PATHO MIDTERM

Rapid deep breathing Lethargy Abdominal pain

A 3-year-old is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment?

Myeloma

A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is

platelet adhesion to injured tissue.

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs

Endemic

A disease that is native to a particular region

Epidemic

A disease that spreads to many individuals at the same time

Insulin overdose

A known cause of hypokalemia

Respiratory alkalosis

A patient diagnosed with cardiogenic shock who is hyperventilating is at risk for

pneumothorax

A patient exhibiting respiratory distress as well as a tracheal shift should be evaluated for

latent

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.

hypertensive crisis

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of

Stable angina

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is

Septic

A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock.

secondary prevention

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

Carcinomas

Malignant neoplams of epithelial origin

Sarcoma

Malignant tumors of mesenchymal (bone, nerve, muscle) origin

Norepinephrine

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and mediated by?

Antigen-antibody immune complexes

Mediate type III hypersensitivity reactions

T cells

Mediate type IV hypersensitivity reactions

Complement

Mediates type II hypersensitivity reactions

Pressure gradient across the mitral valve

Mitral stenosis is associated with____.

Measured to improve oxygenation

Most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia

Selective IgA

Most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells

Low expiratory flow rates

Obstructive disorders are associated with

Pickwickian syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with

Decreases

Organ size and function __________ with age

Septic

Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?

venous thrombosis

Peripheral edema is a result of

Confusion Lethargy Coma Perhaps seizures

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include

Deficiency of ATP

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

HIV/AIDS

Considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?

Impaired cardiac filling

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

Tissue thromboplastin

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by

Decrease left ventricular afterload

Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to

Crystalloids

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?

Continue lifestyle modifications only.

After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

tertiary prevention

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

Histamine

An important mediator of a type I hypersensitivity reaction

Hypertrophy

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

Empyema

An infection in the pleural space

stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the same patient.

Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Caused by inhalation of organic substances

Class I, initial stage

Blood loss is up to 750 mL and vital signs remain normal.

cell differentiation

Cancer grading is based on?

Lymphoma

Cancer of the lymphatic tissue

Mean arterial

Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.

Cardiogenic

Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ___________ shock.

CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)

Demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome

Type IV hypersensitivity

Do not involve antibody production

Liver

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

Headache

Early manifestation of a developing metabolic acidosis

Vasodilatation

Effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles

Confusion or coma

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include

Pandemic

Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps worldwide

Christmas disease

Hemophilia B also known as

decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion

Hypernatremia may be caused by?

In the normal range

If an individual has fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is

systemic vascular resistance

Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in

Class II, Compensated stage

In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?

Pulmonary congestion

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by

Glucose

Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of

Increased carbonic acid

Respiratory acidosis is associated with

Epstein-Barr in Burkitt lymphoma HIV Kaposi sarcoma Human T-lymphocyte type I in T-cell leukemia-lymphoma

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Hyperlipidemia

Risk factors for atherosclerosis

Alarm Resistance Exhaustion *not allostasis

Selye's three phases of the stress response include

Productive cough abnormal lung sounds

Signs of chronic bronchitis

The entire organism

Somatic death is death of?

Cortisol Norepinephrine Epinephrine *not Aldosterone

Stress-induced hormones that increase blood glucose

Sepsis

Systemic inflammatory response to infection

Barroreceptor activity

Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of

microcytic

Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia because they are both

intracellular accumulations

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism

Ghon tubercles

The characteristic x-ray findings in tuberculosis

increased residual lung volumes

The increased anterior-posterior chest diameter associated with obstructive lung disease is caused by

Capillary osmotic

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.

Bicarbonate

The major buffer in extracellular fluid

Cardiovascular disease

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is ________.

False

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.

Erythropoietin administration

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure

ST-segment elevation

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI)

bcr-abl

The philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms

Nitric oxide

Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

Obstruction of superior vena cava Compression of the spinal cord

Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodkin lymphoma are?

"If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated."

When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best response is

IgE

When exposed to inhaled allergens, a patient with asthma produces large quantities of

Idiopathic

When the cause is unkown

Metabolic acids Ammonia Bicarbonate (base) *not carbonic acid

Which acids are the kidneys able to secrete?

Jaundice

Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?

Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?

Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?

Activity restriction

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body.

Adenoma

benign tumor of glandular tissue

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

block the conversion of angiotension I to angiotension II

Class III hemorrhage, Progressive stage

blood loss of 1500-2000 mL. Vital signs changing

High blood pH

indicates alkalosis

Low blood pH

indicates uncompensated or partially compensated metabolic acidosis

Class IV, refractory stage

more than 2000 mL of blood lost. Patient lethargic, with severe hypotension

cor pulmonale

right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension

128/82

which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension? 118/78 140/88 138/94 128/82