Pathophysiology Exam 1
Activity A involves the following: sudden unexplained high fever and chill, skin redness or inflammation, skin sore or rash that starts suddenly, and grows quickly susceptibility of an individual with diabetes, Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria, a small break in the skin, residual bacteria in joints, treatment w/ IV Vancomycin Activity A is: A. Cellulitis B. Eczema C. Photosensitivity D. Chemical Burns E. Chloracne
A. Cellulitis
Activity A involves the following: Acute cutaneous eruption, red macule or thin papule, second to fourth decades of life, cell-mediated immune reaction, necrosis of epidermal keratinocytes, possible HSV infections or reaction to medications, typical target-like appearance of lesions Activuty A is: A. Erythema multiforme B contact dermatitis C. chloracne D. Photoxicity E. Squamu cell carcinoma
A. Erythema multiforme
Entry into the cell cycle, from quiescence that is represented by _________, can be regulated by _________: A. G1, growth factors B. G1, cytokines C. G2, signal transduction D. M1, hormones
A. G1, growth factors
When injected, rhHumulin (recombinant human insulin) acts as an _______ as it binds to its transmembrane cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) representing __________ signaling, and then subsequent phosphorylation of a transcription factor would result from ________. A. agonist, intercellular, signal transduction B. antagonist, intracellular, signal transduction C. agonist, intracellular, intracellular signaling D. antagonist, intercellular, intracellular
A. agonist, intercellular, signal transduction
Sweat glands A. aid in cooling the body B. serve as "anchors" for the arrector pili muscles C. produce a secretion that oils the hair and skin D. produce a secretion that protects the body from growth of bacteria E. are not involved in the homeostasis of body temperature
A. aid in cooling the body
Type I diabetes has an etiology where _________ destroys ____________ in the __________ pancreas. A. autoimmunity, B-cells, endocrine B. autoimmunity, B-cells, exocrine C. apoptosis, a-cells, exocrine D. apoptosis, B-cells, endocrine E. autoimmunity, a-cells, endocrine
A. autoimmunity, B-cells, endocrine
COVID-19 biopsies show endothelial cell apoptosis. However, some of the cells recovered through _______ instead of undergoing apoptosis, so the blood vessels regenerated and these patients recovered. A. autophagy B. apoptosis C. cleavage D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
A. autophagy
Fundamental cell functions such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, adhesion and apoptosis are prominent in tissue morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis, but often become dysfunctional in the pathogenesis of __________. A. cancer B. gastrulation C. fertilization D. hematopoiesis E. meiosis
A. cancer
Activity A involves the following: erythema, induration, scaling, vesiculation, mixed cell inflammatory infiltrate, exposure to an irritant, allergic response, and a skin disease that represents 90% of occupational skin diseases Activity A is: A. contact dermatitis B. melanoma C. eczema D. chemical burns E. moles
A. contact dermatitis
Which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately referred to as opposites A. distal and proximal B. medial and inferior C. superior and ventral D. anterior and deep E. lateral and superior
A. distal and proximal
A slight sunburn is an example of a _________ burn. A. first-degree B. second-degree C. third-degree D. fourth-degree E. partial-thickness
A. first-degree
Active, extensive cell migration occurs in development during ______ and similarly in cancer as _______. A. gastrulation, metastasis B. fertilization, mutagenesis C. metastasis, implantation D. immunity, placentation
A. gastrulation, metastasis
Activity A involves the following: a. 0.3% mm/day b. opposite of baldness c. growth and resting phases d. catagen e. telogen f. anagen g. helps to keep your head warm Activity A is: A. hair growth B. development of fingerprints C. developing stretch marks D. fingernail growth E. knitting a wool cap
A. hair growth
In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) the term "sclerosis) describes pathological nervous tissue _________ with concomitant _________. A. hardening, neuropathy B. neoplasia, aplasia C. metaplasia, neuropathy D. inflammation, hypertrophy E. atrophy, infarct
A. hardening, neuropathy
Which of the following tissue would contain the most active stem cell compartment for tissue replacement and renewal: A. hematopoietic B. cerebellum C. cardia muscle D. skeletal muscle E. spinal cord
A. hematopoietic
Activity A involves the following: a. development of a hard protein envelope b. keratin 1. keratin 10, keratin 14 c. a syntenic region on mouse chromosome 11 d. increases throughout the layers of epidermis as cells move outward e. forms a protective barrier from abrasion, passage of pathogens Activity A is: A. keratinization B. desquamation C. activation of apocrine glands D. miotic activity in the stratum germinitivum E. psoriasis
A. keratinization
Elderly people (>65 yrs old) are more susceptible to SARSCoV2 infection and die more frequently from COVID19 due to epigenetics, suggesting because their DNA may have increased _______ and more _________. A. methylation and SNP's B. mitochondria, vacuoles C. nucleosomes, telomeres D. golgi, nucleoli E. nucleosides, promoters
A. methylation and SNP's
A diagnostic Complete Blood Count (CBC) for some COVID-19 patients has revealed leukocytosis. This term states that these COVID-19 patients have been diagnosed with ________ white blood cells in their circulating blood A. more B. fewer C. no change in (leukocytes)
A. more
Given the following tissues, the ________ would renew or regenerate the slowest? A. myocardium B. epidermis C. tongue D. white blood cells E. red blood cells
A. myocardium
IL-6 could be a key cytokine contributing to the "cytokine storm" linked to COVID-1 mortality. Actemra (Tocilizumab) is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that blocks IL-6 for a potential immunomodulation therapy in COVID-19. The pharmacology for the molecular binding of Tocilizumab to its IL-6 target primarily a consideration of: A. pharmacokinetics B. pharmacodynamics C. pharmacopedia D. pharmacogenomics E. pharmacogenetics
A. pharmacokinetics
The rate of cell division is: A. regulated by cyclins and CD kinases B. higher in cardia muscle compared to hematopoiesis C. lower in respiratory epithelium compared to neurons D. higher in compact bone compared to trabecular bone E. all of the above
A. regulated by cyclins and CD kinases
The integumentary system: A. regulates body temperature B. breaks down food into small particles for absorption C. controls intellectual functions D. produces body movements E. coordinates and integrates body body function
A. regulates body temperature
Treatment of Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) utilizes recombinant human insulin, (rhHumulin, inj. IM) that binds to a cell surface RTK to activate intracellular ____________; therefor, rhHumulin is functioning as an ________ for insulin signaling. A. signal transduction, agonist B. autophagy, agonist C. apoptosis, antagonist D. mitosis, agonist E. signal transduction
A. signal transduction, agonist
Which of the following is true about undercalculated discs? A. they are found in the epicardium B. they contain gap junctions C. they are a defining characteristic of smooth muscle D. all of the above are correct E. only A and B are correct
A. they are found in the epicardium
Medial means A. toward the middle or midline of the body B. away from the surface C. closer to the head D. closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk E. towards the back of the body
A. toward the middle or midline of the body
Which of the following describes the position of the nose? A. inferior to the chin B. superior to the mouth C. posterior to the eyes D. lateral to the eyes E. superior to the forehead
B superior to the mouth
An endothelial cell genome would contain more of both _______ and ________ genes in a fifty-year-old professor versus a twenty five year old pharmacy student: A. chromosomes, repeated B. SNP's and methylated C. mitochondria, vacuolated D. golgi, spliced
B. SNP's and methylated
if a pregnant women had her last period 84 days ago; at day 85 she would be carrying: A. an embryo B. a fetus C. a baby
B. a fetus
Which cell type is least differentiated or most pluripotent in the epidermis? A. keratincyte B. basal Cell C. eosinophil D. chondrocyte
B. basal cell
Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels, A. the blood vessels become dilated B. body heat is conserved C. more blood enters into the heart D. body temperature tends to drop in that area E. more blood flows to the skin
B. body heat is conserved
Differential gene expression that results in a new cellular phenotype is defined as: A. programmed cell death B. cell differentiation C. cytokinesis D. apoptosis E. none of the above
B. cell differentiation
On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from A. constriction of the blood vessels in the epidermis of the cheeks B. dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks C. damage to the epidermis by the cold D. constriction of the sweat glands in the cheeks E. increased permeability of superficial vessels
B. dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks
A "heart attack", or "MI" aka myocardial __________ results from atherosclerosis when _________ forms in the coronary arteries causing ___________ (low blood flow) in the myocardium. A. infiltration, neoplasia, tumors B. infarct, plaque, ischemia C. ischemia, necrosis, angina D. infarct, metaplasia, angina E. infiltration, necrosis, hypoxia
B. infarct, plaque, ischemia
The thumb is _________ to the fifth digit (little finger) A. distal B. lateral C. medial D. proximal E. superficial
B. lateral
The activity of apocrine sweat glands A. produce cerumen B. leads to body odor C. gives the skin a healthy glow D. produces sweat on the palm of the hand E. produces an oily secretion
B. leads to body odor
Type II diabetes is a _______ disorder defined by insulin ________. A. autoimmune, deficiency B. metabolic, resistance C. inflammatory, hyperactivity D. hyperplastic, resistance E. neoplastic, deficiency
B. metabolic, resistance
White matter in the spinal cord contains which of the following? A. motor neuron nuclei B. neural crest cells C. glial cells D. pyramidal cells E. mossy fibers
B. neural crest cells
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) could complicate a pregnancy by damaging the ___________, by disrupting ___________ development or through ___________ toxemia. A. inner cell mass, sperm, paternal B. placenta, embryonic, maternal C. ovaries, polar body, maternal D. testes, embryonic, paternal
B. placenta, embryonic, maternal
A bullet enters the left lung and collapses it. Which cavity has been entered? A mediastinal B. pleural C. vertebral D. cranial
B. pleural
The figure illustrates keratinization in the epidermis. What layer of the epidermis is "A"? A. stratum spinosum B. stratum corneum C. stratum basale D. stratum lucidum D. stratum granulosum
B. stratum corneum
The various types of epithelium are classified by A. the size and shape of cells B. the shape of cells and number of cell layers C. the number of cell layers and size of the cells D. the size and location of cells E. function and size of cells
B. the shape of cells and number of cell layers
Implantation of the human blastocyst in the uterine wall occurs at about __________ weeks following the last menstrual period. A. one B. three C. five D. eight
B. three
Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology? A. a car out of gas and stops B. a teacher marks all the wrong answers on students exam papers C. a toilet tank refills itself after a flush D. an automatic door opens as soon s somebody approaches it E. a clock ticks on a shelf
C. a toilet tank refills itself after a flush
Activity A involves the following: a. sudoriferous (sweat glands) b. puberty c. odorless organic compounds that become odiferous when mixed with bacteria d. evolutionary method for finding an appropriate mate e. axillae, genitalia, around anus f. coiled, tubular glands Activity A is: A. sebaceous gland secretion B. holocrine secretion of sebum C. activation of apocrine glands D. secretion of a substance that lubricates the eyelid E. secretion of cerumen that lubricates the eardrum
C. activation of apocrine glands
Which of the following combinations would be correct regarding the ploidy of human cells and chromosome numbers? A. diploid, n, 46 B. haploid, 2n, 23 C. aneuploid, 45 D. all of the above are correct
C. aneuploid, 45
An autoimmune attack against the _______ cells in the pancreatic islets results in _________ diabetes, versus insulin resistance that constitutes _______ diabetes. A. alpha, type II, type I B. beta, type II, type I C. beta, type I, type II D. alpha, type I, type II
C. beta, type I, type II
Diagnostics show infection by SARSCoV2 also results in lymphocytopenia. This term states that a "differential" white blood cell (WBC) count in COVID-19 revels _______ lymphocytes in circulating blood compared to the total number of white blood cells. A. no change in (the lymphocyte count) B. more C. fewer
C. fewer
Visual inspection of the appearance of the structures and organs visible to the naked eye is associated with which of the following? A. Histology B. Physiology C. Gross anatomy D. radiology E. cytology
C. gross anatomy
Embryonic Stem Cells are primarily found in the ___________ of the blastocyst to serve as the progenitors for all of the 10^15 cells and over 200 cell types is our body. A. trophoblast B. placenta C. inner cell mass D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
C. inner cell mass
Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly? A. basal cell carcinoma B. squamous cell carcinoma C. melanoma D. Kaposi's sarcoma E. psoriasis
C. melanoma
Which of the following are the four major histological tissue types? A. nervous, epithelial, endoderm, ectoderm B. epithelial, muscular, epithelial, conductive C. nervous, epithelial, contractile, connective D. ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, epithelial
C. nervous, epithelial, contractile, connective
Histopathology of COVID19 lung biopsies shows ___________ hyperplasia in the alveoli of the lungs, in associated with ARDS (Actue respiratory distress syndrome ARDS) A. platelet B. myocyte C. pneumocyte D. endothelial cell E. erythrocyte
C. pneumocyte
The amount of body area involved with a burn is determine by the A. color of the skin B. amount of pain C. rule of nines D. cause of the burn E ABCDE rule
C. rule of nines
The amount of body area involved with a burn is determines by the A. color of the skin Bb. amount of pain C. rule of nines D. cause of the burn E. ABCDE rule
C. rule of nines
A ___________ describes a cellular transformation resulting in a neoplasm or cancer of a(n) ___________ tissue. A. carcinoma, nervous B. glioblastoma, epithelial C. sarcoma, connective D. leukemia, contractile E. hemangioma, nervous
C. sarcoma, connective
A good vaccine for COVID19 would effectively target _______ on the SARSCoV2 virus to prevent infection of ACE2 expressing cells A. ACE2 B. TMPRSS2 C. spike protein D. IL-6 E. immunoglobulins
C. spike protein
The epidermal layer that is present in the nail bed and the nail matrix is the A. stratum corneum B. stratum lucidum C. stratum basale D. stratum spinosum E. stratum lunula
C. stratum basale
inflammation of the sheath surrounding the connective tissue that joins muscle to bone is known as: A. sprain B. fracture C. tendonitis D. cramp E. ptosis
C. tendonitis
Embryonic stem cells are primarily located in: A. the placenta B. the stratum corneum C. the inner cell mass D. the trophoblast
C. the inner cell mass
Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to U.V. light but do not suffer from Vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is, A. they do not need vitamin D B. their exposure to U.V. light in the summer will last for a year C. they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine animals D. they do not require sunlight for vitamin D formation E. their bodies produce vitamin D another way.
C. they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals
The term "dorsal" means A. further from the point of attachment to the body B. to lie with the anterior surface down C. toward the back of the body D. away from the midline E. towards the front of the body
C. toward the back of the body
Binding of _________ proteins to DNA __________ in the 5' regions of genes is a means for genomic regulation of tissue morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis A. telomerase, promoters B. growth factor, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK's) C. transcription factor, enhancers D. cytokine, G-protein coupled receptors E. polymerase, telomeres
C. transcription factor, enhancers
The DNA binding proteins that allow binding of RNA polymerase during transcription to orchestrate tissue morphogenesis are called: A. phosphatases B. tyrosine kinases C. transcription factors D. DNA polymerases
C. transcription factors
Activity A involves the following: extension of the rete ridges of epidermis deeply into the dermal layer, increase proliferation and turnover of cells in the epidermis, scaling, erythematous plaques, no effective treatments to date Activity A is: A. acne B. melanoma C. Rete's disease D. Psoriasis E. Cellulitus
D. Psoriasis
Given the following list (a-e) of cellular functions in tissue morphogenesis/homeostasis, and a list of matching regulatory molecules (i-v), select the answer that best matches the proper cell function to the correct regulatory molecule. a. cell differentiation, b. proliferation/cell cycle, c. adhesion, d. apoptosis, e. epigenetics i. integrin; ii. cyclin; iii. caspase; iv. methylase; v. transcription factor A. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv e-v B. a-v, b-i, c-iv, d-ii, e-iii C. a-i, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii, e-v D. a-v, b-ii, c-i, d-iii, e-iv E. a-ii, b-v, c-i, d-iv, e-iii
D. a-v, b-ii, c-i, d-iii, e-iv
The acronym "A.D.M.E" in reference to the pharmacokinetics for drug administration stands for: A. absorption, differentiation, metabolism, elimination B. apoptosis, differentiation, metaplasia, elimination C. autophagy, distribution, metastasis, exocytosis D. absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination E. apoptosis, diffraction, metabolism, exocytosis
D. absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
Activity A involves: sebum buildup, Oxy10, hormonal activity, bacteria, sebaceous glands, inflammation of clogged pores, occasional cysts Activity A is: A. chemical burns B. psoriasis C. Justin Bieber syndrome D. acne E. second degree burn
D. acne
Activity A involves: sebum buildup, Oxy10, hormonal activity, bacteria, sebaceous glands, inflammation of clogged pores, occasional cysts. Activity A is: A. chemical burns B. psoriasis C. Justin Bieber syndrome D. acne E. 2nd degree burns
D. acne
Cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, adhesion and apoptosis can all occur in which of the following? A. carcinogenesis B. homeostasis C. morphogenesis D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
D. all of the above
Monoclonal antibodies can be used in the pandemic for: A. immunity against SARSCoV2 infection B. immunomodulation therapy to treat COVID19 C. immunoassay for the COVID19 cytokine response to the infection D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
D. all of the above
The major causes of mortality from SARSCoV2 infection and the subsequent COVID19 disease include: A. vascular thromboembolisms (VTE) B. multiple organ failure C. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
D. all of the above
Which of the follow utilizes cell adhesion: A. implantation of an embryo in the uterine wall B. homing of white blood cells during wound healing C. formation of a blood clot D. all of the above E. none of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following provides homeostatic defense against cancer in humans? A. cell-cycle checkpoints B. immune surveillance C. apoptosis D. all of the above C. only A and B are correct
D. all of the above
Which of the following utilize cell adhesion: A. embryonic implantation B. platelet aggregation C. white blood cell homing D. all of the above E. only A and B
D. all of the above
high blood pressure (hypertension) results from transformation of _________ cells into a dysfunctional phenotype. A. epicardial B. myocardial C. endothelial D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
D. all of the above
Hardening of a tissue is related to ________ if it occurs in blood vessels, or _________ if it occurs in integumentary connective tissue. A. arteriosclerosis, Parkinson's B. arthritis, ALS C. alzheimer's, scleroderma D. arteriosclerosis, scleroderma E. cirrhosis, TBI
D. arteriosclerosis, scleroderma
Activity A involves the following: a. staphylococcus or streptococcus infection b. a break in skin on an extremity c. peripheral vascular disease, or diabetes, or use of corticosteroids d. sudden unexplained fever e. redness or rash that progresses towards the heart f. bacterial attack possibly resulting in endocarditis Activity AAA is: A. Ebola B. skin aging C. activation of merocrine glands D. cellulitis E. third degree burns
D. cellulitis
Osteons contain both _______ and ________ that distinguish it from cartilage: A. hyaluronic acid, lamellae B. lacunae, hyaluronic acid C. osteocytes, chondrocytes D. central canal, osteocytes
D. central canal, osteocytes
Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test or criterion for a mole used to determine if a mole is cancerous? A. color B. border C. asymmetry D. freckles E. diameter
D. freckles
Directional terms are important in the study of anatomy. What does "E" represent? A. median B. right C. left D. inferior E. lateral
D. inferior
Melanoma is a cancer arising from melanocytes. It tends to metastasize (spread to other organs) because: A. it has very few receptors for growth factors in skin B. it has an abundance of keratin and this increases its potential to migrate C. it has very few desmosomes, tight junctions, or hemidesmosomes D. it arose originally from neural cells that were migratory
D. it arose originally from neural cells that were migratory
Organization of cells into tissues in the embryo is called_____________: A. metamorphosis B. neoplasia C. carcinogenesis D. morphogenesis
D. morphogenesis
Which of the following functions is associated with the skin? A. fat production B. vitamin C production C. regulation of body pH D. protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun E. vitamin A production
D. protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun
An anatomic image created from sound waves is a Select one: A. radiograph. B. CT scan. C. MRI. D. sonogram
D. sonogram
Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body A. stratum basale B. stratum spinosum C. stratum granulosum D. stratum lucidum E. stratum corneum
D. stratum lucidum
Homeostasis is defined as: A. the production oof energy by cells B. the combination of growth, self-repair, and energy release C. an amplification of deviation from the normal range D. the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body E. a condition in the body that does not involve fluctuation
D. the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
Activity A involves: avoidance of first-pass removal by liver, prevention of exposure to low pH of stomach, avoidance of large variations in plasma concentration, steady delivery of drug, exploitation of the stratum corneum, Butrans, Tegaderm, EasyComforts Activity A is: A. hair restoration treatment B. dating Jusi\tin Biber C. stepping on a tack D. transdermal delivery of drugs E. oral medication
D. transdermal delivery of drugs
which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B C. Vitamin c D. Vitamin D E. Vitamin E
D. vitamin D
Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin production? A, black B. brown C. red D. white E. auburn
D. white
Given the following list (a-f) of human development terms, choose the description (i-iv) that best matches the term. a. zygote, b. blostocysts, c. fetus, d. inner cell mass, e. gastrulation, f. germ cells i. implantation stage embryo; ii. embryonic stem cells; iii. 2n, single cell embryo; iv. forms ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm; v. second & third trimesters; gametes A. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv, e-v, f-vi B. a-v, b-i, c-vi, d-ii, e-iii, f-iv C. a-vi, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii, e-v, f-i D. a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-vi, e-ii, f-v E. a-iii, b-i, c-v, d-ii, e-iv, f-vi
E. a-iii, b-i, c-v, d-ii, e-iv, f-vi
The public health data that track the incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality for COVID-19 are listed on several prominent web sites. Given the list of data parameters below (i-iv) and a list of descriptions for each parameter (a-f), match each parameter with the best description a. total deaths, b. total deaths/population, c. active cases, d. hospitalization (illness symptoms/severity), e. total cases/population, f. new cases i. incidence; ii. prevalence; iii. mortality; iv. morbidity; v. incidence per capita; vi. mortality per capita A. a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv, e-v, f-vi B. a-v, b-i, c-iv, d-ii, e-vi, f-iii C. a-v, b-vi, c-i, d-iii, e-iv, f-ii D. a-vi, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii, e-v, f-i E. a-iii, b-vi, c-ii, d-iv, e-v, f-i
E. a-iii, b-vi, c-ii, d-iv, e-v, f-i
"Differential gene expression" defines (or determines) which of the following? A. the subset of the genome expressed by a cell B. the cellular phenotype C. the proteins in a cell D. cell differentiation E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Aging is characterized by: A. stem cell depletion B. collagen degradation C. slower tissue repair and replacement D. telomere shortening E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery: A. forms between the endothelium and the smooth muscle layers B. contains inflammatory cells C. contains LDL-cholesterol D. can cause myocardial ischemia E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Endothelial dysfunction can contribute to which of the following complications. A. VTE (venous thromboembolism) B. DVT (deep vein thrombosis) C. atherosclerosis/MI D. stroke E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), hypertension and Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) A. obesity (management of) B. diet C. exercise D. smoking/vaping E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following comorbidities that increase the risk for COVID19? A. respiratory disorder (e.g. smoking, vaping, asthma) B. hypertension C. T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) D. obesity E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following functions is associated with the skin? A. protection B. vitamin D production C. temperature regulation D. excretion E. all of the above
E. all of the above
A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses? A. a decrease in heart rate B. an increase in the respiratory rate C. an increase in physical activity D. unconsciousness E. both a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the respiratory rate
E. both a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the respiratory rate
Activity A involves the following: a. cleavage (tension) lines b. elastin and collagen fibers (orientated in various directions) c. rapid expansion of skin d. pregnancy e. layers of dermis Activity A is: A. serous membranes B. visceral membranes C. SQ fat D. developing fingerprints E. developing stretch marks
E. developing stretch marks
Which of the following are embryonic tissues, compromising the "trilaminar embryo", are formed during gastrulation? A. nervous, epithelial, endoderm, ectoderm B. mesoderm, ectoderm, conductive C. ectoderm, mesoderm, epithelial D. connective, mesoderm, endoderm E. ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
E. ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Cell migration is a major part of ________ in development tissue morphogenesis and then poses a problem as metastasis in __________. A. metastasis, implantation B. fertilization, mutagenesis C. ovulation, fertilization D. immunity, placentation E. gastrulation, cancer
E. gastrulation, cancer
Activity A involves the following: a. 98.6 b. 60 BPM c. a normal range d. mostly negative feedback, but occasionally positive feedback e. a set point f. receptor g. effector of the variable h. control center in the brain Activity A is: A. albinism B. chloracne C. pharmaceutical intervention D. cellulitis E. homeostasis
E. homeostasis
Activity A involves the following: a. asymmetry b. irregular borders c. abnormal color d. diameter bigger than pencil eraser e. evolving characteristics f. neural crest cells Activity A is: A. squamous carcinoma B. basal cell carcinoma C. activation of apocrine glands D. eating a bug E. melanoma
E. melanoma
Endothelial ____________ in COVID19 lung was detected with __________ utilizing diagnostic monoclonal antibodies specific to the human caspase-3 protein. A. proliferation, flow cytometry B. differentiation, MRI C. apoptosis, immunohistochemistry D. autophagy, histology E. migration, ELISA
E. migration, ELISA
An osteoblast (stem cell) in bone marrow is capable of renewing and replacing osteocytes in regenerating bone because it has which of the following properties: A. self-renewal B. pluripotency C. metaplasia D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
E. only A and B are correct
Apoptosis, defined as programmed cell death, occurs at high frequency in: A. gastrulation B. heart development C. autophagy D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
E. only A and B are correct
Consider a pharmacogenetic cross between two heterozygous drug metabolizers Fs x Fs, with a dominant "fast" allele (F) and a recessive "slow" allele (s). Which of the following would be true for the F1 offspring? A. the genotypic ratio would be 1:2:1, FF:Fs,Fs:ss B. the phenotypic ratio would be 3:1 fast:slow C. all of the offspring would be fast metabolizers D. all of the above are correct E. only A and B are correct
E. only A and B are correct
The COVID19 micrographs that we studied revealed which of the following forms of inflammation? A. vasculitis B. myocarditis C. tendonitis D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
E. only A and B are correct
The myocardial necrosis cause by infection from SARSCoV2 results in: A. decreased cardiac output B. hypoxia C. arrhythmia D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
E. only A and B are correct
Which of the following represents the triad of major pathogenic contributors that leads high risk for mortality from COVID-19? A. infection of ACE2 expressing sells by SARSCOv2 causing necrosis and tissue/organ dysfunction B. cytokine storm C. renin angiotensin system dysfunction via ACE2 alteration D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
E. only A and B are correct
which of the following is derived from mesoderm: A, blood B. cartilage C. neural crest D. all of the above E. only A and B are correct
E. only A and B are correct
A cell is uniquely defined as a stem cell when it has the following properties A. pluripotency B. self-renewal C. conductance D. all of the above E. only A and B are true
E. only A and B are true
Extensive cell differentiation would be found in: A. gastrulation B. hematopoiesis C. autophagy D. all of the above E. only A and B are true
E. only A and B are true
In the anatomical position, the A. arms are crossed over the chest B. palms of the hands face posteriorly C. body is erect with the head turned to the right D. thumbs point to the midline of the body E. palms of the hands face anteriorly
E. palms of the hands face anteriorly
Which of the following represents the correct order of layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to the deepest? A. Stratum basale, stratum gronulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum B. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum C. stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, and stratum spinosum D. stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum and stratum granulosum E. stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
E. stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
The visceral pleura is A. a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the bod wall B. the serous membrane that covers the lungs C. the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities D. space located between the visceral and parietal pleura E. the membrane that lines the pericardial sac
E. the membrane that lines the pericardial sac
Activity A involves the following: a. sound waves b. trans-vaginal imaging c. trans-abdominal imaging d. computer analysis of reflected waves e. baby's first pictures Activity A is: A. X-rays B. computed tomography C. MRI D. PET scans (positron emission tomography) E. ultrasound
E. ultrasound
Which of the following are true about a basement membrane A. it is made from proteins secreted by epithelial cells during epithelial morphogenesis B. integrins bind the cell to basement membrane collagen C. the apical or luminal surface of a cell would be attached to the basement membrane D. all of the above e. only A and B are true
e. only A and B are true
