Pages 16-20 PEDS Exam

An 8-year-old girl tells the nurse that she has cancer because God is punishing her for "being bad." She shares her concern that, if she dies, she will go to hell. The nurse should interpret this as being: a. A belief common at this age. b. A belief that forms the basis for most religions. c. Suggestive of excessive family pressure. d. Suggestive of a failure to develop a conscience.

A A belief common at this age. Children at this age may view illness or injury as a punishment for a real or imagined mystique. The belief in divine punishment is common at this age.

The ability to mentally understand that 1 + 3 = 4 and 4 - 3 = 1 occurs in which stage of cognitive development? a. Concrete operations stage b. Formal operations stage c. Intuitive thought stage d. Preoperations stage

A Concrete operations stage By 7 to 8 years of age, the child is able to retrace a process (reversibility) and has the skills necessary for solving mathematical problems. This stage is called concrete operations. The formal operations stage deals with abstract reasoning and does not occur until adolescence. Thinking in the intuitive stage is based on immediate perceptions. A child in this stage often solves problems by random guessing. In preoperational thinking, the child is usually able to add 1 + 3 = 4 but is unable to retrace the process.

Which activity is most appropriate for developing fine motor skills in the school-age child? a. Drawing b. Singing c. Soccer d. Swimming

A Drawing Activities such as drawing, building models, and playing a musical instrument increase the school-age child's fine motor skills. Singing is an appropriate activity for the school-age child, but it does not increase fine motor skills. The school-age child needs to participate in group activities to increase both gross motor skills and social skills, but group activities do not increase fine motor skills. Swimming is an activity that also increases gross motor skills.

Which demonstrates the school-age child's developing logic in the stage of concrete operations (select all that apply)? a. The school-age child is able to recognize that he can be a son, brother, or nephew at the same time. b. The school-age child understands the principles of adding, subtracting, and reversibility. c. The school-age child understands the principles of adding, subtracting, and reversibility. d. The school-age child has thinking that is characterized by egocentrism and animism.

A, B, C a. The school-age child is able to recognize that he can be a son, brother, or nephew at the same time. b. The school-age child understands the principles of adding, subtracting, and reversibility. c. The school-age child understands the principles of adding, subtracting, and reversibility. The school-age child understands that the properties of objects do not change when their order, form, or appearance does. Conservation occurs in the concrete operations stage. Comprehension of class inclusion occurs as the school-age child's logic increases. The child begins to understand that a person can be in more than one class at the same time. This is characteristic of concrete thinking and logical reasoning. The school-age child is able to understand principles of adding, subtracting, and the process of reversibility, which occurs in the stage of concrete operations. Thinking that is characterized by egocentrism and animism occurs in the intuitive thought stage, not the concrete operations stage of development.

The nurse is supervising lunch time for children on a pediatric ward. Which observation is considered abnormal for this age group? A)The child has a full set of primary teeth. B)The child has no difficulty chewing and swallowing meat. C)The child uses his fingers and refuses to use a fork. D)The child is a picky eater.

Ans:C The child uses his fingers and refuses to use a fork Feedback:The preschool child has learned to use utensils fairly effectively to feed himself or herself, has a full set of primary teeth, and is able to chew and swallow competently. Preschool children may be picky eaters. They may eat only a limited variety of foods or foods prepared in certain ways and may not be very willing to try new things.

A school nurse is teaching a health class for 5th grade children. The nurse plans to include which statement to best describe growth in the early school-age period? A. Boys grow faster than girls. B. Puberty occurs earlier in boys than in girls. C. Puberty occurs at the same age for all races and ethnicities. D. It is a period of rapid physical growth.

ANS: A Boys grow faster than girls. Physical growth is slow and steady during the school-age years. From 6 to 12 years of age, children grow an average of 2.5 inches (6 to 7 cm) per year, increasing their height by at least 1 foot. An increase of 7 pounds (3 to 3.5 kg) per year in weight is expected. During the school-age developmental period, boys are approximately 1 inch taller and 2 pounds heavier than girls. Puberty occurs 1 1/2 to 2 years later in boys, which is developmentally later than puberty in girls (not unusual in 9- or 10-year-old girls). Puberty occurs approximately 1 year earlier in African-American girls than in white girls.

The pediatric nurse is aware of the maturation of organ systems in the school-age child. What accurately describes these changes? Select all that apply. a) Respiratory rates decrease, abdominal breathing disappears, and respirations become diaphragmatic in nature. b) The school-age child experiences more gastrointestinal upsets compared with earlier years since the stomach capacity increases. c) Prepubescence typically occurs in the 2 years before the beginning of puberty and is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics. d) The brain grows very slowly during the school-age years and growth is complete by the time the child is 12 years of age. e) The school-age child's blood pressure increases and the pulse rate decreases, and the heart grows more slowly during the middle years. f) Bladder capacity increases, but varies among individual children, and girls generally have a greater bladder capacity than boys.

ANS: A, C, E, F a)Respiratory rates decrease, abdominal breathing disappears, and respirations become diaphragmatic in nature. c)Prepubescence typically occurs in the 2 years before the beginning of puberty and is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics. e)The school-age child's blood pressure increases and the pulse rate decreases, and the heart grows more slowly during the middle years. f)Bladder capacity increases, but varies among individual children, and girls generally have a greater bladder capacity than boys. Respiratory rates decrease, abdominal breathing disappears, and respirations become diaphragmatic in nature. The school-age child's blood pressure increases and the pulse rate decreases. The heart grows more slowly during the middle years and is smaller in size in relation to the rest of the body than at any other development stage. Bladder capacity increases, but varies among individual children. Girls generally have a greater bladder capacity than boys. Prepubescence typically occurs in the 2 years before the beginning of puberty and is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The brain and skull grow very slowly during the school-age years. Brain growth is complete by the time the child is 10 years of age. The school-age child experiences fewer gastrointestinal upsets compared with earlier years. Stomach capacity increases, which permits retention of food for longer periods of time

Which is an appropriate disciplinary intervention for the school-age child? a. Using time-out periods b. Using a consequence that is consistent with the inappropriate behavior c. Using physical punishment d. Using lengthy dialog about inappropriate behavior

ANS: B Using a consequence that is consistent with the inappropriate behavior A consequence that is related to the inappropriate behavior is the recommended discipline. Physical intervention is an inappropriate form of discipline. It does not connect the discipline with the child's inappropriate behavior. p. 154

A group of boys ages 9 and 10 years have formed a "boys-only" club that is open to neighborhoodand school friends who have skateboards. This should be interpreted as: a. behavior that encourages bullying and sexism. b. behavior that reinforces poor peer relationships. c. characteristic of social development at this age. d. characteristic of children who later are at risk for membership in gangs

ANS: C c. characteristic of social development at this age. One of the outstanding characteristics of middle childhood is the creation of formalized groups or clubs. Peer-group identification and association are essential to a child's socialization. Poor relationships with peers and a lack of group identification can contribute to bullying.

In general, the earliest age at which puberty begins is ____ years in girls and _____ years in boys. a. 13; 13 b. 11; 11 c. 10; 12 d. 12; 10

ANS: C 10, 12 Puberty signals the beginning of the development of secondary sex characteristics. This begins in girls earlier than in boys. Usually, there is a 2-year difference in the age at onset. The first menstrual period usually begins between the ages of 9 and 15 years (average 12.8 years). Breast budding (thelarche) occurs at approximately ages 9 to 11 years and is followed by the growth of pubic hair.

Identify the statement that is the most accurate about moral development in the 9-year-old school-age child. a. Right and wrong are based on physical consequences of behavior. b. The child obeys parents because of fear of punishment. c. The school-age child conforms to rules to please others. d. Parents are the determiners of right and wrong for the school-age child.

ANS: C The school-age child conforms to rules to please others. The 7- to 12-year-old child bases right and wrong on a good-boy or good-girl orientation in which the child conforms to rules to please others and avoid disapproval. Children 4 to 7 years of age base right and wrong on consequences, the most important consideration for this age-group. Parents determine right and wrong for the child younger than 4 years of age

Which statement made by a mother of a school-age boy indicates a need for further teaching? a. "My child is playing soccer this year." b. "He is always busy with his friends playing games. He is very active." c. "I limit his television watching to about 2 hours a day." d. "I am glad his coach is a good role model. He emphasizes the importance of winning in today's society. The kids really are disciplined."

ANS: D "I am glad his coach is a good role model. He emphasizes the importance of winning in today's society. The kids really are disciplined." Feedback A Team sports such as soccer are appropriate for exercise and refinement of motor skills. B School-age children need to participate in physical activities, which contribute to their physical fitness skills and well-being. C Limiting television to 2 hours a day is an appropriate restriction. School-age children should be encouraged to participate in physical activities. D Team sports are important for the development of sportsmanship and teamwork and for exercise and refinement of motor skills. A coach who emphasizes winning and strict discipline is not appropriate for children in this age-group.

In providing anticipatory guidance to parents, which parental behavior is the most important in fostering moral development? a. Telling the child what is right and wrong b. Vigilantly monitoring the child and her peers c. Weekly family meetings to discuss behavior d. Living as the parents say they believe

ANS: D Living as the parents say they believe Feedback A Telling the child what is right and wrong is not effective unless the child has experienced what she hears. Parents need to live according to the values they are teaching to their children. B Vigilant monitoring of the child and her peers is an inappropriate action for the parent to initiate. It does not foster moral development and reasoning in the child. C Weekly family meetings to discuss behaviors may or may not be helpful in the development of moral reasoning. D Parents living what they believe gives nonambivalent messages and fosters the child's moral development and reasoning.

The school nurse has been asked to begin teaching sex education in the 5th grade. The nurse should recognize that a. Children in 5th grade are too young for sex education. b. Children should be discouraged from asking too many questions. c. Correct terminology should be reserved for children who are older. d. Sex can be presented as a normal part of growth and development.

ANS: D Sex can be presented as a normal part of growth and development. Feedback A Fifth graders are usually 10 to 11 years old. This age is not too young to speak about physiologic changes in their bodies. B They should be encouraged to ask questions. C Preadolescents need precise and concrete information. D When sexual information is presented to school-age children, sex should be treated as a normal part of growth and development.

The nurse is developing a nursing care plan for a hospitalized 6-year-old. Which behaviorwould warrant nursing intervention? A)The child pretends he is talking to an imaginary friend when the nurse addresses the child. B)The child states that her fairy godmother is going to come and take her home. C)The child starts talking about his grandmother and then quickly changes the subjectto a new toy he received. D)The child does not want to play games with other children on the hospital ward.

ANS: D The child does not want to play games with other children on the hospital ward. The preschooler begins to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. Not wanting to play games with other children is a sign of a developmental delay and nursing intervention is recommended. The preschooler often has an imaginary friend who serves as a creative way for the preschooler to sample different activities and behaviors and practice conversational skills. Through make-believe and magical thinking,preschool children satisfy their curiosity about differences in the world around them. The preschooler uses transduction when reasoning: he or she extrapolates from a particular situation to another, even though the events may be unrelated.

What is helpful to tell a mother who is concerned about preventing sleep problems in her 2-year-old child? a. Have the child always sleep in a quiet, darkened room. b. Provide high-carbohydrate snacks before bedtime. c. Communicate with the child's daytime caretaker about eliminating the afternoon nap. d. Use a nightlight in the child's room.

ANS: D Use a nightlight in the child's room. A A dark, quiet room may be scary to a preschooler. B High-carbohydrate snacks increase energy and do not promote relaxation. C Most 2-year-olds take one nap each day. Many give up the habit by age 3. Insufficient rest during the day can lead to irritability and difficulty sleeping at night. D The preschooler has a great imagination. Sounds and shadows can have a negative effect on sleeping behavior. Nightlights provide the child with the ability to visualize the environment and decrease the fear felt in a dark room.

A 12-year-old girl is experiencing prepubescence, and tells the school nurse that she feels "very out of place" in her school. What would be acceptable responses by the nurse? Select all that apply. A)"It must be difficult for you. Why don't you sit down and we can talk about it." B)"I would suggest that you talk to your parents about your feelings. This isn't something that I can talk to you about." C)"All of the girls and boys will be going through the same thing as you so that should make you feel a little better." D)"Tell me how this makes you feel. Talking about your feelings may help you feel better about school." E)"I went through the same thing when I was in school. I know it doesn't feel like it now but I promise it will get easier."

Ans: A)"It must be difficult for you. Why don't you sit down and we can talk about it." D)"Tell me how this makes you feel. Talking about your feelings may help you feel better about school." Feedback:Prepubescence typically occurs in the 2 years before the beginning of puberty and is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics, a period of rapid growth for girls, and a period of continued growth for boys. Acknowledging the student's feelings and encouraging her to talk about her feelings will likely help her to feel better about herself. She may not be comfortable with talking about her feelings with her parents at this point, and the nurse discussing this topic with the student is acceptable. Telling her that everyone goes through it and that it will "get easier" does not address the student's feelings and is nontherapeutic communication.

The nurse is assessing the gross motor skills of an 8-year-old boy. Which of interview question would facilitate this assessment? A)'Do you like to do puzzles?' B)'Do play any instruments?' C)'Do you participate in any sports?' D)'Do you like to construct models?'

Ans: C 'Do you participate in any sports?' Feedback:To assess the gross motor skills of school-age children, the nurse should ask questions about participation in sports and after-school activities. For fine motor skills, the nurse could ask questions about band membership, constructing models, and writing skills

The school nurse is preparing a talk on the influence of the media on school-age children to present at the next PTO meeting. Which fact might the nurse include in the introduction? A)Children in the United States spend about 6 hours a day either watching TV or playing video games. B)A child will see 2,000 murders by the end of grade school and 20,000 commercials a year. C)A school-age child cannot determine what is real from what is fantasy; therefore, TV and video games can lead to aggressive behavior. D)Parents should limit television watching and video-game playing to 2 hours per day

Ans: D Parents should limit television watching and video-game playing to 2 hours per day Feedback:Parents should limit television watching and video-game playing to 2 hours per day. Children in the United States spend about 4 hours a day either watching TV or playing video games. A child will see 8,000 murders by the end of grade school and 40,000 commercials a year. Although school-age children can determine what is real from what is fantasy, research has shown that this amount of time in front of the TV—watching it or playing video games—can lead to aggressive behavior, less physical activity, and altered body image

A 12-year-old boy reports to the nurse that he is one of the shortest kids in his class. He asks the nurse if he will ever grow. What response by the nurse is mostappropriate? A)"At your age you are largely done growing taller." B)"Since you are the shortest now, you will likely always be the shortest in the class." C)"Boys do not have their growth spurt until about age 17. "D)"There is no way to know how tall you will grow because you are still well within the window for growth."

Ans:"D)"There is no way to know how tall you will grow because you are still well within the window for growth." Feedback:Boys' growth spurt occurs later than girls' and usually begins between the ages of 10.5 and 16 years and ends sometime between the ages of 13.5 and 17.5 years

The nurse is performing an annual check-up for an 8-year-old child. Compared to the previous assessment of this child, which characteristic would most likely be observed? A)Breathing is diaphragmatic. B)Pulse rate is increased. C)Secondary sex characteristics are present. D)Blood pressure has reached adult level

Ans:A Breathing is diaphragmatic. Feedback:The child's respiratory system is maturing, so abdominal breathing has been replaced by diaphragmatic breathing. Pulse rate will decrease, rather than increase, during this time. Secondary sex characteristics will not appear until the late school-age years. Blood pressure will not reach the adult level until adolescence.

A nurse is caring for a 4-year-old girl. The mother says that the girl is afraid of cats and dogs and does not like to go to the playground anymore because she wants to avoid the dogs that are often being walked at the park. What should the nurse tell the mother? A)"It is best to avoid the playground until she outgrows the fear." B)"She needs to face her fears head-on; take her to the park as much as possible." C)"Acknowledge her fear and help her develop a strategy for dealing with it." D)"Try to minimize her fears and insist that she go to the park."

Ans:C "Acknowledge her fear and help her develop a strategy for dealing with it." Feedback:Preschoolers have vivid imaginations and experience a variety of fears. It is best to acknowledge the fear, rather than minimize it, and then collaborate with the child on strategies for dealing with the fear. Avoiding the playground will not address the child's fears. Forcing the child to face her fear without enlisting her input to help deal with the fear does not teach. It is also important for the mother to find out if an incident involving cats and dogs occurred without her knowledge.

The nurse is teaching parents to plan nutritional meals for their 7-year-old son who is overweight. Which guideline might the nurse include in the teaching plan? A)School-age children with an average body weight of 20 to 35 kg need approximately 90 calories per kilogram daily. B)The average water requirement for a school-age child per 24 hours ranges from 2,000 to 2,500 mL per day. C)The school-age child needs 28 g of protein and 800 mg of calcium for maintenance of growth and good nutrition. D)In the school-age child, calories needed to sustain weight increase, while the appetite decreases

Ans:C The school-age child needs 28 g of protein and 800 mg of calcium for maintenance of growth and good nutrition. Feedback:The 4- to 8-year-old child needs 28 g of protein and 800 mg of calcium for maintenance of growth and good nutrition. School-age children with an average body weight of 20 to 35 kg need approximately 70 calories per kilogram daily (1,400 to 2,100 calories per day). The average water requirement per 24 hours ranges from 1,800 to 2,200 mL per day.

The nurse is teaching the parents of a 9-year-old girl about the socialization that is occurring in their child through school contacts. Which of the following information would the nurse include in her teaching plan? A) Teachers are the most influential people in the development of the school-age child's social network. B) Continuous peer relationships provide the most important social interaction for school-age children. C) Parents should establish norms and standards that signify acceptance or rejection. D) A characteristic of school-age children is their formation of groups with no rules and values involved.

B Continuous peer relationships provide the most important social interaction for school-age children. Feedback: Continuous peer relationships provide the most important social interaction for school-age children. Peer and peer-group identification are most essential to the socialization of the school-age child. Peer groups establish norms and standards that signify acceptance or rejection. Valuable lessons are learned from interactions with children their own age. A characteristic of school-age children is their formation of groups with rules and values

A nurse is assessing an older school-age child recently admitted to the hospital. Which assessment indicates that the child is in an appropriate stage of cognitive development? a. The child's addition and subtraction ability b. The child's ability to classify c. The child's vocabulary d. The child's play activity

B The child's ability to classify The ability to classify things from simple to complex and the ability to identify differences and similarities are cognitive skills of the older school-age child; this demonstrates use of classification and logical thought processes. Subtraction and addition are appropriate cognitive activities for the young school-age child. Vocabulary is not as valid an assessment of cognitive ability as is the child's ability to classify. Play activity is not as valid an assessment of cognitive function as is the ability to classify

11. The school nurse is conducting vision screening for a 7-year-old girl and documents the condition "amblyopia." What would the nurse tell the parents about this condition? A) "Amblyopia is an uncorrected refractive error of the eye." B) "Amblyopia is reduced vision in an eye that has not been adequately used during early development." C) "Amblyopia is a malalignment of the eye, which occurs at birth." D) "Amblyopia is a clouding of the lens of the eye caused by trauma to the eye."

B) "Amblyopia is reduced vision in an eye that has not been adequately used during early development." Some problems frequently identified in school-age children include amblyopia (lazy eye), uncorrected refractive errors or other eye defects, and malalignment of the eyes (called strabismus). Amblyopia is reduced vision in an eye that has not been adequately used during early development. Inadequate use can result from conditions such as strabismus, being cross-eyed, or one eye being more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic than the other eye. Amblyopia is the leading cause of visual impairment in children (National Eye Institute, 2008) and if untreated can result in vision loss.

The nurse is conducting a well-child examination of a 5-year-old girl, who was 40 inches tall at her last examination at age 4. Which of the following height measurements would be within the normal range of growth expected for a preschooler? A) 41 inches B) 43 inches C) 45 inches D) 47 inches

B) 43 inches The average preschool-age child will grow 2.5 to 3 inches (6.5 to 7.8 cm) per year. The average 3-year-old is 37 inches tall (96.2 cm), the average 4-year-old is 40.5 inches tall (103.7 cm), and the average 5-year-old is 43 inches tall (118.5 cm).

30. The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance for parents of a school-age child on teaching the dangers of drugs and alcohol. Which of the following advice might be helpful for these parents? A) School-age children are not ready to absorb information that deals with drugs and alcohol. B) School-age children can think critically to interpret messages seen in advertising, media, and sports. C) Parents must prevent their child from being exposed to messages that are in conflict with their values. D) Discussions with children need to be based on facts and focused on the past and future.

B) School-age children can think critically to interpret messages seen in advertising, media, and sports. School-age children can be taught how to think critically to interpret messages seen in advertising, media, sports, and entertainment personalities. School-age children are ready to absorb information that deals with drugs and alcohol and may be exposed to messages that are in conflict with their parents' values regarding smoking and alcohol. This may occur at school and cannot be prevented. Discussions with children need to be based on facts and focused on the present.

In providing anticipatory guidance to parents whose child will soon be entering kindergarten, which is a critical factor in preparing a child for kindergarten entry? a. The child's ability to sit still b. The child's sense of learned helplessness c. The parent's interactions and responsiveness to the child d. Attending a preschool program

C The parent's interactions and responsiveness to the child Interactions between the parent and child are an important factor in the development of academic competence. Parental encouragement and support maximize a child's potential. The child's ability to sit still is important to learning; however, parental responsiveness and involvement are more important factors. Learned helplessness is the result of a child feeling that he or she has no effect on the environment and that his or her actions do not matter. Parents who are actively involved in a supportive learning environment will demonstrate a more positive approach to learning. Preschool and day care programs can supplement the developmental opportunities provided by parents at home, but they are not critical in preparing a child for entering kindergarten.

Which comment is most developmentally typical of a 7-year-old boy? a. "I am a Power Ranger, so don't make me angry." b. "I don't know whether I like Mary or Joan better." c. "My mom is my favorite person in the world." d. "Jimmy is my best friend."

D "Jimmy is my best friend." School-age children form friendships with peers of the same sex, those who live nearby, and other children who have toys that they enjoy sharing. Magical thinking is developmentally appropriate for the preschooler. Opposite-sex friendships are not typical for the 7-year-old child. Seven-year-old children socialize with their peers, not their parents

The parents of a newborn say that their toddler "hates the baby . . . he suggested that we put him in the trash can so the trash truck could take him away." The nurse's best reply is: a. "Let's see if we can figure out why he hates the new baby." b. "That's a strong statement to come from such a small boy." c. "Let's refer him to counseling to work this hatred out. It's not a normal response." d. "That is a normal response to the birth of a sibling. Let's look at ways to deal with this."

D "That is a normal response to the birth of a sibling. Let's look at ways to deal with this." The arrival of a new infant represents a crisis for even the best-prepared toddler. Toddlers have their entire schedule and routines disrupted because of the new family member. The nurse should work with parents on ways to involve the toddler in the newborn's care and help focus attention on the toddler. The toddler does not hate the infant. This is an expected response to the changes in routines and attention that affect the toddler. This is a normal response. The toddler can be provided with a doll to tend to its needs when the parent is performing similar care for the newborn.

Which behavior is not normally demonstrated in the 8-year-old child? a. Understands that his or her point of view is not the only one b. Enjoys telling riddles and silly jokes c. Understands that pouring liquid from a small to a large container does not change the amount d. Engages in fantasy and magical thinking

D Engages in fantasy and magical thinking The preschool child engages in fantasy and magical thinking. The school-age child moves away from this type of thinking and becomes more skeptical and logical. Belief in Santa Claus or the Easter Bunny ends in this period of development. School-age children enter the stage of concrete operations. They learn that their point of view is not the only one. The school-age child has a sense of humor. The child's increased language mastery and increased logic allow for appreciation of plays on words, jokes, and incongruities. The school-age child understands that properties of objects do not change when their order, form, or appearance does.

In providing anticipatory guidance to parents, which parental behavior is the most important in fostering moral development? a. Telling the child what is right and wrong b. Vigilantly monitoring the child and her peers c. Weekly family meetings to discuss behavior d. Living as the parents say they believe

D Parents living what they believe gives nonambivalent messages and fosters the child's moral development and reasoning. Telling the child what is right and wrong is not effective unless the child has experienced what she hears. Parents need to live according to the values they are teaching to their children. Parents living what they believe gives nonambivalent messages and fosters the child's moral development and reasoning.

Which assessment finding in a preschooler suggests the need for further investigation? A. The child is able to dress independently B. The child rides a tricycle C. The child has an imaginary friend D. The child has a 2 lb weight gain in 12 months

D. The child has a 2 lb weight gain in 12 months

The number of hours spent sleeping decreases as the child grows older. Children ages 6 and 7 years require approximately 9 or 10 hours of sleep per night. Is this statement true or false? Indicate whether the statement is true or false

False Children ages 6 and 7 actually need approximately 12 hours of sleep per night. Some children also continue to need an afternoon nap or quiet time to restore energy levels. The 12-year-old needs approximately 9 to 10 hours of sleep at night. Adequate sleep is important for school performance and physical growth. Inadequate sleep can cause irritability, inability to concentrate, and poor school performance.

Which behavior by parents or teachers will best assist the child in negotiating the developmental task of industry? a. Identifying failures immediately and asking the child's peers for feedback b. Structuring the environment so the child can master tasks c. Completing homework for children who are having difficulty in completing assignments d. Decreasing expectations to eliminate potential failures

b. Structuring the environment so the child can master tasks The task of the caring teacher or parent is to identify areas in which a child is competent and to build on successful experiences to foster feelings of mastery and success. Structuring the environment to enhance self-confidence and to provide the opportunity to solve increasingly more complex problems will promote a sense of mastery

The school nurse is teaching parents about the effects of bullying on school children. What accurately describes this developmental concern? a) Children with health issues, such as, disabilities, obesity and food allergies, are at a decreased risk of being bullied. b) Children who bully are those who report themselves as being lonely and having difficulty in forming friendships. c) Both boys and girls are bullied; boys usually bully boys and use force more often. d) In general, about 20% of all children attending school are frightened and afraid most of the day.

c) Both boys and girls are bullied; boys usually bully boys and use force more often. Rationale: Both boys and girls are bullied and can bully others. Boys usually bully boys and use force more often, and boys are twice as likely to be victims of bullying. Bullied children are those who report themselves as being lonely and having difficulty in forming friendships. Children with health issues, such as disabilities, obesity, and food allergies, are at an increased risk of being bullied In general, about 10% of all children attending school are frightened and afraid most of the day.

The nurse explains to parents of school-age children that according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, their child is at the conventional stage of moral development. What is the motivation for school-age children to follow rules? a) They follow rules out of fear of being punished. b) They follow rules because it is in their nature to do so. c) They follow rules out of a sense of being a "good person." d) They follow rules in order to receive praise from caretakers.

c) They follow rules out of a sense of being a "good person." Rationale: During the school-age years, the child's sense of morality is constantly being developed. According to Kohlberg, the school-age child is at the conventional stage of moral development. The 7- to 10-year-old usually follows rules out of a sense of being a "good person." He or she wants to be a good person to his or her parents, friends, and teachers and to himself or herself.