Patho Test #3 Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension

Many medications are available to treat hypertension. Which of the following are you likely to discuss with Mr. Benson? Select all that apply. -Corticosteroids -ACE inhibitors -Diurectics -Aspirin -Statins -Calcium channel blocker

-ACE inhibitors -Diurectics -Calcium channel blocker

Mr. Benson is surprised to hear he has hypertension, because overall he feels fine.You tell Mr. Benson that many patients with hypertension have no symptoms and that he has a number of risk factors that increase his risk for hypertension. Which of the following are risk factors for hypertension? Select all that apply. -Age 20 to 40 years -Excess sodium in diet -Regular aerobic exercise -History of autoimmune disease -Obesity -African American ethnicity -Family history

-Excess sodium in diet -Obesity -African American ethnicity -Family history

Which of the following are recommendations regarding cholesterol? Select all that apply. -Total cholesterol should be > 200 mg/dL. -Exercise should occur daily for 30 minutes. -Dietary saturated fat intake should be increased. -HDL levels should be > 40 mg/dL.

-Exercise should occur daily for 30 minutes. -HDL levels should be > 40 mg/dL.

You speak to Mr. Benson about lifestyle modifications and medication options to treat hypertension. Mr. Benson doesn't understand your concern about hypertension, because he does not notice "anything really wrong." You explain to Mr. Benson that many tissues can be damaged by hypertension. Which of the following tissues are most likely to be damaged by hypertension? Select all that apply. -Heart -Bladder -Kidneys -Retina -Brain -Stomach -GI tract

-Heart -Kidneys -Retina -Brain

Which of the following lifestyle modifications would you recommend to reduce Ms. West's hyperlipidemia? Select all that apply. -Increase trans-fatty acid intake -Keep dietary cholesterol intake < 300 mg per day -Increase intake of fish oils -Increase intake of dietary fiber -30 minutes of aerobic exercise daily

-Keep dietary cholesterol intake < 300 mg per day -Increase intake of fish oils -Increase intake of dietary fiber -30 minutes of aerobic exercise daily

The results return with the following values: -Total cholesterol: 238 mg/dL -LDL cholesterol: 160 mg/dL -HDL cholesterol: 35 mg/dL -Triglycerides: 210 mg/dL Which of these values are considered high? Select all that apply.

-LDL -Triglycerides

Ms. West requests further information about hyperlipidemia and its effects on the body. Which of the following statements regarding lipids are correct? Select all that apply. -LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides play a role in atherosclerosis. -Foam cells that result in plaque formation arise from neutrophils. -The only source of cholesterol in the body is dietary intake. -Atherosclerotic plaques disintegrate into foam cells. -High levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol increase risk for cardiovascular disease.

-LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides play a role in atherosclerosis. -High levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol increase risk for cardiovascular disease.

You tell Mr. Benson that there are many assessments available to determine if any organs are damaged by hypertension. Which of the following assessment results may be associated with hypertensive damage of body tissues? Select all that apply. -Increase stomach acid -Left ventricular hypertrophy -Reduced TSH -Microalbuminuria -Cerebral aneurysm -Arteriovenous nicking in retina -Barrel-chested appearance -S4 sound -Shift of point of maximal impulse of heart

-Left ventricular hypertrophy -Microalbuminuria -Cerebral aneurysm -Arteriovenous nicking in retina -S4 sound -Shift of point of maximal impulse of heart

Before discussing treatments for Mr. Benson, it must be established if Mr. Benson is suffering from primary or secondary hypertension. Which of the following statements are true concerning these categories? Select all that apply. -Primary hypertension accounts for 10 to 15% of hypertension. -Primary hypertension has no known cause. -Secondary hypertension has no known cause. -Secondary hypertension may result from oral contraceptive usage. -Renal disorders can results in primary hypertension.

-Primary hypertension has no known cause. -Secondary hypertension may result from oral contraceptive usage.

Which of the following medications work to lower cholesterol? Select all that apply. -ACE inhibitors -Nitroglycerin -Diuretics -Statins -Bile acid sequestrants

-Statins -Bile acid sequestrants

Other laboratory results indicate fasting plasma glucose of 120 mg/dL, an elevated TSH, and reduced thyroxine level. Based on these results and her patient data, which additional risk factors for hyperlipidemia may Ms. West have? Select all that apply. -Hyperthyroidism -Type 2 diabetes mellitus -Hypothyroidism -Obesity -Pre-menopausal

-Type 2 diabetes mellitus -Hypothyroidism -Obesity

In addition to the laboratory values, a physical examination of Ms. West is conducted. Which of the following are associated with hyperlipidemia? Select all that apply. -Wheezing -Xanthoma -Clubbing of fingers -Skin ulcers -Xanthelasma -Cyanosis

-Xanthoma -Xanthelasma

Hypertension may cause ___________________. Select all that apply. -atherosclerosis. -left ventricular hypertrophy. -increased cholesterol. -increased coronary circulation need. -vessels to burst.

-atherosclerosis. -left ventricular hypertrophy. -increased cholesterol. -increased coronary circulation need. -vessels to burst.

Statins ________________. Select all that apply. -are used to treat hypertension. -decrease bile reabsorption. -reduce liver synthesis of cholesterol. -cause vasodilation. -help to control hyperlipidemia.

-reduce liver synthesis of cholesterol. -help to control hyperlipidemia.

Many medications are used to treat hyperlipidemia. Which of the following statements is true? -Statins block cholesterol absorption in the intestines. -Fibrates treat high triglyceride levels. -Niacin raises LDL level and raises HDL levels. -Hyperlipidemia medications must be used as single agents and never be combined. -Statin treatment cannot reduce atherosclerotic plaques already present.

Fibrates treat high triglyceride levels.

For cardiac health, which of the following should Ms. West work to elevate? Select all that apply. -Total cholesterol -LDL -HDL -Triglycerides

HDL

The "good" cholesterol, thought to provide a cardioprotective effect, is known as____________. -Chylomicrons -Total cholesterol -VLDL -LDL -HDL

HDL

When discussing cholesterol levels with a patient, which of the following is desirable?

High HDL, low LDL

A patient has blood pressure readings of 142/92 mm Hg and 140/94 mm Hg. Which hypertension category would apply to this patient? -Normal -Prehypertension -Stage 1 hypertension -Stage 2 hypertension

Stage 1 hypertension

Mr. Benson, a 45-year-old African American male, arrived in the clinic for his "annual" check-up. He is worried about his health, as his sister, age 52, recently suffered a heart attack. Mr. Benson realizes his lifestyle may increase his risk for cardiovascular disease. He tells you he "likes to eat whatever he wants" and he "loves to use the salt shaker." He enrolled in a fitness class near his home but has only attended a couple times. Calculating Mr. Benson's BMI, you note he falls within the "obese" category. Mr. Benson's resting heart rate is 86 bpm and he appears to have shortness of breath upon exertion. The last time Mr. Benson was in the clinic was 3 years ago. At that time, his blood pressure readings were 138/80 mm Hg and 134/82 mm Hg. He was told to return in 6 months for further evaluation. Mr. Benson's blood pressure readings placed him in which category? -Normal -Prehypertension -Stage 1 HTN -Stage 2 HTN

Prehypertension

If a patient presents with hypertension and no known cause exists, what type of hypertension does the patient have? -Renovascular -Nonessential -Tertiary -Secondary -Primary

Primary

Which of the following is a potential complication of hypertension? -Atrial fibrillation -Ventricular hypertrophy -Atrial atrophy -AV block -Ventricular tachycardia

Ventricular hypertrophy

At this appointment, Mr. Benson's BP readings are 146/92 mm Hg and 142/90 mm Hg. What is the classification for Mr. Benson now? -Normal -Prehypertension -Stage 1 HTN -Stage 2 HTN

Stage 1 HTN

Secondary hypertension ____________________. Select all that apply. -has no known cause. -is a blood pressure < 120/80 mm Hg. -has no negative effect on the heart. -is also known as essential hypertension. -accounts for 5- to 10-percent of all hypertension cases.

accounts for 5- to 10-percent of all hypertension cases.