Period 4 Social Quiz

John Quincy Adams

"That is the root of almost all the troubles in the present and fear for the future." (on slavery)

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 Which other "righteous cause" would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support?

Abolitionism

William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society were known for

Advocating for immediate and uncompensated emancipation

The main goal of the American Colonization Society was to promote colonization in

Africa by free Black persons and former slaves

J.M. Peck

He Questioned state laws that stopped people from teaching slaves to read because he knew that those laws weren't being effective

Alexis De Toqueville

He believed that slaver should be abolished but didn't thing that blacks and whites could live together peacefully afterwards. He thought that the north only got rid of slavery because it was convenient to them. He believed that people in the north were more industrious and hard-working than the people in the south.

Johann Roebling

He had heard of slaves rising up in the south to kill all of the slaveholders, he said that all reasonable Americans agree that slavery is the biggest "cancerous" problem in the US

Gustave Beaumont

He thought that slavery would eventually end in the US but he didn't think that African Americans would be equal even after slavery was abolished

"The rapid deterioration of wooden machinery created powerful incentives to fashion equipment out of brass, iron, and steel, which required more precise fabrication of hard metal parts. Improved grinding and milling machines, drills, metal planes, and machine tools of all types poured forth from workshops in France, Great Britain, and America. These innovations allowed toolmakers to perfect rough castings and fit ever-faster speeds. Everything from clocks and watches to farm machinery and railway locomotives benefited over and over again from the constant improvement of the tools for making machines." -Source: John Lauritz Larson, "The Market Revolution in America, Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good," 2010 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following? Choose 1 answer:

Improvements in the manufacturing of goods

The theme of individualism is most evident in the writings of

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Which of the following statements best characterizes the activists who attended the Seneca Falls Convention?

They called for expanded women's rights

Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, women reformers were most active in the cause of

Temperance

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the central and western areas of New York were known as the "burned-over district" because

of intense religious zeal created during the second great awakening

"In the meantime, what has agriculture been doing in spite of all Mr. Clay's efforts to convert our young farmers into manufacturers? . . . Our agriculture is spreading in every direction, not only counties but by States, while population in our manufacturing regions is almost stationary. . . Although agriculture must thus outgrow this legislative home market, till our unexplored forests on north-western, western, and south-western borders, are converted into fields and pastures, we must go on taxing ourselves for generations to come, to increase the wealth of a small portion of our wealthy men and their posterity. Strip this American system of all its sophistries, and what is it, but a fraudulent partnership between a portion of our politicians and capitalists . . ." -Source: "Commercial Reciprocity and the American System," The United States Democratic Review, 1844 Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the views expressed in the excerpt?

plantation owners in the south

"The question before us is the right of suffrage— who shall or who shall not have the right to vote. The committee have presented the scheme they thought best; to abolish all existing distinctions, and make the right of voting uniform. Is this not right? . . . The principle of the scheme now proposed is, that those who bear the burthens [sic] of the state, should choose those that rule it. — There is no privilege given to property, as such; but those who contribute to the public support, we consider as entitled to a share in the election of rulers." -Nathan Sanford, excerpt from the Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention of the State of New York, 1821 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?

the extension of suffrage to white women

"Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europe-look at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, and compare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. . . I turn to the political; and here I fearlessly assert that the existing relation between the two races in the South, against which these blind fanatics are waging war, forms the most solid and durable foundation on which to rear free and stable political institutions. . . The condition of society in the South exempts us from the disorders and dangers resulting from this conflict; and which explains why it is that the political condition of the slaveholding States has been so much more stable and quiet than that of the North. . ." -Source: John C. Calhoun, "Slavery as a Positive Good," Teaching American History, 1837 Which of the following statements best describes the major change in Southerners' views on slavery as described in the excerpt?

Southerners saw slavery as a righteous practice in which enslavers were caring for the people they enslaved.

"In terms of international power politics, the Monroe Doctrine represented the moment when the United States felt strong enough to assert a 'sphere of influence' that other powers must respect. In terms of national psychology, the Monroe Doctrine marked the moment when Americans no longer faced eastward across the Atlantic and turned to face westward across the continent. The changed orientation was reflected in domestic political alignments." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 Which of the following historical events best illustrates the general argument in the excerpt about how Americans "turned to face westward across the continent"? Choose 1 answer:

The American Mexican War

Which of the following political changes most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening?

A participatory democracy expanded the belief in the importance of the individual

"The great increase of drunkenness, within the last half century, among the people of the United States, led a number of philanthropic individuals . . . to consult together, upon the duty of making more united, systematic, and extended efforts for the prevention of this evil. Its cause was at once seen to be, the use of intoxicating liquor; and its appropriate remedy, abstinence. It was also known, that the use of such liquor, as a beverage, is not only needless, but injurious to the health, the virtue, and the happiness of men. It was believed, that the facts which had been . . . collected would prove this . . . ; and that if the knowledge of them were universally disseminated it would, with the divine blessing, do much toward changing the habits of the nation. . . . [The American Temperance Society's] object is . . . the exertion of kind moral influence . . . to effect such a change of sentiment and practice, that drunkenness and all its evils will cease." Introduction to a book of reports from the American Temperance Society, 1835 Which of the following evidence did the American Temperance Society in the excerpt use to support its argument about the need for the temperance movement?

Alcohol consumption damaged people's physical and emotional well-being.

"In civil and political affairs, American women take no interest or concern, except so far as they sympathize with their family and personal friends; but in all cases, in which they do feel a concern, their opinions and feelings have a consideration, equal, or even superior, to that of the other sex. "In matters pertaining to the education of their children, in the selection and support of a clergyman, in all benevolent enterprises, and in all questions relating to morals or manners, they have a superior influence. In such concerns, it would be impossible to carry a point, contrary to their judgement [sic] and feelings; while an enterprise, sustained by them, will seldom fail of success." -Source: Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, 1841 The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence of which of the following in American society? Choose 1 answer:

Continuities in gender roles for middle class and upper class women following the Market Revolution

Which of the following was a core belief of the transcendentalists of the early nineteenth century?

Individual Conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience

The women's movement in the antebellum period was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

Demands for equal compensation for equal work

All of the following contributed to the growth of the free African American population in the United States in the early nineteenth century EXCEPT

Federal constitutional provisions for emancipation

Which of the following statements best describes how art during the early 1800s contrasted with art from the late 1700s? Choose 1 answer:

It focused more on landscapes and less on portraits of individuals

"So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty." "If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." Source: John Marshall, Opinion of the Court in Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Which of the following statements best summarizes Marshall's argument about the Supreme Court?

It should judge whether a law is constitutional

". . . But we are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed— to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife. . . . And, strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live." -Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention, "Declaration of Sentiments," 1848 The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by which of the following foundational documents?

The Declaration of Independence

"Free should the scholar be,—free and brave. . . . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. . . . We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence. . . . A nation of men will for the first time exist." Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer, 1837

The Emergence of a national culture

"As a means of effecting this end I suggest for your consideration the propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limit of any State or Territory now formed, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it. . . There they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization. . . "This emigration would be voluntary, for it would be as cruel and unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject to their laws. . ." -Source: Andrew Jackson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1829 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following? Choose 1 answer:

The Indian Removal Act

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder, 2005 The goals of the Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?

The puritans in new England

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The language used in both excerpts most directly reflects the influence of which of the following?

The second great awakening

"When the churches are thus awakened and reformed, the reformation and salvation of sinners will follow, going through the same stages for conviction, repentance, and reformation. Their hearts will be broken down and changed. Very often the most abandoned profligates are among the subjects. Harlots, and drunkards, and infidels, and all sorts of abandoned characters are awakened and converted." -Source: Charles G. Finney, "What A Revival of Religion Is," New York Evangelist, 1834 The ideas expressed in the excerpt are more closely aligned with which of the following broader historical developments?

The second great awakening

"Not far from this time Nat Turner's insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . . "It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . . "I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . . "It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection." Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century Which of the following claims best aligns with the evidence in the excerpt about the relationship between enslaved African Americans and White Southern citizens?

The slave system gave poor White citizens the feeling of social superiority over free and enslaved African Americans in a culture where African Americans held little power

Thomas Hamilton

Thought that slavery in america was especially appalling because it was supposed to be the land of the free. HE thought that the north only got rid of slavery because it was profitable for them and he realized that the only way to get rid of slavery would be through war.

"Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit." The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following intellectual trends?

Transcendentalism

James Alexander

Visited New Orleans, and was alarmed when he read pamphlets that were telling slaves to rise up and murder all of the slaveholders

Henry Tudor

Was disgusted by slavery but thought that it should come to a gradual end so that slaves could be educated about their societal responsibility

"I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . . ". . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . . ". . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition." Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837. The ideas expressed by John C. Calhoun and others who shared his views on slavery had which of the following effects on emerging abolitionist movements in the years leading up to the Civil War?

as many people began to see slavery as a southern way of life, attitude on both sides of the slavery argument hardened so that political compromise became difficult.

The development of the Second Great Awakening can best be linked to which of the following historical situations?

increased geographic mobility aided travel to new regions and the sharing of ideas

"Conditions were slightly better in Virginia, but the antislavery movement made little headway there. Before 1800 organized support for gradual abolition was limited primarily to the Society of Friends, the Methodists, and two manumission societies in Henrico and Frederick counties. There was also sporadic opposition to slavery on the part of a few isolated individuals . . . But these persons represented an insignificant minority in Virginia. Indeed, proslavery sentiment was so widespread by the turn of the century that Francis Asbury soberly predicted that slavery would endure in Virginia for ages. "After 1800 the gradual abolition movement in Virginia became more and more feeble. . . . no more than ten weak antislavery societies were established during the first three decades of the nineteenth century. . ." -Source: Gordon E. Finnie, historian, "The Antislavery Movement in the Upper South Before 1840," The Journal of Southern History, 1969 Which of the following most likely contributed to futility of the abolition movement in the South?

the increased reliance on enslaved labor to meet agricultural production goals

The dramatic increase in the South's slave labor force between 1810 and 1860 was due to

the natural population increase of American-born slaves