Patho Chapter 1

A disease agent can affect more than one organ of the body, and more than one disease agent can affect the same organ of the body. Which term best describes this aspect of disease etiology?

Multifactorial in origin

A nurse who has worked with ostomy clients for several years is adept at measuring and cutting the stoma wafer to the correct size for each client's stoma. This is an example of the nurse using:

clinical expertise.

A client is experiencing signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. The client's disease is in which phase of its clinical course?

Clinical

Which actions will a nurse teach as secondary prevention of disease? Select all that apply.

Colonoscopy at age 50 and every 10 years. Annual Pap test for women.

A client delivers a child born with an extra digit. The client states that she had the same thing when she was born. What term would the nurse document in the record regarding this defect?

Congenital condition

Which of the nurse's assessment questions most directly addresses the client's level of health, based on the World Health Organization's definition of health?

"How would you rate your overall sense of well-being?"

__________ is the physiology of altered health.

Pathophysiology

Facility policies on wound dressing selection refer the nurse to a dressing algorithm. The nurse anticipates that the algorithm will include:

a step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection

A nurse is conducting a staff educational program on diagnostic tests. The nurse should include that the normal value of a laboratory test represents the test results that fall within which distribution level?

95%

After teaching a client, the nurse wants to see if the client understands the risk factors for heart disease. Which response by the client would indicate the need for further instruction?

"I will switch from smoking to chewing tobacco."

When the nurse is assisting with the diagnostic process for a client with an illness, what is a priority when compiling all of the data to have an accurate diagnosis? Select all that apply.

A careful history, Detailed physical examination, Diagnostic tests

The nurse observes that blood pressure readings taken by a new unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) are very different from what other nurses obtain. What does the nurse understand is occurring with these readings?

A lack of reliability in the readings of the UAP.

An infant has a difficult time passing through the birth canal and the physician uses forceps to deliver the child. In the process, the facial nerve was damaged, resulting in a facial droop. Which condition does the nurse recognize this to be?

Acquired defect

A client tests positive for an infectious disease but does not have any symptoms. The physician informs the client that she is capable of infecting others. Which stage of the clinical course is this client experiencing?

Carrier state

A client develops an infection with a resistant organism while hospitalized for surgery. After treatment, there are no obvious signs of infection, but a culture shows that the organism is present. Which term describes the client's status?

Carrier status

The nurse researcher has gathered the above data. The nurse will apply this data in what type of study?

Case-control study

A client is diagnosed with Crohn disease and is informed that there is no cure; however, the client will have periods when there are no symptoms and other times when symptoms will be quite severe. What term should the nurse teach the client applies to this disease course?

Chronic

During an assessment, a client tells the nurse that he has suffered from asthma since childhood. He is not experiencing any symptoms at this time but takes an inhaled steroidal medication daily. The nurse should document the asthma as being which type of condition?

Chronic

The nurse is caring for a client that has been a 2 pack per day smoker for 20 years and developed emphysema 5 years ago. The client has had 3 to 4 admissions per year related to this illness. What form of illness does this client have?

Chronic illness

Which actions will a nurse teach as tertiary prevention to reduce complications of a disease? Select all that apply.

Daily foot inspection by clients with diabetes mellitus. Taking beta adrenergic blockers following a heart attack.

Signs and symptoms describe the structural and functional changes that accompany a disease. Symptoms are what the client describes to the caregiver. Signs are what the caregiver observes. Which is considered a sign?

Elevated white cell count and fever of 101.5°F (38.6°C)

Which science is called on to study the risk factors in multifactorial diseases?

Epidemiology

__________ is the study of disease occurrence in human populations.

Epidemiology

Breast cancer screening programs are an example of primary prevention of disease. T/F

False

Health is defined as the absence of infirmity or disease. T/F

False

Prevalence is the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a given time. T/F

False

Pathogenesis is the term used to describe the sequence of cellular and tissue events that occur from the time of first contact with an etiologic agent until the disease becomes evident. What is another way of defining pathogenesis?

How the disease process evolves

Which attribute is a benefit of health care providers using an evidence-based practice guideline?

It directs research into forming a diagnosis and treatment for a certain condition.

When attempting to reach a health diagnosis, the health care provider commonly applies four primary steps. Place the steps for reaching a diagnosis in order. Use all the options.

Obtain clinical history. Conduct a physical examination. Perform diagnostic testing. Determine the most likely cause of the client's presentation.

A school nurse compares the number of cases of measles in one elementary classroom to the number of students in the school. Which term describes this type of comparison?

Prevalence

__________ prevention of disease is aimed at keeping diseases from occurring by identifying and removing risk factors.

Primary

There are three fundamental types of prevention used in health care: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which statement accurately describes secondary prevention?

Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings.

A client has been admitted to the intensive care unit with a myocardial infarction. After the client recovers from the acute course of the event and ready for discharge, the nurse provides information about the beta adrenergic blocker, atenolol, that the client will take to prevent complications after the MI. What type of prevention is the nurse providing?

Tertiary prevention

Why are some diseases termed syndromes?

They are a compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state.

The natural history of a disease can be used to predict outcomes in people who are not able to be treated. T/F

True

When the nurse questions the blood glucose level obtained via a glucometer, a serum blood level is ordered. This protocol is directed toward ensuring which measure of standardization?

Validity

__________ refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure.

Validity

A client comes to the clinic stating, "I feel terrible. I feel feverish and it hurts when I cough." The nurse documents this report to be:

a symptom

In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease began in West Africa in which there was a sharp increase in the number of people being diagnosed with this disease. At the same time, a very high proportion of those who were diagnosed died from the disease. The epidemiologic characteristics of this disease include:

increased incidence and high mortality.

Incidence is the number of __________ cases arising in a given population during a specified time.

new