur in the plant?
In the stroma of a chloroplast.
What does 'LEO goes GER' mean?
Loss of Electrons is oxidation goes Gain of electrons is reduction
When water donates H atoms, what will be left over?
O
More energy is obtained when _____ is present. Why?
O2 electro negative
Function of mesophyll
O2, CO2 and water vapor exchange
As the Calvin cycle continues, a series of enzymatic reactions combines and rearranges molecules of _____ eventually producing a 5-carbon sugar phosphate.
PGAL
__________ must be regenerated so the Calvin cycle can occur again and again
RUBP
Essay: Are stomata more likely to be open or closed ona hot day? Explain.
Stomata are open to optimize photosynthesis but not open so much as to lose critical amounts of water. On a hot day, stomata are likely to be closed to protect from water loss and protect homeostasis.
Explain why the different pigments move different distances (speeds) in the paper chromotagraphy lab
The pigments move at different rates/distances because of 1.different adhesions to the paper (H bonds) 2. different levels of solubility in the solvent.
Essay from Daily Learning Objective: Compare how many stomata and guard cells appear in each layer. Explain how guard cells regulate the opening and closing. What are the outcomes of opening and closing.
The ratio of stomata in the lower epidermis vs. upper epidermis was 5 to 2. -many more stomata in the lower -helps preserve water -optimizes photosynthesis. -photosynthesis slowed when stomata closed
Describe pressure flow mechanisim to move nutrients anywhere in the plant needed?
When nutrients are pumped into or removed from phloem, change in concentration causes movement of fluid in same direction. As result phloem can move nutrients in EITHER direction to meet nutritional needs of plant.
What is transpiration?
When water is lost through transpiration, osmotic pressure moves water out of the vascular tissue. Like train pulling hundreds of cars, water pulled upward through vascular system all the way from roots.Called transpirational pull
What does capillary action have to do with water movement through xylem?
Xylem is two types of tissue...tracheids and vessel elements. Both form hollow tubes. Capillary action in the tube like structures causes water to rise above ground level
function of palasade mesophyll
absorb light
the structure of a leaf is optimized for _________ ________
absorbing light
function of spongy mesophyll
air spaces for CO2 and O2 and water vapor exchange with the stomata
define photoautotrophs
autotrophs such as plants that depend on photosynthesis for both energy and carbon compounds
What type of organisms can conduct photosynthesis?
bacteria? Y protists? Y (some) fungi? N plants? Y animals? N
function of stoma
balance air exchange with water loss
Those high energy electrons and protons will be ___________ in a series of reactions
captured
photosynthesis uses __________ and ___________ to make ____________ and ______________.
carbon dioxide and water sugar and oxygen
At the beginning of the Calvin cycle, a molecule of CO2 combines with the 5-carbon sugar-phosphate, RuBP. This reaction is known as _________________
carbon dioxide fixation because it 'fixes' carbon dioxide gas into an organic molecule.
Electrons are passed from one ________ to the next during the process of ___________
carrier electron transport
What is function of the phloem?
carries sugars through plant. Example, carry sugars into fruits, carry sugar into roots to store in winter, carry stored food back into the trunk and branches before growth begins again in the spring
What organelle does photosynthesis?
chloroplast
On the cellular level, which organelles are involved in the flow of energy?
chloroplast and mitochondria
define thylakoid
closed sacs, part of an organized structure called a chloroplast. Has an outer chloroplast membrane.
Define photoinhibition
concition that reduces rate of photosynthesis.EX: temperature, sunlight intensity
Essay: What controls water loss in a leaf
cuticle layer of epidermis stoma on bottom on most leaves action of guard cells use of water pressure to govern guard cell opening and closing
Is nutrient flow one way or cyclical?
cyclical
define photon
discrete bundle or quantum of light or electromagnetic energy
Sunlight is absorbed and the energyis used to boost _________ from hydrogen atoms to a higher _______ state
electrons energy
How does a plant obtain CO2
from air exchange through stoma and spongy mesophyll
What is reduction
gain of electrons (rig)
what is a stack of thylakoids called
granum
__________ are stripped from organic compounds such as glucose and used in a series of reactions to produce _______ molecules
high energy H2O and CO2
what is the mechanism of guard cells opening and closing
higher water pressure they open because pressure causes outer curved surface to bend (thinner). When water pressure down, the outer wall collapses in and stoma closes
Where are the pigments of the leaf located?
in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
Water and carbon dioxide are inorganic or organic compounds?
inorganic
what is a photosystem?
large clusters of thylakoid membranes
The organ of photosynthesis is the _______
leaf
Whitch part of the photosynthesis cycle do the thylakoid membrandes do...light or light-independent?
light
Which part of the photosynthesis reaction do the stroma do...light or light-independent
light - independent the Stroma do the Calvin cycle
The ___________________ reactions take place within the saclike___________ that are located in the organelle known as the ________.
light B reactions thylakoid disk chloroplast
In the _____________ or Calvin cycle, the energy from the __________ and ________ produced in the light reactions is used to convert ______ into G3P (or PGAL)and other biologicallyh important molecules
light independent NADP ATP CO2
What is oxidation
loss of electrons (oil)
define transpiration
loss of water through leaves
On most plants, where are the stomata and guard cells found? Why?
lower epidermis. Less heat hence less water loss than upper epidermis. Also leaves upper epidermis free for more photosynthesis, light absorbing
The 6th one is availble for the organism to use for __________
maintenance and growth.
The bulk of most leaves consist of ground tissue called
mesophyll
How do bacteria conduct photosynthesis without chloroplasts?
mesosome
What happens to CO2 uptake if stomata are closed?
minimal
What does Phloem transport do?
move sugars from 'source' to 'sink'
Do all the organisms that can conduct photosynthesis possess chloroplasts? which ones do?
no. Plants, some protists. Bacteria DO NOT
define autotrophs
obtain energy from non living sources
define heterotrophs
obtain energy from other organisms
Is energy flow one way or cyclical?
one way
function of guard cells
open and close stoma
What happens to CO2 if stomata are open?
optimized uptake
A leaf blade is a major _________ for photosynthesis in plants
organ
How does wilting help a plant to conserve water?
osmotic pressure down reduced pressure in cells stoma lower pressure in guard cells, close, conserve water
Where are there more chloroplasts, palisade layer mesophyll or spongy layer mesophyll
palisade layer
An enzyme uses the energy created by a difference in changes across a membrane to add a _____________ group to ADP to form _________
phosphate ATP
Units of sunlight energy are known as packets or ________
photons
function of palisade mesopyll
photosynthesis
Electrons from photosystem II move throug the transport system to REPLACE electrons LOST from ___________
photosystem I
Sunlight is captured by clusters of pigment molecules called __________ that contain several hundred ___________ molecules as well as a number of accessory pigments.
photosystems chlorophyll
How does phloem transport take place
pressure-flow hypothesis.
In the first reaction of the Calvin cycle, which is catalyzed by the enzyme ________ a 5-carbon sugar (_______) combines with ___ to make ___________.
rubisco rubp CO2 six carbon sugar
The final step of the Cavin cycle uses an ATP molecuile from the light reactions to add a __________ to the 5-carbon sugar phosphate. This produces a molecule of the starting material, _______ thus completing the cycle.
second phosphate group RuBP
Carbon dioxide is a source of _________ for organic compounds such as _______, ________, ________ and __________. Can you name others?
some organic compounds such as sugar, amino acids, fatty acids and glyucoid. Others: Nucleotides
Where is the water vapor that enters through the stoma going in the leaf?
spongy mesophyll to keep cells moist and aid exchange of gases
what connects the air spaces of the spongy mesophyll with the atmosphere
stoma
High energy electrons are eventually ________ in organic compounds (cemical energy( in molecules like _______.
stored glucose
Where are chemicals for the Calvin cycle stored?
stroma
what is the space surrounding the thylakoid called? What happens in the stroma?
stroma. Enzymes in the stroma catalyze the formation of sugar from Co2 and H2O using the light energy captured in the thylakoids.
plants manufacture ____________, _________, and ______________
sugars, starches and oils
Guard cells also respond to conditions in the environment such as _______ and _________ to maintain leaf _____________
sun and wind homeostasis
The light reactions use ________, ___________ and __________ and produce ___________, _________ and ____________.
sunlight NADP+ ADP + PO4- produce: NADPH O2
On the ecosystem level, energy transfer is from __________ to __________ to _______.
sunlight, autotroph, heterotroph
Name the parts of the leaf's transport system
sylem phloem gathered into bundles surrounded by parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
What is a porphyrin ring?
the light absorbing head of the chlorophyll molecule
Essay: describe how the structure of the leaf is optimized for light absorption
tightly packed palisade mesophyll cells on top surface of leaf function is to absorb light blade of leaf open to light
Function of petiole
transport
function of stem
transport
When carbon is fixed, it immediately is an unstable 6-carbon molecule that splits into _________
two molecules of the 3-carbon acid PGA
Describe the cell types found in a typical leaf
upper epidermis and cuticle mespophyll - spongy and palisade stomata and guard cells lower epidermis
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle light INDEPENDENT reactions?
use NADPH and ATP and CO2 to make glucose (or other building blocks of organic compounds)
Plants transport materials from roots through stems to leaves by way of tissue known as _________ tissue
vascular
lost water from transpiration is replaced by
water drawn into the leaf through xylem vessels in the vascular tissue
what would happen if stomata were open all the time
water loss due to transpiration would be so great that plant would die.
What is capillary action?
water molecules attracted to one another by cohesion. Because of cohesion, water molecules have a tendency to form HYDROGEN BONDS with one another.
What determines whether guard cells are open or closed
water pressure
function of cuticle
waterproof, reduce water loss
define plant cell respiration
when plant cells use food they respire, taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide just as animals do
function of vein
xylem and phloem transport
Essay:Identify the parts of a leaf that make up its transport system. Analyze how some of these parts may be though of as a transport subsystem
xylem phloem bundles vein stems petioles