Phase Changes
decrease pressure
How you can change the sample of matter at point A into a gas WITHOUT changing the temperature?
What also increases with temperature?
Kinetic Energy
crystallization
Lava cooling into rock is an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
What phase is this substance at Point G?
Liquid
deposition
The "special" phase change that happens when a gas changes directly into a solid (skipping the liquid phase) is called _____. ? (deposition, sublimation)
sublimation
The "special" phase change that happens when a solid changes directly into a gas (skipping the liquid phase) is called _____. ? (deposition, sublimation)
less than
The TIME it takes to boil one teaspoon of water is _____ the TIME it takes to boil one gallon of water. (more than, less than or the same as?)
Heat of Vaporization
The amount of energy required to change 1 gram of a liquid into a gas at its boiling point (J/g)
Specific Heat
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (J/g*°C) unique to each subtsance
the same as
The boiling point for one teaspoon of water is _____ the boiling point for one gallon of water. ? (higher than, lower than, the same as)
fusion
The butter on this corn shows an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
Fusion
The change in state from a solid to a liquid
gaining
The substance shown in the picture is _____ heat. ? (gaining, losing)
losing
The substance shown in the picture is _____ heat. ? (gaining, losing)
Freezing Point
The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid
boiling
The temperature where a substance changes from a liquid to a gas is a property known as its _____ point. ? (vaporization, condensation, crystallization; fusion)
melting
The temperature where a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is a property known as its _____ point. ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion, vaporization)
intensive
The temperature(s) that a substance changes state is an _____ property and can be used identify the substance.
boiling
The type of vaporization that happens at high temperatures, very quickly and everywhere in the liquid is called _____. ? (boiling, evaporation)
evaporation
The type of vaporization that happens at low temperatures, slowly and only at the surface of the liquid is called _____. ? (boiling, evaporation)
condensation
The water droplets on this car window are an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
condensation
The water droplets that form on the outside of the glass of ice water are an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
fusion
This ice cream shows an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
vaporization
This puddle drying up is an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
What phase change is occuring at segment DE?
Vaporization
vaporization
Wet hair drying is an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
Phase Diagrams
a graph of pressure versus temperature that shows which phase a substance exists in under different conditions of temperature and pressure
What happens to the material at point "G" when moves horizontally to the left (past the line with the letter "E"?
temperature decreases; changes from a liquid to a solid
Major points of the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
1. -All matter is composed of small particles 2. -that are in constant motion, moving in straight lines & change direction only when they collide with other molecules or with the walls of a container 3. -average amount of kinetic energy of the particles is proportional to the kelvin temperature of the sample.
condensation
A foggy mirror after a hot shower shows an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, freezing, melting, vaporization)
Phase Diagram Definition
A graph of pressure versus temperature that shows the conditions under which the phases of a substance exist
Heat (thermal energy)
A physical property of matter that is a form of energy produced by the motion of molecules or atoms.
vaporization
A pot of boiling water shows which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
deposition
A snowflake forming is an example of which phase change? ? (deposition, sublimation)
Condensation
Change from a gas to a liquid
Boiling
Change that happens when molecules below the surface of a liquid become a gas
Potential Energy
Energy that is stored and held in readiness
slower than
Evaporation happens _____ boiling. (slower than, faster than, or the same speed as?)
condensation
Fog in mountain valleys is an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
false
Most substances have the same boiling point. ? (true, false)
deposition
Name the "special" phase change shown in the picture. ? (deposition, sublimation)
condensation
Name the phase change shown in the picture. ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
crystallization
Name the phase change shown in the picture. ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
fusion
Name the phase change shown in the picture. ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
vaporization
Name the phase change shown in the picture. ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
sublimation
Name the special phase change shown in the picture. ? (deposition, sublimation)
Solid
Phase of matter with a definite volume and a definite shape
Solid Phase
Phase of matter with a definite volume and a definite shape; due to low KE and many intermolecular forces between particles
Liquid
Phase of matter with a definite volume and no definite shape
Liquid Phase
Phase of matter with a definite volume and no definite shape. Molecules are attracted to each other, but can flow.
Gas
Phase of matter with no definite volume and no definite shape
Critical Point on Graph
Point B on the Graph
Triple Point on Graph
Point D on the Graph
Kinetic Energy is Increasing on a Heating Curve
Segment AB on the Graph
Condensation Point on a Cooling Curve
Segment BC on the Graph
Melting Point on a Heating Curve
Segment BC on the Graph
Kinetic Energy is Decreasing on a Cooling Curve
Segment CD on the Graph
Boiling Point on a Heating Curve
Segment DE on the Graph
Freezing Point on a Cooling Curve
Segment DE on the Graph
What phase is this substance at Point A?
Solid
What phase(s) exist during segment AB?
Solid
Condensation
The change of state from a gas to a liquid
Vaporization
The change of state from a liquid to a gas
Crystallization
The change of state from a liquid to a solid
Heat
The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures
Heat transfer
The flow of thermal energy from higher temperature to lower temperature
crystallization
The icy lake shows an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
false
The large bubbles seen rising from a pot of boiling water show water molecules being broken apart into oxygen gas and hydrogen gas. ? (true, false)
fusion
The metal gallium turns into a liquid from the heat of your hand and shows an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion, vaporization)
condensation
The morning dew on grass shows an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
condensation
The phase change that happens when a gas becomes a liquid is called _____. ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
vaporization
The phase change that happens when a liquid becomes a gas is called _____. ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion, vaporization)
crystallization
The phase change that happens when a liquid becomes a solid is called _____. ? (condensation, crystallization, fusion, vaporization)
fusion
The phase change that happens when a solid becomes a liquid is called _____. ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion, vaporization)
fusion
The pool of wax under the wick of this candle shows an example of which phase change? ? (condensation, crystallization; fusion; vaporization)
Heating Curve Definition
a graph that shows how temperature of a material changes when energy is added over time. It also shows the amount of energy the material absorbs as it changes state
temperature
a measurement of the speed of the particles in a solid,liquid,gas
Heat of Crystallization
amount heat that needs to be removed to crystallize 1 gram of a substance to its freezing point (J/g)
heat of fusion
amount of energy required at the melting point temperature to cause the change of phase to occur
Heat of Condensation
amount of heat that needs to be removed to change 1 gram of a gaseous substance to a liquid at its condensation point (J/g)
Condensation
an exothermic process in which a gas changes into a liquid
Deposition
an exothermic process in which a gas turns directly into a solid (without becoming a liquid) ie water vapor to ice
Phase Changes
change of state from one state to another
Is fusion (melting) endothermic or exothermic?
endothermic
Vaporization
endothermic process in which a liquid changes into a gas
endothermic
energy is absorbed by the "system" during a process or reaction
exothermic
energy is released (dissipated) into the surroundings (from the system) during a process or reaction
Is crystallization (freezing) endothermic or exothermic?
exothermic
Endothermic reaction
heat is absorbed during a reaction; it is a reactant; equipment gets cold to the touch; products have more energy than reactants
temperature
kinetic energy is directly proportional to _______________
crystallization
liquid to solid (exothermic)
When a chemical reaction is exothermic, heat is ____
on the product (right) side because energy is released
When a chemical reaction is endothermic, heat is ____
on the reactant (side) because it is used up/absorbed in the reaction
Sublimation
phase change from a solid to a gas (endothermic) ie dry ice
What happens to the material at point "G" when it moves vertically down but doesn't cross the line
pressure on the material
What phase(s) exist during segment DE?
solid and gas
fusion
solid to liquid (endothermic)
states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
Temperature vs Heat
temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object (or how hot or cold something is) while heat is the transfer of energy from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower one
Heat Capacity
the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a sample of matter exactly 1°C
An Example of Potential Energy
the chemical energy in a candy bar
Kinetic Energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
Heat of Fusion
the energy required to change 1 gram of a substance from a solid to liquid at its melting point (J/g)
Sublimation
the process in which a solid changes directly into a gas
freezing point
the temp at which a liquid turns into a solid
Triple Point
the temperature and pressure conditions at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance coexist at equilibrium
Critical Temperature
the temperature at and above which vapor of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much presure is applied
melting point
the temperature at which atomic or molecular vibrations of a solid become so great that the particles break free from fixed positions and begin to slide freely over each other in a liquid state
heat
the transfer of energy
phase changes
when matter goes from one state of matter to another state of matter
endothermic
when the energy level of the products is more than that of the reactants, the reaction is ___