Pert Study guide ( Reading)

Symbol

- The use of a concrete object to represent an abstract thought or idea. - provide meaning beyond the actual words Examples: Darkness-evil , Dove-Peace Fox- Slyness,Craftiness The color white-Purity,cleanliness the season spring-rebirth,new beginnings. To Find Subjects 1. Identify plot and theme 2. Think about repeated nouns 3. Guess the meaning 4. Does it make sense?

Descriptive Texts

-Focuses on One subject -Depicts that subject clearly -lots of adjectives and adverb The writer has a lot of good details on the paper

expressing feelings

-Personal situation -Persuade - writers try to express feelings when they use the words I felt or I sense -Recognize strong emotions

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as - metaphors are a type of figurative language. -metaphor are a specific type of figurative languages called imagery. For example ( Love is a battlefield) ( Time is a thief) ( He is a night owl)

Overgeneralization

A failure of reasoning - when an author makes a claim that is so broad it cannot be proved or disproved - the author wants to create an illusion of authority -sway opinion of reader (Ex. Everybody knows she is a terrible teacher)

Literary Genre

A type of writing that has a particular form, style, or content Three major genres are Prose, Drama and Poetry. Prose- can be defined as a form of literature that follows a normal progression of conversation and syntax. Poetry- is a literary piece which uses rhyme rhythm and other styles in order to convey strongly a feeling. Narrative- is an account of a series of related events experiences or like whether true or fictitious

Similes

Are a type of figurative language. Smiles uses the word like or as to compare two unlike things. (Ex. He is as strong as an ox!", She can swim like a fish.) The clean tablecloth was white as a snow."

Inference

Are conclusions the reader makes using clues in the text. -Inference is different than making a guess because it is based on evidence. Example 1: Charlotte toddler is in bed asleep upstairs she hears a loud thump and then loud crying. -Inference:Charlotte can infer that her toddler fell out of bed. Example 2: Nolan sees cookie crumbs on the floor and Charlotte around his sons mouth -Inference: his son got into the cookie jar

Stereotypes

Are overgeneralization or oversimplification of particular characteristics of a group of people or things. - Stereotypes are often formed from people's cultures ethnicities and religions. Why/how are stereotypes used? -To align the reader's perspective with a specific agenda created by the author. -To connect with the audience. -In writing for comedic effect. -In satire to combat stereotypes. What the harm in stereotypes? -Offensive because they diminish individual preferences -Are boring and lazy in writing. -Used to spread hate and fear. (Ex. All girls like to play with dolls when they're young)

Quotation marks

Are used to separate quotes from the main sentence and attribute them to their respective owners -periods and commas:inside closing quotation marks -Semicolons and colons:outside closing quotation marks -Exclamation and question marks: depends -if the quote includes the exclamation/question:inside -if quote does not include the exclamation/question:outside (Ex. Which character said "To be or not to be"?)

Expository Passages

Are used to teach and explain information in an objective way. Used them to inform,compare and contrast or show cause and effect Expository essay will be about five paragraphs ( Introduction Body #1 Body #2 Body #3 and Conclusion)

Credible

Believable Author needs to be Knowledgeable and unbiased Knowledgeable- writer needs to understand what they writing about. Unbiased- the author doesn't need have a special agenda at hand they need to present all view points equally and fairly instead of casting one viewpoint in a negative light or casting another viewpoints in a positive light

technical passages

Complex object or process Nonfiction Medical or tech field Simply and clearly - logical order -subheadings and headings - letters and number

supporting details

Details that support the main idea -reinforcing a larger point - informative and persuasive texts -easy to spot ( First Second Finally For instance or For Example.) -factual and relevant (Factual: accurate and Relevant: relate back to the main idea)

Compare and Contrast

Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout. 1. Analysis of two or more things so an evaluation can be made. 2. To gain insight and understanding of two or more things. -State and give an explanation of three or more major elements shared by the subjects that are being compared and contrast. - of the elements that you stated and explained shine light on the similarities and differences of each. - construct a thesis stating your stance concerning the major subjects that have been compared and contrasted.

historical context

Historical Period During which it was written - dickens:paid by word=long novels -dialect: is something else you can pay attention to. Historical Setting -dialect - Major Events That are going on Civil war ( slave narrative) -Themes of power race equality - World War 2 Genocide:Jewish/Nazi Themes of race power and democracy.

Identifying a logical conclusion

Inference as a conclusion that is formed because of known facts or evidence.

Informative text

Informative text educates the reader about a specific topic it a unique type of writing ( A Manual Vacation Brochures and a non-fiction book are all examples of informative text) Written Cues,graphics, illustrations and organizational structure are all aids you find in informative text. Written cues- the tables of content at the front of the book makes it easy for readers to quickly see where they find specific information. Graphics- to help the reader understand the subject (Flows diagrams, sketches, and maps are all,examples of other graphics used in informative texts.) Illustrations- Provide additional visual techniques in informative texts ( you can focus on one part of the heart by magnifying a specific area that gives the reader even more information and the ability to study the pulmonary artery the aorta or the ventricles in greater detail.) Organizational structure- a bold word creates emphasis and tells readers this is important a phrase set in italics is similar it adds extra emphasis on an important word or phrase Numbered of bulleted lists set apart important information in an orderly fashion. ( authors might use headings sub-headings and label to also denote importance.

Narratives

Is a piece of writing that is a story - nonfiction or fiction - plot -characters -figurative language ( Ex. The moon was a frosty snowball)

Figurative Language

Is just any language that employs phrases or words that have a different meaning than they would if they were interpreted literally. -Figurative language typically exaggerates what is literal in order to convey a point Five main types of figurative languages Similes Metaphor Hyperbole Personification and Symbolism. Simile- used like or as to directly compare two different things. ( she is tough as a nails.) Metaphor- is actually kind of similar to a smilie but metaphor compares them in a more absolute way ( Bobby Jo is a chicken.) Hyperbole- An extreme exaggeration of facts in order to stress the significance of a point ( It was so cold the polar bears wear their blankets.). Personification- the use of words that imply human qualities to describe something that is not human ( the sky is crying) Symbolism- is typically what some object is used to represent a deeper meaning ( a dove is a classic symbol for peace) or ( he became fearful after the black cat crossed his path the black cat crossing someone path means bad luck).

Outlining

Just give you an idea of what you're going to be writing about - Interviewing A. Making good first impression 1. Shake hands 2. Eye contact B. Answering questions well 1. Be through 2. Be concise

Present a problem/solution

Problem-solution Solution-problem-solution Problem-solution,solution,solution Agenda Point of view

Predictions

Readers uses their own experiences and understanding of what they're currently reading to predict what comes next. - focus on each word and piece of punctuation -recall what you previously read and use that information to help inform your predictions - think ahead and anticipate

Persuasive essay

Tries to convince the reader to adopt the opinion of the writer - should demonstrate a keen understanding of its audience -consider the interests prior knowledge and learnings styles of the audience -Thesis at the end of the introduction in persuasive essays Establish credibility first win trust or at least interest first Use an anecdote or stay Making claims- small claims along the way should support the central argument -claim should be rooted in fact and observations Must be confirmed include references with persuasive essays Examples and Expert Opinions -Examples are most effective when they complement facts -Examples are a good way to make any facts more interesting or understandable -Experts opinions should have a title or credential that clearly indicates the experts knowledge and experience in the topic. Emotional Appeals -Opinions are formed by emotions as well as reason - should be used in a proper and ethical manner (Ex. Drunk Driving Ads vs Politics and Loaded Language)

Transitional words and phrases

Used to guide the reader through the text. -Time information: After Before During in the middle of - Indicate an example is about to be given ( Ex. in fact, for instance.) -For comparing ( Ex. Also, likewise) - For contrasting ( Ex. However but yet) - Suggest addition ( Ex. And also, furthermore) -Logical Relationships (Ex. If, then, therefore, as a result, since) -Steps in a process (Ex. First, Second, Last) Uses your transitional words and phrases where they orient your reader and illuminate the structure of your composition.

Text Evidence

Uses information from an originating source or other texts to supports an argument. P-D-F Precise, descriptive and factual. Examples of factual- About 327 million people live in the United States. Nearly half of American households own dogs Testimony- Providing a set of facts based on expertise. Statistics Expert testimony Anecdote- can serve valuable literary purpose by keeping the audience engaged and leading them to the facts. Analogy- compares two different things (Ex. My house is as hot as the sun.) Analogical evidence- the author tries to show a parallel.

Bias

When the author is unfair or inaccurate in his or her presentation. - has a point of view - ignores reasonable counter arguments - distorts opposing viewpoints

purpose (author's)

Why the writer wrote the paper -inform -entertain -persuade An informative paper is basically when the reader or the writer is just giving the reader facts about something. An paper that is meant to entertain is generally fiction. Persuade an author is going to try to hide that they're trying to persuade you when someone knows are trying to be persuaded they're going to be wary or skeptical of the arguments that the writer is throwing at them.

Theme

a unifying or dominant idea in a work of fiction - the theme is the main topic or central idea. - the theme is supposed to be an oversimplification of the story meaning. Motif-=is a recurring literary structure that helps develop your theme. It is a meaningful pattern that reuses objects characters even weather to further emphasize the theme. Symbol- it an image character or object that has a meaning beneath the immediate surface.

Word Usage

how a word is used correctly or incorrectly -Understanding Words and how to use them will greatly improve your ability to be an effective writer. 1. Does this word actually make sense in the context? 2. Who is your audience? 3. Are you being clear? ( their they're and there) -Their: shows possessions of something and is generally followed by a noun. (Ex. We went to their home for dinner.) -They're: is a contraction of they are and generally is followed by a verb as in ( Ex. They're coming with us.) -Knowing your audience.

Narrator

the person who tells the story -1st person: I,me-character -3rd person: he,she How much do they know ? - narrators are going to know what all the characters thoughts are.

Point of view

the perspective from which a story is told - First Person- uses the personal pronouns I or We. - Helps connect the author with the reader - the reader feels a closeness and an emotional connection Second Person- uses the second-person pronoun you - you is very informal Third-Person - He she they it -Their Themselves Himself and Itself - the point of view of the subject ( Ex. he always hated shopping for clothes) Third-Person limited -the narrator knows what one character thinks and feels Third-Person Omniscient -knowing everything -Compare the thoughts and feelings of the characters -show tension between characters -Provide a point of view of events -Contrast actions

Transition Words

Signal how what you're going to talk about is connected to what you just talked about. Additive Adversarial Casual Sequential -Additive Transitions: Add onto what you're talking about or introduce a related concepts. (Ex. And Besides Not to mention Indeed Moreover.) (Ex. This laptop is the fastest one we have not to mention that it has the best screen.) -Adversarial Transitions: Contrast two things (Ex. But In Contrast Even Though In Any Case Rather) (Ex. This car is reasonably priced However it woefully unpowered.) -Casual Transitions: indicate a cause-and-Effect relationship between two sentences or paragraphs. (Ex. In view of In as much as On the condition that Consequently For the purpose of Under those Circumstances.) (Ex. The Rebel's made a final trench run in the hope that they would be able to blow up the space ship.) Sequential Transitions: indicate a progression of events. ( Ex. First Second Third Previously Initially.) ( Ex. Previously on Thunder Valley.)

Synonyms and Antonyms

Synonyms are words with the exact or similar meaning as another word. - Whole and Complete (Ex. Gene has the whole Harry Potter series on his bookshelf. Gene has the complete Harry Potter series on his bookshelf.') Antonyms are words opposite in meaning to another word (Ex. Giraffe are very tall due to the length of their necks., Giraffe are very short due to their length of their necks.)

False Dichotomy

The author creates an artificial sense that there are only two possibilities alternatives in a situation - author limits the reader,s options and imagination For example you need to go to the party with me otherwise you'll just be bored at home

False Analogy

The authors suggests that two things are similar when in fact they are different - false analogy( false comparisons) -something unknown= something familiar. - readers ignorance For example Failing to tip a waitress is like stealing money out of somebody wallet

Context

The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. Five main types of context clues Illustrations- examples or explanations of the word (such as, including for instance and like) Synonyms- is a word that shares a near meaning with another word Contrast- Antonyms of the clue Inference- don't have clear synonyms or antonyms and we don't have an illustration after the difficult word. Punctuation- commas and Quotation marks can be used to clarify the meaning of a word ( brackets can enclose additional explanations italics can further define a word)