PHI101 ALL
Paradigm as a trap
Creator of being not knowledge
Factors that complicate understanding a paradigm
Culture and Language.
what is the difference between Hardins "population cycle" and population escalator? why does he think an international food bank will take us from a cycle to an escalator?
Cycle- food can supply carrying capacity, when overpopulation occurs the safety factor or surplus is ruined. created a dangerously low ratio of resources to pop. a crop failure can cause overpop. not enough food to feed pop. outside is not met than it brings population back to normal level until cycle repeats. esulator- if rilers insufficently wise, countries can draw on a world food bank in times of emergency when not enough food and then instead of the pop going back down to normal by not having suomeone there to supply in an emergency there is always food supplied by the food bank and population consistantly grows esculator- constantly going up reproduction pushes the population upward, inputs from the world bank prevent its moving downward.
Justice
Dealing with what is rightly owed or what due in such exchanges acts of giving and taking what due in acts of exchange
To whom does this famous pronouncement belong: "I think, therefore I am"?
Descartes
Which philosopher believed that reality is a dualism of physical objects and non-physical minds and truth is knowledge gained through radical doubt and radical intuition?
Descartes
__________ and Immanuel Kant are generally credited with establishing the intellectual framework for modern Western consciousness.
Descartes
Humans seem to possess knowledge that could not possibly be derived solely from our experiences. How did Plato explain where this knowledge comes from?
Each soul existed in a perfect world before birth where such knowledge was learned.
Non Dualism
Elements that make up NAtive american W.V.
__________ is the study of the nature of truth, knowledge, and justification.
Epistemology
What is the general purpose of an ethical action from philosophical ethics perspective.
Ethical actions involve others and myself. They involve how i relate to others and how others relate to me. Essentially we could say ethical actions, translate to interactions, and belong to me and others they involve.
Ren
Ethics
Compassion and relationships
Ethics actions are beneficial to the extent to which they recognize and benefit the actual individuals involved. With this approach we put ourselves in a better position to help them. Fundamental understanding of a person
What role does intention play in philosophy and ethics?
Ethics involves actions as a key element, meaning that while an ethical intention and ethical consideration itself are critical aspects of ethical engagement, they are alone are not enough -Intentioanlity itself is at the core of impartiality.
What is the Dao
Everything
Heracilitus and Parmenides
Everything changes yet something's stay the same
Role of family in society
Family is everything
Will to power
Fearlessness to deny complacency
Masculine and feminine approach to ethical situations
Feminine deals with relationships networks and masculine deals with abstract ideas.
Heraclitus
Fire/flux
Although Aristotle did not believe in a supernatural Creator or God, he did conclude that there must be a __________, which is an impersonal teleological principle that permeates the universe as a whole.
First (Final) Cause
Eudaimonia
Flourishing in all realms of the human condition
Logic
Focus primarily in the analysis of the structure of the argument and the type of evidence you can use to support conclusions. Persuasion: the best way to persuade someone through words.. Two types of argument: *Rhetoric: is designed to appealing people emotions. (Example of adds and dogs) * Logic: Appeal to reason nor emotions.
While Plato believed that ________ embodied the highest order of reality in a timeless, transcendent realm knowable only through reason, Aristotle believed that ________ were embedded in physical objects.
Forms; forms
Aristotle true froms
Found inside empirical things
Catagorical imperative
Framework that applies to all ehtical context
NHP
Free to pursue pleasure as long as it hurts no one
Ladder of Love
From Diotima's speech on love as told through Socrates 6. "Sea of beauty": truth, beauty, good, god 5. Knowledge (Philosophy) 4. Beyond appearance: laws, customs, rituals 3. All souls, this is going beyond physical beauty and seeing the soul of people 2. All bodies have some commonalities that are beautiful 1. Physical body (lust)
GHP and utility
GHP - pleasure utility - what is useful action is ethical if it contributes to group pleasure
unmoved mover
GOD
Junzi
Gentleman, act like a gentleman
Philo exploration (goal)
Go deeper
Hedonism
Goal of human life is pleasure
phronesis
Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence
Divided line
Heirarchial Dualism
The most influential of pre-Socratic philosophers was ________, who maintained all things are in a constant state of flux and that the governing principle of the universe is logos.
Heraclitus
How did the basic beliefs of Heraclitus compare with the basic beliefs of Parmenides?
Heraclitus believed that our world and our selves are continually changing, evolving, dying. Parmenides was convinced that there is an underlying principle of permanence that underlies all change.
According to Plato's Divided Line, universals such as truth, beauty, good, and justice are all examples of
Higher Forms.
Principle of equality
Holds that when an ethical action occurs, to be correct the action must consider the resulting pleasure of all ethical entities involved. If the entity can experience pleasure or suffering then they must be equally considered. Must consider resulting pleasure of all ethical entities involved
Principle of utility
How useful somehting is in acheving higher pleaure
Private vs public realms
I am an inidividual in a society
Good based ethical theory approaches?
IN a good based ethical theory approach, ethical actions are deemed ethically correct to the extent to which they appropriately benefit all ethical entities involved. Now, note that beneficial in a good based ethical theory approach typically falls within a teleological perspective.
Ethical arugments
IS it right is it good?
Ethics
Justice
Value of inquiry
Keeps away predjuices
Good will
Leads us to ethical gain
Right based ethical theory
Means justify the end
Tenants of the master slave system
Nobels and all those under
Nous
Pure reason, only humans can find htis
Six steps
Question, Individuals, how they relate, how the topics relate, theory and world
Briefly explain the relationship between questions and answers in philosophical inquiry Russell outlines.
Questions help lead to answers, but both are valued by how much they facilitate wisdom. The philosophy of questions and answers exist in a continuum of engagement.
Nelsons Reality
Reality is everything
what are intrumentalist view, constraint view, and goal view? what does sen favor?
Sen favors goal view. instrymentallist- rights are in that view of no intrinsic importance. violation of rights not in itself a bad thing nor fufillment intrinsically good. but the acceptance of rights promotes things ultimately important to wit utility.
What are the practicalimplications of Sen's view? What sorts of public policies does he think his view tells us to endorse?
Sen wants the increase and distribution of "entitlements" to property of severely deprived groups of people. EXAMPLE people in the top 1-3% would be affected because part of their entitlements would be distributed to the lower clases. He believes that if the value of the consequences of limiting rights or entitlements are of great benefit in helping to fufill morally important goals, then these limits are justified.
Socates
Socrates wanted to know everything
Plato was deeply versed in the thinking of the early philosophers through his teachers and mentors, who included
Socrates.
Anomaly
Something not normal new paradigms come from
Value of philoshophy
Staves away conformity
Metaphysics as the first philosohpy
Studies the essence of an object
Aesthetic value ( Axiology branch I)
Study of art. The sublime ( The Niagara fall and the stars experiences)
Axiology
Study of value. What do we mean by value and the source of value. Ex. 5 dollar bill Extrinsic value: its goo outside of itself. Are good for something ( meal, rent etc) Intrinsic value: it's good in itself.
The pre-Socratic philosopher ________ was the first to seek an understanding of the world in its own terms, rather than using traditional gods and supernatural forces to explain the world.
Thales
Who is Laozi
The Wisest Daoist
According to Plato's "divided line," the world is divided into an intelligible one (Being) of knowledge and a visible one (Becoming) of opinion. Within these two worlds are a total of four levels. Which of the following correctly orders those levels, from top (Level A) to bottom (Level D)?
The correct order from top to bottom is Understanding, Reasoning, Perception, Imagination.
Brahma Vishnu Shiva
The creator, perservor, destroyer
Hierarchical dualist
The empirical and the intelligible
Buddha
The enlightened one
Logos
The forms of things
Three parts of the soul
The rational/spirit/workers
Regime of truth
The systmatic failure of understanding what truth is outside our own biases
Archaeology of Knowledge,
The unearthing of how we know things
Where can the value of philosophy be found according to Russell?
The value of philosophy can be found in the questions themselves.
Three roles in society
The wise/Cops/Workers
Noddings and feminine ethics of care
Theory that emerged at the time of womens rights movement in the 20th century. It focuses on relationships rather than abstract principles, so it focuses more on the role of compassion in ethical exchanges. Must see persons as individuals not just abstract (personal development of individual)
Which of the following correctly states Aristotle's view of the soul?
There is a human soul, but it cannot be separated from the body.
Four noble truths
There is suffering, you will suffer, you can stop suffering, through the eight fold path
Why are questions held in such high value in philosophy according to Russell?
They are held in such high value because they allow you to think "outside of the box"
What was the legacy of the pre-Socratic philosophers?
They formed a bridge from the early cultural consciousness dominated by gods, magic, and myth to a cultural consciousness founded on reason.
How to deal with bias when pursuing truth?
Think outside of their own self
there is one one good and one evil
True evil is choosing not to know
Telos
Ultimate purpose or goal
Self and notself
Viewer and viewed.
Karma
What you put out will come back to you
Escape a deep responsobility
When you have the freedom to choose you must always face the consequences.
Parmenides
a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy.
GHP
a principle that holds that an action is ethically correct to the extent at which it leads to the greater group pleasure. GHP tends to lessen the value of an individual.
logic
a proper or reasonable way of thinking about or understanding something
premise
a proposition supporting or helping to support a conclusion
anaximander
air
Xenophanes and Heraclitus advanced the foundations created by the Milesian philosophers. Which of the following was not one of the ways in which they extended the Milesians?
assuming that reality must necessarily be eternal and unchanging
Plato
born in Athens, real name is Aristoloches named Plato because of wrestling muscles He was a wrestler turned philosopher when he met Socrates he started in the academy that was open to everyone met Socrates in 399, the year he died and was Socrates student and Aristotle was his student. He wrote the Republic, which contains chapters in which he continually refines the meaning of justice.
contract theory
described as one of the best ways to improve relations among groups that are experiencing conflict
ultimate well being
explanation of human telos for virtue ethics
(true or false) According to Plato, there is no truth about justice, for everyone has a different opinion about it
false
Plato considered ________ to be the ideal archetypes or essences of everything that exists.
forms
Potentiality
generally refers to any "possibility" that a thing can be said to have
Aristotle's general conceptual framework has become known as __________, which states that individual organisms consist of both matter and form.
hylomorphism
Good
is a value concept that involves elements of both "form and Function" Good to the extent of actions being beneficial
Reason
is that which provides the basis of that factual explanation. Reason provides the foundation of the fact
philosophy
is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language
what does the united states rank in comparison to other industrialized nations reguarding international aid
its been at the bottom of the list for many years in 2006 we were 2nd to the bottom, first was Greece average nations gave 46C to every 100 of GNI (gross national income) us gave 18C
a posteriori
justification depends on experience or empirical evidence, as with most aspects of science and personal knowledge
The idea of _________ is one of the ways humans have developed to distinguish beliefs supported by strong reasons or evidence from beliefs for which there is less support.
knowing
In Aristotle's metaphysical system there are two basic categories of things:
matter and form
In philosophy, questions regarding the nature, constitution, and structure of reality fall under the category of
metaphysics.
Epistemology
the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge
conclusion
the end or close; final part
Love
the field of social philosophy and ethics that attempts to explain the nature of love
POE
the inerest of all is regarded equaally
The term "philosophy" literally means -the search for knowledge. -deep questions. -the love of wisdom. -the search for meaning.
the love of wisdom
Freedome to chose results in anguish
the responsibility to help all others at the expense of yourself
belief
the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty
Aristotle was convinced that reality consists of the natural world, which follows orderly principles and laws that we can use to understand it. How did Aristotle believe genuine knowledge is derived?
through scientific exploration
Highest human goal
to become ethical
Descartes uses the device of the "evil genius" in his Meditations on First Philosophy. What is his purpose in doing so?
to explicitly recognize the uncertainty of all beliefs based solely on sense experience
Dualistic system
uses self/not self
doctrine of the mean
virtue is a mean state between extremes of excess and deficiency
thales
water
How is a paradigm exposed?
when two collide
According to Descartes, though everything in the world may be called into question, nevertheless the simple affirmation __________ must be true each time it is uttered.
"I exist"
Descartes' __________ is perhaps the most influential fictional creation in the history of philosophy.
"evil genius"
Political Philosophy (Axiology branch II)
(Not political science) Prescriptive, What form of government is the best?
Descartes finally concluded that he could trust his sense experience because;
- a good God would not deceive him
What are normative and non-normative branches of ethics? What do they study?
-Normative is a term that relates to a standard. Normal here means that which adheres or meets the norm. "what should" -Non-normative connotes a differing framework or reference in non-normative ethical theory we are not describing a things or event in terms of a standard or a norm.
elements of philosiphical process
1. curiosity and intention 2. metaphysical inquiry 3. 6 steps of engagment
Fact
An accurate description of the features or characteristics of a thing
What is an anomaly and what role do they play in the emergence of a new paradigm?
An anomaly is an event that represents a fundamental irregularity or deviation from common rule. This challenges old traditions set by the paradigm at hand and helps move towards a new one.
Essential characteristics of a paradgm
Anomaly and crisis
Questions and process
Answers are great but not the goal
substance
Anything capable of existing independently
Duty
Assume a duty that associated with the role "firefighter" Necessarily involves an interpersonal exchange
Ontology
Being, how things even exist and how we relate
Brahman and Atman
Brahman is everything, atman is the ego
POE vs GHP
Chooses virutes that help us acheive GHP
" that politician is so dishonest" "how do you know that" " because everything he does is just for his own benefit " " how do you know that" " because he's such a dishonest person" this is an example of; - begging the question - the fallacy of composition -the fallacy of equivocation - false dichotomy
- begging the question
if you know P is false in the expression, "if p then q" then you know; - q has to be false - q has to be true - q can either be true or false - none of the above
- q can be either true of false
if the expression " if p THEN q" is true and you know p is true then you know; - q has to be false - q has to be true - q can either be true or false - none of the above
- q has to be true
Socrates undermines Thrasymachus's definition of justice by; - showing that it leads to a contradiction. - arguing that most people would be unlikely to accept it. - demonstrating that it would violate the laws of Athens. - arguing that adopting it would lead to social instability.
- showing that it leads to a contradiction.
What is a "dualist" system? How does it differ from a "non-dualist" system?
A "duelist" system is an explanation of the relationship between the multiple elements of the world. A "non-duelist" system is different because it takes the exclusivity of the elements away and puts them in a view of the whole.
What is the difference between a "hierarchical dualist" and a "correlative dualist" system view?
A "hierarchical duelist" scheme shows how the world's compositional elements are compared, contrasted and ranked in terms of their appropriateness for a situation. A "correlative dualist" scheme says that while there are multiple elements that make up the world, these elements are harmoniously bound to each other.
Ring of Gyges
A good man found a ring that made him invisible and realized he could do what he wanted because no one could see him do things even bad things. Glaucon uses this to show Socrates that people will be unjust if the benefit and get away with it.
Happieness, pleasrure, and well being
A non-motive
How does a paradigm become a tool?
A paradigm becomes a tool when presented with an anomaly because it opens up to new and more questions. It opens the possibility of seeing the greatness of that which is beyond ourselves.
How does a paradigm become a trap?
A paradigm becomes a trap when someone sees it as the object itself, not the ideas about the object in the world.
Briefly explain the relationship between a "paradigm" and a "worldview."
A paradigm is a conceptual framework that is made up of many singular worldviews. It is an inherited matrix. A worldview is an explanation that fits within the parameters of a paradigm.
How is a paradigm exposed?
A paradigm is exposed when two people of different cultures come together. This "collision" helps them discover that the exchange is difficult.
How can a philosopher avoid making a paradigm a trap?
A philosopher can avoid this by constantly asking questions. Once you think you've reached an answer, ask another question.
Ultimate wellbeing and human excellence
A state of complete satisfaction which results from effectively pursuing excellence in all my human endeavors. "excellence" here means my best human self. To achieve ultimate well being means that i have successfully pursued and/ or achieved my best most excellent self in my life in all its times and realms.
great-souled person
Aristotle's portrait of the great-souled man is not particularly flattering, either. ... The word Aristotle used for this virtue, megalopsyche, translates literally to the sanskrit word mahatma, or mahā ātman — both meaning "great soul."
Paradigm and World view
W.V. Spawns from Paradigm
In his "Allegory of the Cave," Plato asserts that _______ is the art of turning one's soul toward reality.
education
Aristotle's four causes
elements of an influential principle in Aristotelian thought whereby explanations of change or movement are classified into four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?" Matter, Form, Agent, End
Virtue ethics
ethical theory that largely originated with the works of aristotle
Ethical system vs moral agency
etihcal system is the framework moral agency acts upon
(true or false) According to your text, objectivism is dogmatic, authoritarian position in which the speaker claims that he or she has the absolute truth
false
(true or false) Kant tried to form a compromise between rationalism and atheism
false
(true or false) Logic is the study of the psychological causes of our beliefs
false
(true or false) Logically necessary truths are examples of posteriori knowledge
false
(true or false) One of the six criteria listed in the text for evaluating a philosophy is emotional satisfaction
false
(true or false) Philosophy of religion is concerned with the religious beliefs of various cults and how they serve social needs
false
(true or false) Socrates argued against the existence of the soul
false
(true or false) Socrates was punished for his ideas by being forced to leave Athens and go into exile
false
(true or false) The Sophists were disciples of Socrates who were dedicated to spreading his teachings
false
What is "metaphysics?" what is its focus?
"Metaphysics" is a descriptive field in philosophy focusing on knowing an object as it resides in itself. It focuses on an object's identity. What makes it what it is and not something else.
Briefly explain the distinguishing features of "normal science" and "revolutionary science" research paradigms.
"Normal science" does not aim to discover new phenomena. Its goal is the greater elaboration of the theories already supplied by the paradigm. "Revolutionary science" incidentally leads to new discoveries and paradigms. Its goal is to discover a "new" paradigm focused on explaining incompatible theories and abnormal variances.
Aristotle's four causes are different ways of answering or explaining ________ questions.
"why"
wisdom
(It is not the simple possession of a bunch of facts) Is knowing what to do with the information.
Descartes's first bedrock of certainty was;
- "I am, I exist"
One of the three epistemological questions discussed in the text is;
- Does our knowledge represent reality as it realy is?
What makes an action a "correct ethical action" in philosophical ethics?
- Doesnt merely consider the interests and worth of an ethical entities involved; it considers them in a clear and accurate manner -Interpersonal interactions
Descartes's principle "there must be as much reality in the cause as there is in the effect" was used to prove the existence of;
- God
According to Descartes, the explanation of how he had the idea of God in his mind is that;
- God planted the idea within him
In his inital examination of his beliefs, the one thing that Descartes could not doubt was that;
- He was doubting
In your reading from Plato's dialogue Phaedo, Socrates discusses
- How we can have knowledge of perfect justice, beauty, goodness, and equality
Which of the following is a characteristic of a valid argument?; - All the premises must be true. - The conclusion must be true. - If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. - all of the above
- If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
Three of the empiricists discussed in the text were;
- John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume
What are the five branches of philosophy? What do they study?
- Metaphysics - epistemology -logic -aesthetics -ethics
Which of the following was one of the three anchor points of rationalism
- The fundamental truths about the world can be known a priori
The claim "Either my team will win their next game or they won't" is an example of;
- a logical necessary truth and a priori knowledge
In discussing "inference to the best explanation," the text pointed out that; - philosophy makes use of this method, but science does not. - science makes use of this method, but philosophy does not. - both science and philosophy make use of this method. - religion makes use of this method, but science and philosophy do not.
- both science and philosophy make use of this method.
socrates maintained that good person cannot be harmed by others because; - the gods will protect the good person. - other will respect and honor a person who is truly good. - society will come to the defense of someone who is good. - evil people can harm the body but not a person's true self.
- evil people can harm the body but not a person's true self.
"either you vote for my opponent or you can do the right thing" this is an example of; - begging the question - the fallacy of composition -the fallacy of equivocation - false dichotomy
- false dichotomy
in an inductive argument, if the premises of the argument are not based on a sufficient number of observations the conclusion may be a; - hypothetical syllogism - hasty generalization -disjunctive syllogism -false cause fallacy
- hasty generalization
in Plato's Allegory of the Cave, the shadows represented; - our doubts and lack of confidence in our own worth. - the fact that truth is elusive and cannot be found. - the gods. - imperfect and confused representations of a higher reality.
- imperfect and confused representations of a higher reality.
Socrates believed he was wiser than anyone else in Athens because he; -knew he was ignorant -had found the ultimate truth, using the Socratic method. -realized that all opinions are equally true. -did not believe in any god.
- knew he was ignorant
Hume's test for evaluating the worth of a book was to ask: Does it contain either
- mathematical reasoning or experimental reasoning about matters of fact?
A central teaching of the Sophists was; - the importance of caring for one's own soul. - it is better to be morally good than successful by society's standards. - skepticism concerning our ability to know what is true or good. - the impossibility of finding happiness.
- skepticism concerning our ability to know what is true or good.
Hume says our casual judgments are based on;
- the constant conjuction of two events in our past experience
Innate ideas are ideas that;
- the mind already contains prior to experience
In Kant's Terminology, things-as-they-appear-to-us are called ________ and things-in themselves are called __________.
- the phenomena/ the noumena
Since fire has burned us in the past, we believe that fire will burn us in the future. According to Hume, this reasoning is based on
- the principle of induction
Descartes's argument for God's existence is based on;
- the very idea of a perfect being
The primary reason that Descartes doubted so many things was;
- to find if there was any belief that was certain
According to your text, the term "epistemology" comes from two Greek words that mean;
-Knowledge and rational discourse
What is moral agency and how does it relate to philosophical ethics?
-Morality is a close relative of ethics, core for manner or character. -Agency is where our choices become our actions. -Moral agency is phased which points to the choosing and acting elements involved in ethical exchanges.
How do right based ethical theories approaches assess an ethical action?
-Operates as a remedy for situation where an ethical agent, may mistakenly choose a wrong ethical action -the action is universally right when applied to every person or group of persons
What is the difference between "dialogue" and "debate" which is the focus of philosophical inquiry?
-Philosophical engagement with others occurs in the framework of dialogue. -The ideal of the all inclusive dialogue is the standard that motivates, and in many ways measures our success. -The standard by which we evaluate our progress -Debate; when two persons or ideas come together in a debate framework, the goal of the interaction often centers on victory. -Need to have dialogue in a debate
How do good based "ethical theory approaches" asses an ethical action?
-Someone is said to be good if their actions are accurately beneficial. -Ethical goodness is based form and functionality of the thing in question
how does singer respond to the objection that people have a right to spend the money they earn on themselves?
-having a right to do something doesnt mean its what you should do. -he believes that to choose to buy a new car rather than se the money to save human lives is wrong, shows a deplorable lack of empathy, and means you are a bad person he says its a horrible thing to do, and the wrong thing
The text referred to Kant's position as "constructivism" because;
-he claimed that the mind forms its objects out of the raw data of experience
consequentialist
-imply's ones moral obligation to help those in need will depend on the likely consequences of doing so compared to not doing so -mathus- population growth, people needed to be maintained leads to poverty Harden- affluent countries have a moral obligation to not help those in overpopulated countries by giving food and aid singer- emphasizes ones moral obligation to reduce the level of human misery. people who live well of should help b/c they are not essentially sacrificing much. sen- thinks we need to consider holding our obligations to help those in need by considering intrinsic value of property and value of overall consequences of adhering to that right.
what is liertarisnaism, according to singer?how does he argue that, even if libertarianism is trye, industrialized nations still have an obligation t give to poor countries?
-libertarianists resist the idea that we have a moral duty to help others. -he argues that following that outlook would require us to abolish all wellfare schemes for those ill or disabled and all state- funded health care for the aged and those too poor to pay for health insurance -"most think we do have obligations to those we can help with relativity little sacrafice certainly to those living in our own country" but we would say we cant justifyably draw the boundary there basically we are harming poor countries by using goods made from raw materials obtained by these unethical dealings from resource rich but $ poor nations, were harming them. "singer says those who harm others must compensate them"
what is the duty of beneficence
-right based concept up against benefit -the duty to help those in dier need -"obligation" sort of
what are the questions/issues of scope, content, and strength as they pertain to the duty of beneficence
-scope- to whom is this duty owed? Does it extend to strangers? -content for those who can afford to do so how much are they morally required to sacrifice? -strength- how strong is ones obligation to help those in need when doing so conflicts with other moral duties (own childs education)
What factors complicate the attempt to understand the paradigm of another?
1. Creating an undue sense of familiarity. 2. Interpreting the other's idea through a foreign paradigm or worldview. 3. Marginalization structure imposed on the other and their ideas.
4 areas where mistakes often occur?
1. Lack of ethical intentional 2. Unclear and / or inadequate assessment of the situation at hand 3.Mistakenly choosing and exercising bad ethical actions 4. MIstakenly choosing and exercising wrong ethical actions
Respect
Acting in a manner that considers all persons in an exchange 1. self respect 2. respect of others 3. respect for the greater group
Which philosopher believed that reality is the natural world and that truth is knowledge of the natural world gained through empirical investigation?
Aristotle
The most powerful and enduring of Plato's metaphors and allegories, the "Allegory of the _____," describes an intellectual journey to rationally based knowledge and wisdom.
Cave
Existentialism
Choosing and becoming
Distinct features of the engagement process
Clarity and Accuracy
Four main tools
Curiosity, intent, metaphyiscal inquiry, and six steps
Good based ethical theory
End justify the means
Sophist
Group of greek philospehers and their focus was on rhetoric
Becoming in regard to morals
How will becomes good by desiring to do good
Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the "Allegory of the Cave"?
Humans move from being confined in the shadows of bias, distortion, and ignorance to embracing truth and knowledge and seeing the world objectively.
Care and Reception
IN order to genuinely care for the other, we must recieve them in a sincere manner. We cannot project our ideas or perspectives into them. IN doing so we fail to connect, more importantly turn them into an idea rather than an actual person with feelings and desires when we connect with a person we can better care for them. Wanting what is best for them always and helping them achieve their goals.
Knowledge in a changing world
Is knowledge even possible or is that too changing
three types of ethical knowledge
Know what, know ohw, and pratical application
Epistemology
Knowing and understading how we can even know things
Logos and true/false knowledge
Knowledge spawns from the logos
Descartes' work __________ was written in the form of a personal journal in which he explored fundamental questions.
Meditations on First Philosophy
From which city did the earliest group of pre-Socratic thinkers come?
Miletus
No harm principle
NHP -principle that attempts to address the value of a particular individual involved in an interaction. Ethical agent may pursue personal interest in an ethical context to the extent at which their (ethical agents) actions coincide with GHP and doesnt harm anothers pursuit of pleasure. Actions go hand in hand with GHP and doesnt harm any of the group
True forms
Outside of existing things
What are the essential characteristics of a paradigm and how do these change during a paradigm shift?
Paradigms revolve around explanations of what is known and can shift in the presence of an anomoly.
Five Relationships
Parent Chlild, sibling, student, co woekrer, parent
Respect for persons
People must be treated as a ends not a means
Briefly explain philosophy as both a "subject" and a "process."
Philosophy is a "subject" because it revolves around the "pursuit of truth." It is also a "process" because it aims to more accurately depict the object in question in its ultimate reality. This can be a very stubborn process.
what is philosophy, and what does it study?
Philosophy study's the love of wisdom. it is about knowing and understanding our experiences in the world in a particular way. At its core "philosophy" is a way of engaging with our experiences in the world in a manner that implies wisdom, not just kmowledge clarity and accuracy pursuit of truth
What is Philosophy?
Philosophy, by definition, is the "love of wisdom."
Two realms of being/knowing
Phsyical things and forms
Which philosopher believed that reality is the eternal realm of the forms and truth is knowledge of the forms gained through rational intuition?
Plato
What is the basis of Aristotle's conviction that Plato's epistemology was fatally flawed?
Plato was never able to provide an intelligible account of the way the physical dimensions of the world "participate" in the eternal Forms.
Plato metaphyisical idealism
Priori not posterori
Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the view of Parmenides?
Reality must necessarily be eternal and unchanging; therefore the changing world of our experience cannot be real but is an illusion.
two world theory
Relates to the Divided Line. The intelligible world, which is invisible, non-physical, and consisting of the Forms, can only be apprehended by the soul, for the soul shares in qualities of that likeness. The sensible word, which is visible, physical, and constructed of imitations of the Forms, is apprehended via the body through the same principle
Briefly explain the value of philosophy/philosophical inquiry according to Russell.
Russell believes that philosophy focuses on the experience the philosopher gains by exploring the object of inquiry in a meaningful way.
Teleology? Relate to telos? How does a telos relate to the good life of an ethical entity.
Telos fundamental form of the object in question. Is the ultimate purpose of a thing, its the reason something is in the world, not only what it is but what it does. Teleology- is the theory that argues that all things and persons in the world have an ultimate purpose or goal
VIrtue
Term involving a specific category of character traits, attitudes, and or temperaments
How did the views of Thales and Anaximenes compare on the topic of the primary substance of the universe?
Thales argued that the primary substance is water, and Anaximenes argued that the primary substance is air.
What is the "Self" and the "not-Self" according to Russell? How do they relate to Philosophical inquiry?
The "Self" is the observer/engager and the "not-Self" is the object of inquiry. Russell says that the "Self" must magnify the "not-Self" in order to reside in the object's ultimate reality.
Wu Wei
The action of inaction
What is the goal of philosophical exploration?
The goal is to question and perfect curiosity.
Virtue
The golden mean
Guardians
The guardians are responsible for ruling the city. They are chosen from among the ranks of the auxiliaries, and are also known as philosopher-kings.
Virtue in relaiton to moderation
The middle of two extremes
Ontology
The study of being. * What is the meaning of exist? Does the idea of an ice cream cone exist? *How does what exist, exists? Even though you can't eat the idea. It is real because it exist as idea! *Whether or not some stuff are more real than other stuff. Ex. The idea of ice cream cone or Harry Potter
Metaphysics
The study of how things start and change in being
divided line
The word idea derives from the Greek for "to have seen." Plato's Line is also a division between Body and Mind. The upper half of the divided line is usually called Intelligible as opposed to Visible, meaning that it is "seen" by the mind
How do scientific revolutions resemble political revolutions?
They both involve dramatic changes in the way we view the world and end up with two sides. One side sticking with the views of the old system and the other moving to the new.
Motivation of spanish to Meso
They thought their practices were barbaric and they needed to help them
What is a good life of an ethical entity? How is it discovered and how does it relate to ethical philosophy?
This means that an entity is approached as an ethical entity to the extent in which it has an interest in living a good life. Ethical action is correct in philosophy ethics to the extent is approached to which it considers the interests and self worth of all ethical entities it evolved.
Might makes right
Thrasymachus ideas on justice. Powerful can do what they want even if it isn't just
Pre moral and moral
Tribal and master-slave
Relationships and values in ethics
Understand both sides of arugments
Paradigm and world view
W.V. spawns from a paradigm
Universalizing a maxim of action
What is ethically acceptable across the entire spectrum
Wisdom vs knowledge
Wisdom is dedicated to the attempt to live a meaningful life.
In contrast to the prevailing religious belief that gods created man in their own images, _____________ suggested the converse, namely that man creates gods in his own image.
Xenophanes
Means justify the end
You can't use people for a good end its always wrong
virtue
a character trait or attitude that is beneficial and desired for some goal
Socratic method
a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions
elenchus
a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue, that is the central technique of the Socratic method
Socrates
a philosophy who's best known for his method of inquiry which he used to lead people to the best understanding of justice, happiness, and leading a virtuous life. This was called the Socratic method. A statement can be considered true only if it can't be proved wrong. He was Plato's teacher and was charged with impiety and corrupting youth and was sentenced to death
Plato's belief that genuine knowledge can only be achieved through our reasoning abilities means that in epistemological terms, he was _____________
a rationalist.
philosopher kings/queens
a ruler who possesses both a love of knowledge, as well as intelligence, reliability, and a willingness to live a simple life
fact
a statement that is consistent with reality or can be proven with evidence
Dialectic
a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides
retributive theory of justice
a theory of justice that holds that the best response to a crime is a punishment proportional to the offense, inflicted because the offender deserves the punishment
categorical form/ 1st principle
acting in a principled way. the categorical imperative argues that when facing an ethical situation, one has an ethical obligation to act only in a manner in which the acting agent could reasonably hope that everyone, everywhere will act that way
The pre-Socratic philosophers viewed the world as a kosmos,
an ordered natural arrangement that could be understood with the power of human reason.
metaphysics
branch of philosophy exploring the fundamental questions, including the nature of concepts like being, existence, and reality
human excellence
bringing out the best in the individual being cared for
empirical
can be sesned
feminine ethics of care
compassion and care are important in ethics, so when you are dealing with hunger and poverty being compassionate and caring helps to make them feel loved and cared for
According to Plato, the ideal Form is the ultimate ________ of the object or idea.
concept
How does Hardin describe cowboy, spaceship, and lifeboat economies? what are the options that those in the lifeboat face?
cowboy- wasteful spaceship- required for continual survival in the limited world we now see ours to be. (frugal) lifeboat- what carries the rich and poor people, problems lifeboat passengers face: limited capacity of 60 people though 60 is stressing the safety of the already 50 aboard 1. we may be tempted to try and take in all 100 people out in the water swimming asking to be brought aboard, but if we do everyone drowns and dies. 2. We let 10 more aboard which puts them all in danger sooner or later b/c of safety reasons and who do we let in (or discriminate) against? What do we say to the other 90 still in the water? 3. Admit no more to the boat and preserve the small safety factor survival of the people already in the boat. (deemed as unjust life boat- stresses idea of population growth)
Like Socrates, Descartes used a very philosophical approach to knowledge in his writing. Rather than using doubt________, he used doubt _________.
destructively; constructively
Ethical Entity
each ethical entity has a stake in its good life, which includes its own interest and values each ethical entity will be evaluated in accord with its own good life connected to the concept of a good life has interests and self worth.
Aristotle interpreted __________ to be a creative drive or inner urge that impels all things to achieve their purpose in life.
entelechy
(true of false) In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners were glad when their friend told them about the world outside the cave.
false
(true or false) Descartes doubted every one of his beliefs except those that were based on solid sense experience
false
(true or false)Epistemology concerns fundamental questions about the nature of reality
false
Heraclitus
famous for his insistence on ever-present change as being the fundamental essence of the universe, as stated in the famous saying, "No man ever steps in the same river twice"
principle
features that make up an element of my identity; make you who you are. this with the definition of categorical form make the first principle
Thales
first philosopher in the Greek tradition challenges the mythopoetic worldview, mark the beginning of philosophy and also science Thales is recognized for breaking from the use of mythology to explain the world and the universe, and instead explaining natural objects and phenomena by theories and hypotheses, i.e. science
what makes rights morally important according to sen? how does
goal view- to see fufillments of rights of goals to be pursued differs from instrumental view in reguarding rights to be intrinsically important, and it differs from constraint view in seeing the fufillment of rights as goals to be generally promoted, rather than taking them as demanding only and we refrain from violating the rights of others. Constraint- no duty to help anyone with his or her rights instrumental -no duty to help unless the right fufillment will also promote some other goal such as utility
Two charges against socrates in the apology
helmock or change
Humans in the Native American
humans must take care of the world
what role has historical interaction played in the current poverty conditions of some nations, particularly European colonization of africa? (pogge)
in 1960 the inequality per capita income between Europe and Africa was 30:1. but the great inequality built up in the colonial period was left intact making for a very unequal start into post colonial era.
respect for persons
in ethical entities we treat people as people not things or property treating them with compassion and consideration
Knowledge that is ________ is present at birth.
innate
Goal view (SEN)
integrates the valuation of rights their fufillment accounting and yields a wider sphere of influence of rights in morality
Human good life
knowledge and ethical
A priori
knowledge or justification is independent of experience, as with mathematics and deduction from pure reason
The existence of Forms as transcendent, eternal archetypes enables Plato to distinguish genuine ________ from mere ________.
knowledge; opinion
deduction
logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion
philosophy
love of wisdom
True knowledge possible in a world of complete change?
no, knowledge itself would change
ethical duty
one has a duty to act good or right (ethically) one rule for everyone being fair and open minded feelings get in the way
Sea of beauty
one of many analogies and similes employed to describe a high vision of reality
According to Plato, who can achieve the supreme understanding of the highest Forms, such as wisdom and truth?
only a few people
Plato's metaphysical view enables him to achieve his epistemological goals, employing clear rational criteria to distinguish unsubstantiated and transient ________ from the eternal realm of ________.
opinion; knowledge
innate
originating in the mind
Although Descartes' "evil genius" may force us to doubt the existence of our physical bodies, it cannot by definition cause us to doubt the existence of
our thinking self.
Aristotle
philosopher who is best known for the work he did with the following: logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates
Philosophical mind
questions everything
Descartes employed __________ for the positive purpose of establishing a firm and permanent structure in the sciences.
radical doubt
The pre-Socratic thinkers focused on the natural world, and they were in this sense the first _________ in Western culture.
scientists
Constraint view (SEN)
seeing rights as constraints on what others can or cannot do in this view rights are intrinsically important, but they didn't figure in moral accounting as goals to be generally promoted, but only as constraints that others must obey.
Socrates role?
socratic method and the 1st principle of things
What are the six steps of the philosophical engagement process we will focus on in this class?
step 1 - identify the general topic of inquiry and formulate a specific question about this general topic. step 2 - Explore and explain the individual elements involved in the specific question step 3 - Explore and explain the relationship between the individual elements involved in the specific question step 4 - explore and explain the relationship between the elements in the specific question and the general topic of inquiry step 5 -Explore and explain the relationship between the ideas or theory produced and the actual world step 6 - Continuation of the process, aimed at refining what is discovered
Epistemology
study of knowledge, truth, certainty (We don't really have it) and justified belief.
Moral agency
the acting aspect of ethics
civil disobedience
the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws of the state, and/or demands, orders, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power
what does Pogge mean when he argues that economic inequalities are path dependent?
the inequalities whether high or low choose one and end up stahing on that paved path for a very long time. its stable there say its high inequality path it will keep that way for awhile. incentives such as rich get more power leave incentives for this
what is the rachet effect and how does it relate to a world food bank?
the input of food from a food bank acts as the pawl of a rachet preventing the population from retracting its steps to a lower level
Socrates referred to himself as - a mirror that reflects the truth in nature -the housekeeper of the mind -the midwife of ideas. - an artist that creates pictures with ideas
the midwife of ideas.
validity
the state or quality of being valid : to question the validity of the argument
According to Aristotle, what is the Efficient Cause?
the triggering event that sets things in motion or initiates change
Anatman the ego self
the true self that knows and the ego self that feels
Aristotle insisted that living things are composed of the same materials as nonliving ones. What distinguishes the former from the latter?
the way those materials are structured or organized
prima face duty
thinking about world hunger and poverty requires that we consider various competing prima face duties -negative duties not to insure, lie, or break promises. possitive duties = self improvement and beneficience
Allegory of the Cave
this metaphor is meant to show the effects of education on the human soul
(true of false) A priori knowledge is knowledge that is justified independently of experience
true
(true or false) "Tadpoles become frogs" is an example of posteriori knowledge
true
(true or false) According to Soren Kierkegarrd, philosophy is the search for self-understanding
true
(true or false) If an argument is strong, the premises make the conclusion highly probable
true
Sophia
wisdom
Does Sen's position hold that it is ever acceptable to violate one's right to property?Does hebelieve we have a right not to go hungry?
yes its acceptable to violate ones rights to property. Sen believes everyone has the right to the bare minimum to survive, so he believes we have a right not to go hungry
Paramendias Mind/body division
yes there was a mind/body division
does singer believe that we are causing harm to poor countries? why?
yes. He explains that for example the rich have means to better fishing routes, and take all the fish to sell it to people who are willing to pay a high price. destroying the protein fish supply for the poor. and people who used to make a living fishing or building boats are unemployed.
Virtue ethics approach to world hunger
you could want people in poverty to have a good life which is why you help out
Kant's categories of understanding are;
- organizing principles the mind brings to experience
Hume was skeptical about which of the following beliefs?;
- our belief that the future will always be like the past
According to the rationalist, logical truths, mathematical truths, and metaphysical truths are all examples of which kind of knowledge;
- a priori knowledge
if the expression "p and q" is true then you know; - p has to be true - p has to be false - q can be either true or false - q cannot be true
- p has to be true
"if the expression " p or q" is true, and you know q is false, then you know; - p is also false -the entire expression is false -p is true -p is probably True, but could be false
- p is true
if an argument begins with the assuming the truth of a position and then showing that the position's truth leads to a logically absurd or self-contradictory conclusion, the argument is known as; - a deductive syllogism - a hypothetical syllogism - a disjunctive syllogism - a reductio ad absurdem
- a reductio ad absurdem
A valid argument with all true premises is called; - a strong argument. - a cogent argument. - an inductive argument. - a sound argument
- a sound argument
The empiricist believes that;
- all of the above
Which of the following claims did Immanuel Kant assert?;
- all of the above
the empiricist believes that;
- all of the above
The adjective "empirical" refers to;
- anything that is based on experience
The Socratic method consisted of; - drawing philosophical conclusions from scientific observations. - lecturing to people on the basic principles for successful living. - surveying public opinion and embracing the collective wisdom of the majority. - asking questions of people and then questioning their answers.
- asking questions of people and then questioning their answers.
Berkeley believed that the word "matter" refers to
- nothing at all
" if the universe shows evidence of design, there is a God." This is an example of:; - an imperative statement - a conditional statement - modus ponens - modus tollens
- a conditional statement
In his trial, Socrates referred to himself as; - a rudder that keeps the people of Athens on course. - a gadfly that continually harasses people to wake them from their apathy. - a compass that shows people the direction they should take. - a coach that trains people on how to use their intellectual muscles
- a gadfly that continually harasses people to wake them from their apathy.
Expressing two assertions that could not both be true under any possible circumstances is known as; - a logical inconsistency. - a self-referential inconsistency. - the false dichotomy fallacy. - the fallacy of affirming the consequent.
- a logical inconsistency.
According to Berkeley, the word "apple" refers to
- nothing more than a collection of experiences in our minds
"Deductive" arguments are different from "inductive" arguments because; - deductive arguments try to show that the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. - inductive arguments lead to true conclusions more often than deductive arguments do - inductive arguments are based on syllogisms and deductive arguments are not. - all of the above
- deductive arguments try to show that the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises.
According the Kant, the mind makes knowledge possible by;
- imposing it's own form on the materials of experience
The text referred to Rene Descartes's strategy for finding certainty as;
- methodological skepticism
" if I got an a, then I celebrated." " I did get an a" " therefore, I celebrated" this is an example of; - an imperative statement - a conditional statement - modus ponens - modus tollens
- modus ponens
" if I got an a, then I celebrated." " I did not celebrate." " therefore, I did not get an A." this is an example of; - an imperative statement - a conditional statement - modus ponens - modus tollens
- modus tollens
you are given, " if p, then q" you are also given q... therefore you know that; - p is true - both p and q are true - p is not true - none of the above
- none of the above.
Philosophers, following Plato, have traditionally definted knowledge as;
- true justified belief
According to your text, "idealism" means the belief that;
- ultimate reality is mental or spiritual in nature
kantian deotological approach
- we have a duty to help at least some of those in need on at least some occasions -very wide duty -categorical imperitive- requires that we not treat others as mere means to out own ends and we possitievely treat others as ends in themselves
what is singers famous thought experiment about the drowning child?
- you should save the child by jumping in and bringing the child to safety reguardless if your shoes or suit gets ruined
What makes a situation an "ethical situation" a situation that prompts ethical engagement?
-Interaction itself is a key element. -Attempting to align our perspective to align our perspective with the object, or person in question. -If we were to remove any particular agents belief from the situation, whether that be a psychological, culture or religious belief. - By removing ethical entities we would no longer have interaction regardless of our belief or perspective.
"Kant's Revolution" refers to his proposal to;
-reverse the relationship between knowledge and it's objects in epistemology
what are the "six central steps" of the philosophical process we will focus on in this course?
1. Have a topic and specific question. 2. explore and explain the elements in question. 3. explore and explain relationship between elements. 4. explore and explain relationship between elements and topic. 5. explore and explain the relationship between the ideas and actual world. 6. continue exploring to enhance what's discovered.
Briefly explain the "distinguishing features" of the philosophical engagement process.
1. The value it places on questions 2. The intense detail to everything around the inquiry. 3. To continue asking questions about what we know so that we may go deeper.
What are the "four main tools" of the philosophical engagement process?
1. develop and maintain a genuine curiosity about the actual object as it actually resides in itself. 2. metaphysical inquiry, which directs curiosity towards the subject of philosophical pursuits. 3. The six philosophical steps. 4. A continual inclusive dialogue.
What are the three general characteristics on philosophical engagement?
1. it places extremely high value on philosophical questions themselves. 2. It focuses on ad relies upon clear, adequate descriptions of all elements involved in what is being described 3. ongoing refining process
singers basic argument 3 premise
1. suffering from death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are bad 2. if it is in your power to prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing anything nearly as important, it is wrong not to do so. 3.by donating to aid agencies you can prevent suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care with sacraficing anything nearly as important conclusion: therefore if you dont donate to aid agencies you are doing something wrong - the case for helping people in extreme poverty will be stronger if it doesnt rest solely on our intuitions - we ought to help others in need, at least when we can see them and when we are in the only possition to save them. - yes we should give aid to agencies and help people when they are suffering
Philosophy as a subject and process?
1st princinple and how we engage
Metaphysics (After Aristotle physics)
A) Deals with the really big questions: What is the ultimate nature of reality? Cause/ Effect, Space/time. Nature of existence of God. B) Analysis of categories we use to structure our experiences of the universe. ( We all experience the same world but in different ways) the example of the drs professor pens one of them is biologist looking through the windows the same three but in different ways.
Scientific and Political Revolutions
Adheres to the old system which no longer works
What is The yin yang
Balance, opposing forces arise within one another
Plato created the idea of "Two Worlds." The world of ________ is the physical world we inhabit, which is constantly changing. The world of ________ is a realm that is unchanging, eternal, and knowable through reason.
Becoming; Being "Two Worlds." The world of Becoming is the physical world we inhabit, which is constantly changing. The world of Being is a realm that is unchanging, eternal, and knowable through reason.
Which of Plato's "Two Worlds" is a realm that is eternal, unchanging, and knowable through the faculty of reason?
Being
________ represent an interpretation, evaluation, conclusion, or prediction about the world that we endorse as true.
Beliefs
Compassion
Deals with our ability to connect with another in a profound way. Fundamental understanding of one another
Three focal points of paradihm
Description of the world, description of what it means to be human, description of humans in that world
According to Aristotle's Four Causes, the "triggering" action that sets a thing in motion is the ________ Cause.
Efficient
Paradigm two functions
Engaging the ultimate reality using the philo process
Moksha
Enlightenment, Atman aligns with braman
What is the difference between ethical knowing, know how, doing and becoming?
Ethical knowing: has to do with philosophical ethics in its lowest or most rudimentary state. This state is defined by "accurate" or "factual knowledge" in the form of having a fundamental or philosophical understanding of all of the features involved in a particular ethical context or situation. - ethical know how involves the ability for an agent to conceptualize how the who and what elements will apply to particular ethical action. This phase of ethical engagement is often called technical know how. This technical know how means that the agent not only accurately understand the abstract form of the individual elements involved in a particular ethical situation, but also knows how they relate to the interaction. -brings us into a level of actual action, transpiring in the actual world. It is in this phase where we move from the conceptual realm to the actual realm. Accordingly, in the phase of ethical doing understanding forward into actual action -Ethical becoming the utmost phase of ethical action as it is in this level where we actually become an ethical agent. At this phase we are no longer acting like an ethical agent. Instead we are an ethical agent
Moral overman/overwomen
Excersising your full potential by putting what is good and right always in your thughts
What are the 4 areas where mistakes often occur in our ethical thinking?
Intentional, inaccurate, inaccurate, "bad, and wrong" ethical actions. Lack if inequality, lack of clear, adequate descriptions of the situation mistakenly choosing and exercising "bad" ethical action; and mistakenly choosing and exercising a "wrong" ethical action. 1. lack of curiousity or intent 2. lack of clarity and or accuracy of knowing 3. mistakenly choose a bad action, not beneficial to all 4. mistakenly choose a wrong action- not fair to all
Why is "metaphysics" called "the first philosophy?"
It is the starting point of all inquiry.
How does one become virtuous
Looking at virtue in the abstract
Philosophy
Love of wisdom
Philo
Lover of something
lower pleasures vs higher pleasures
Lower are pleasures in the now and higher is pleasuers in the lasting
Substance, form, and matter
Matter is what its made from and form is the shape it takes
As a rationalist, Descartes' key point is that we can achieve genuine knowledge through our rational intuition in the nature of beliefs. Which of the following statements was not part of his philosophy?
Our sense experience on its own can lead to authentic knowledge independent of our reasoning abilities.
Rationalistic critisim to enlightenment philospophy
Outlined so well that people don't see the concept only the tool
How can philosophers deal with the biases of individual perception while engaged in a "pursuit of truth?"
Philosophers fill in the gaps in comprehension by interacting with others. MacIntyre says that "we must be open to objections by our critics so that we can avoid becoming the victims of our own prejudices.
Which statement correctly reflects the opposing views of Plato and Aristotle?
Plato believed that the human soul is immortal, existing before birth and continuing after death. Aristotle believed that the soul is a natural phenomenon that gives form and purpose to the body but ceases to exist after the body dies.
theory of forms
Plato's argument that non-physical (but substantial) forms (or ideas) represent the most accurate reality
what does sen identify as a primary cause of famine and hunger? What are exchange entitlements and endowments?
Property rights and how they are structured famine- failure of entitlement systems endowments- refers to what he or she actually owns even own labor power exchange ent. tells us what the person can obtain through echanging what he or she owns by production or trade or both
Pythagoras
Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the Theory of Proportions, the sphericity of the Earth, and the identity of the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus
what role do questions and curiosity play?
Questions are an important part to starting explorations not only in philosophical elements but otherwise also. Philosophical questions are about the fundamental nature of thing. They area about what these objects or events are and what things do in the world. They aim to explore things in their ultimate reality, not just in the views of the one who is exploring and explaining. Something presents itself and we ask why, when, who or how type questions. Mind you that the questions are not what give rise to the experience or object, but the object or experience that give rise to the question. The initial step to any exploration of truth is rooted in curiosity and intentional. A philosopher must be curious as to what things really are not just what she believed or wants them to be. Meaning we must think beyond our personal desire for the object to have "such and such" character. Our goal is to perceive the object from its natural state in the world.
Ethics ( Axiology branch)
The analysis of moral Morality: personal standards of morality Ethics: Uses the the tools of philosophy to understand the morality
Justice
The basis for ethics
Entitity
Universal beings of all things (nous)
Existence precedes essence
You must be before you can belong
Ultimate constituent
a constituent of something, such as a linguistic construction, that cannot be further subdivided in the terms of the analysis being undertaken
Leucippus and Democritus believed that there is a world of "appearance" and a world of "reality." What theory did they propose to explain the nature of the universe?
an atomic theory in which everything is constructed of atoms and void
Ethical persons
an entity or being is often called ethical person to the extent to which the entity is invested in living a good life
consequentiallist utilitarian ethics
ultimate goal is happiness explained as pleasure, while the means are GHP, NHP, POE Goal or purpose in life.
is the economic costs of dealing witht he effects of famine and extreme poverty too high to be possible? (pogge)
no especially not if everyone pitched in a little, 294 billion that the presently poor would need for 2$ a day benchmark is 1/87th of the 25,506 billion annual aggregat national income of rich countries. 294 billion is way below what us is spending on military
Does singer believe that the needs and desires of poor countries count more than our own?
no, he believes we should take care of ourselves and then donate the money we dont need to poor people. he says everyone should contribute so the people who do help dont have to give away their every penny admittely saying just where the balance is is difficult
Anaximenes
non specific
Intelligible
not directlyperceived by the senses
what makes extreme poverty what it is and not something else like "being poor"
not having enough income to meet ones most basic needs of life
pythagoras
numbers
what are some of the ways wealthy nations play a part in keeping poor nations poor in reguards to global trade and economic policies? (pogge)
poor countries have little bargaining power. they also cannot afford the expertise needed to represent their interests effectively. they get a lousy deal. they opened their marked widely to foreign companies, paid royalties to foreign film for film, music, drugs, and even seeds, and still found their own ex ports severely hampered by rich country quotas, tariffs, anti dumping duties etc.
According to Aristotle, when matter and form are combined they create formal matter or________
substance.
Aporia
suspension of judgement
sophists
teachers of rhetoric, how to win arguments don't believe in truth, just to help win a case, making weak arguments strong helped defendants
Euthyphro's dilemma
the nature of goodness asks whether a thing is good because God says it is good, or does God say it's good because it is good
lex talionis
the principle or law of retaliation that a punishment inflicted should correspond in degree and kind to the offense of the wrongdoer
actuality
the quality or state of being actual or real. : something that is actual or real
(true or false) Ideas that are inborn or that the mind already contains prior to experience are called innate ideas
true
(true or false) In his discussion with Socrates, Thrasymachus claims that justice is whatever is in the interest of the stronger
true
(true or false) Plato believed that there were levels of reality that transcended the world of sense experience
true
(true or false) Plato referred to Socrates' method as "dialectic"
true
(true or false) The statement "There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the senses" expresses empiricism
true
Categorical imperative
unconditionally demands actions for its own good find a fair action -not biased or universalized
what is the tragedy or ruin of the commons and how does it come into play in Hardin's argument?
under a system of private property the man (or group of men) who own property recognize their responsibility to care for it for if they dont they will eventually suffer. Although the responsibility is shared so it goes like this " why didnt you mow the grass Bob? well as Sally she didnt either, etc etc and eventually everyone is ruined. in relation to a farmer if he opens his pasture to all and everyone has shared responsibility but blames it on the next person eventually the pasture will get "weedy". "mutual ruin is inevitable in the commons"
Metaphyiscs in ethics
understand the essence to understand how they relate
Ism Assesment
understanding our own biases
