Patho Final-Ch. 16

Which of the following applies to oxytocin? 1. It stimulates contraction of the uterus after delivery. 2. It stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation. 3. It stimulates mammary gland production of milk. 4. It is released from the adenohypophysis. a. 1, 2 b. 1, 4 c. 1, 3, 4 d. 1, 2, 3, 4

A. 1, 2

Which of the following is recommended for immediate treatment of hypoglycemic shock? 1. if conscious, immediately give sweet fruit juice, honey, candy, or sugar 2. if unconscious, give nothing by mouth (require intravenous glucose 50%) 3. treat immediately with insulin 4. give large quantity of clear fluids for shock a. 1, 2 b. 1, 3 c. 2, 3 d. 1, 3, 4

A. 1, 2

Choose the statement that applies to Type I diabetes mellitus. a. Onset often occurs during childhood. b. Relative insufficiency of insulin or insulin resistance develops. c. It can be treated by diet, weight control and exercise, or oral hypoglycemics. d. Complications rarely occur.

A. Onset often occurs during childhood

Which of the following is caused by Graves' disease? a. increased metabolic rate b. decreased size of thyroid gland c. bradycardia and hypothermia d. decreased blood levels of T3, T4, and TSH e. increased epinephrine and norepinephrine

A. increased metabolic rate

All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT: a. liver b. digestive system c. exercising skeletal muscle d. brain

A. liver

Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics? a. necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legs b. lack of glucose to the cells in the feet and legs c. severe dehydration in the tissues d. elevated blood glucose increasing blood viscosity

A. necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legs

Catabolic effects of Cushing's syndrome include: a. osteoporosis b. hypertension c. increased erythrocyte production d. moon face and buffalo hump

A. osteoporosis

Which of the following conditions may precipitate or exacerbate hyperglycemia? a. hypothyroidism b. Cushing's disease c. Addison's disease d. growth hormone deficit

B. Cushing's disease

Dwarfism is caused by: a. excessive levels of somatotropin (GH) b. a deficit of somatotropin (GH) c. excessive levels of insulin d. excessive levels of parathyroid hormone

B. a deficit of somatotropin (GH)

Which of the following may cause high serum levels of parathyroid hormone? a. hypoparathyroidism b. chronic renal failure c. hypercalcemia d. adenoma in the thyroid gland

B. chronic renal failure

Which signs are typical of Graves' disease? a. facial puffiness, bradycardia, and lethargy b. exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and restlessness c. delayed physical and intellectual development d. goiter and decreased BMR

B. exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and restlessness

The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT: a. prolactin (PRL) b. glucagon c. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) d. growth hormone (GH) e. antidiuretic hormone

B. glucagon

Which of the following are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma? 1. persistent headaches 2. hemianopia 3. hypertension 4. papilledema a. 1, 4 b. 2, 3 c. 1, 2 d. 1, 3, 4

C. 1, 2

Which of the following may cause goiter? 1. hyperthyroidism 2. hypothyroidism 3. lack of iodine in the diet 4. pheochromocytoma a. 1, 4 b. 2, 3 c. 1, 2, 3 d. 1, 2, 3, 4

C. 1, 2, 3

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus? a. increased insulin b. decreased glucocorticoids c. deficit of ADH d. deficit of T3 and T4

C. deficit of ADH

What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism? 1. skeletal muscle twitching or spasm 2. weak cardiac contraction 3. increased secretion of PTH 4. decreased serum phosphate level a. 1, 2 b. 1, 3 c. 2, 3 d. 3, 4

A. 1, 2

Goiters occur more frequently in persons living in the: a. Great Lakes or mountainous regions b. southwest USA c. temperate regions d. areas bordering the oceans

A. Great Lakes or mountainous regions

Compensation mechanisms occurring in the early stage of diabetic ketoacidosis include: a. Kussmaul's respirations b. polydipsia c. ketonuria d. seizures

A. Kussmaul's respirations

Which of the following does NOT usually develop as a complication of diabetes? a. osteoporosis b. nephropathy c. impotence d. peripheral neuropathy

A. osteoporosis

A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine is called: a. pheochromocytoma b. Cushing's syndrome c. Graves' disease d. Addison's disease

A. pheochromocytoma

Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop? a. recurrent vomiting b. missing an insulin dose c. eating excessively large meals d. sedentary lifestyle

A. recurrent vomiting

Which characteristic of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNK) differentiates it from diabetic ketoacidosis? a. Dehydration is less severe. b. Ketonuria is not present. c. It only develops in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. d. CNS depression develops.

B. Ketonuria is not present.

Why does hypocalcemia cause tetany? a. Skeletal muscle contractions are weaker. b. Nerves to skeletal muscle are more excitable. c. Calcium is not stored in skeletal muscle cells. d. Serum phosphate levels are low.

B. Nerves to skeletal muscle are more excitable.

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes Addison's disease? a. increased glucocorticoids b. decreased glucocorticoids c. deficit of ADH d. deficit of T3 and T4

B. decreased glucocorticoids

What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus? a. increased glucose production in the liver b. destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction c. increased resistance of body cells to insulin action d. chronic obesity

B. destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction

Which of the following may occur with a pituitary adenoma? a. low blood pressure and bradycardia b. headache and seizures c. vomiting and diarrhea d. loss of vision in one eye

B. headache and seizures

Which diagnostic test is useful in determining if a pituitary dysfunction is causing a thyroid disorder? a. serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine b. serum TSH levels c. uptake of radioactive iodine (T3 uptake test) d. presence of antibodies to T3 and T4

B. serum TSH levels

Which of the following indicates compensated acidosis in the diabetic? a. increased serum bicarbonate b. serum pH of 7.35 c. increased serum carbonic acid d. urine pH 8.0

B. serum pH of 7.35

Which of the following is a major function of the hormone norepinephrine? a. inhibition of an excessive stress response b. visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction c. increased force of heart contraction d. vasodilation in skeletal muscle

B. visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction

Which of the following applies to diabetic macro-angiography? 1. It affects the small arteries and arterioles. 2. It is related to elevated serum lipids. 3. It leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease. 4. It frequently causes damage to the kidneys. a. 1, 3 b. 1, 4 c. 2, 3 d. 2, 4

C. 2, 3

Why does glucosuria occur in diabetics? a. Excess ketoacids displace glucose into the filtrate. b. Excess water in the filtrate draws more glucose into the urine. c. The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit. d. Sufficient insulin is not available for glucose reabsorption.

C. The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit.

What causes loss of consciousness in a person with diabetic ketoacidosis? a. toxic effects of excessive insulin b. excessive glucose in the blood c. acidosis and hypovolemia d. lack of glucose in brain cells

C. acidosis and hypovolemia

What is caused by hyperparathyroidism? a. hypocalcemia b. tetany c. bone demineralization d. deficit of vitamin D

C. bone demineraliztion

Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person? a. pale moist skin b. thirst and poor skin turgor c. deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor d. tremors and strong rapid pulse

C. deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor

Which of the following results from a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? a. inappropriate ADH syndrome b. gigantism c. diabetes insipidus d. myxedema

C. diabetes insipidis

Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus? a. increased thirst b. ketoacidosis c. glucosuria develops d. diabetic nephropathy

C. glucosuria develops

Early signs of hyperglycemia include polyphagia, which means: a. thirst b. increased urine output c. hunger d. glucose in the urine

C. hunger

Which of the following may cause hypertension? a. hypoparathyroidism b. hypoglycemia c. pheochromocytoma d. Addison's disease

C. pheochromocytoma

Polydipsia occurs with diabetes mellitus when: a. lack of insulin causes hunger b. ketone levels rise in the blood c. polyuria causes dehydration d. glucosuria causes ketoacidosis

C. polyuria causes dehydration

What is a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis? a. skipping a meal b. strenuous exercise c. serious infection d. insulin overdose

C. serious infection

Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT: a. heavy body and round face b. atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs c. staring eyes with infrequent blinking d. atrophy of the lymph nodes

C. staring eyes with infrequent blinking

What is the recommended treatment for insulin shock if the patient remains conscious? a. administration of insulin b. administration of intravenous glucose c. administration of epinephrine d. oral administration of concentrated glucose

D. Oral administration of concentrated glucose

What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis? a. excess insulin in the body b. loss of glucose in the urine c. failure of the kidney to excrete sufficient acids d. increased catabolism of fats and proteins

D. increased catabolism of fats and proteins

Diabetic retinopathy results from: a. degeneration of large blood vessels supplying the eye b. abnormal metabolism in the lens of the eye c. neuropathy affecting the optic nerve d. obstruction or rupture of retinal blood vessels

D. obstruction or rupture of retinal blood vessels

Complications of diabetes mellitus include: a. peripheral neuropathy b. frequent infections c. cataracts d. a, c e. a, b, c

E. a, b, c

Which one of the following develops hypoglycemia more frequently? a. Type I diabetics b. Type II diabetics c. patients with a poor stress response d. those with a regular exercise and meal plan

A. Type I diabetics

Metabolic syndrome is marked by: a. abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism b. periodic hypotension c. deficit of glucagon d. early onset on Type I diabetes mellitus

A. abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism

Visual impairment may develop in diabetics, primarily because of: a. abnormal metabolism in the lens b. macroangiopathy c. neuropathy affecting cranial nerves d. development of exophthalmos

A. abnormal metabolism in the lens

Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy? a. decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland b. an increased inflammatory response to irritants c. hypotension and poor circulation d. increased number of hypersensitivity reactions

A. decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland

What is/are the effect(s) of thyrotoxic crisis? a. hyperthermia and heart failure b. hypotension and hypoglycemia c. toxic goiter and hypometabolism d. decreased stress response

A. hyperthermia and heart failure

Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression? a. Graves' disease b. acromegaly c. Cushing's disease d. diabetes insipidus

C. Cushing's disease

Which of the following does NOT apply to inappropriate ADH syndrome? a. The cause is excess ADH secretion. b. Severe hyponatremia results. c. Excessive sodium is retained. d. Fluid retention increases.

C. Excessive sodium is retained

Why does diabetes insipidus cause polyuria? a. There is increased osmotic pressure of the filtrate. b. Damaged tubules cannot reabsorb sufficient fluid. c. Excessive ADH secretion is present. d. There is a deficit of ADH. e. Excessive aldosterone is secreted.

D. There is a deficit of ADH.

Blood glucose levels are increased by: 1. glucocorticoids 2. glucagon 3. epinephrine 4. norepinephrine 5. parathormone a. 1, 2 b. 1, 2, 3 c. 2, 4, 5 d. 1, 3, 4, 5 e. all of the above

B. 1, 2, 3

Which of the following applies to acromegaly? a. It occurs in infants and children. b. It causes excessive longitudinal bone growth. c. It results from excessive secretion of GH. d. It does not change soft tissue growth.

C. It results from excessive secretion of GH.

Which of the following are likely present in a patient immobilized for a long period of time? a. hypocalcemia and low serum PTH levels b. hypocalcemia and high serum PTH levels c. hypercalcemia and low serum PTH levels d. hypercalcemia and high serum PTH levels

C. hypercalcemia and low serum PTH levels

What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin? a. control by releasing hormones b. control by tropic hormones c. negative feedback control d. hypothalamus/hypophysis coordination

C. negative feedback control

How do the different types of available insulin vary? 1. time until onset of action 2. time until peak effect 3. duration of effect 4. source of insulin a. 1, 2 b. 3, 4 c. 1, 2, 4 d. 1, 2, 3, 4

D. 1, 2, 3, 4

Differences between Type I and Type II diabetes include: a. Type 1 diabetes weight gain is common, and Type II weight loss often occurs b. Type 1 diabetes leads to fewer complications than Type II diabetes c. Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by adjusting dietary intake and exercise, but Type II diabetes requires insulin replacement d. Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, and Type II diabetes occurs more often in adults e. None of the above are correct.

D. Type I diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, and Type II diabetes occurs more often in adults

Trophic hormones include: a. insulin b. glucagon c. triiodothyronine d. adrenocorticotropic hormone

D. adrenocorticotropic hormone

What is the most common cause of endocrine abnormalities? a. malignant neoplasm b. infection c. congenital defect d. benign tumor

D. benign tumor

Which of the following hormones is involved in both the stress response and the anti-inflammatory response? a. aldosterone b. norepinephrine c. thyroxine d. cortisol

D. cortisol

Severe impairment of all aspects of growth and development, including difficulty feeding, mental retardation, and stunted skeletal growth are associated with: a. myxedema b. Cushing's syndrome c. diabetes insipidus d. cretinism e. Graves' disease

D. cretinism

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema? a. increased glucocorticoids b. decreased glucocorticoids c. deficit of ADH d. deficit of T3 and T4

D. deficit of T3 and T4

Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease? a. elevated blood glucose levels b. high blood pressure c. low serum potassium levels d. poor stress response

D. poor stress response

Which of the following often causes hyperparathyroidism? a. a malignant tumor in the parathyroid glands b. end-stage renal failure c. osteoporosis d. radiation involving the thyroid gland and neck area

D. radiation involving the thyroid gland and neck area

Which of the following indicates hypoglycemia in a diabetic? a. deep, rapid respirations b. flushed dry skin and mucosa c. thirst and oliguria d. staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion

D. staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion

How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act? a. to replace insulin in patients with IDDM b. to transport glucose into body cells c. to prevent gluconeogenesis d. to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin

D. to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin