Phil ch 2, 1st half

22. The Cogito Argument proves to Descartes that:

A. he and all other people exist, though we don't know exactly what they are. ????

21. The first indubitable truth Descartes discovers in the Meditations is that:

A. he exists, though he's not sure what he is.

10. The basic indubitable truth upon which Descartes sought to found all his knowledge was that:

A. he, himself, exists.

45. Hume divides the content of the mind into:

A. impressions and ideas.

39. When Leibniz says a truth of fact is contingent, he means:

A. it would be possible for its contradictory to be true.

50. Kant invented the "unity of consciousness" to solve the epistemological problem of:

A. skepticism.

"We should stipulate nothing," is a good paraphrase of:

C. Descartes' method of inquiry.

11. The "epistemological turn" began with:

C. Descartes, and ended with Kant.

1. The philosopher usually cited as the originator of the new theory of knowledge is:

C. Descartes.

23. Solipsism is the belief that:

C. I exist, but nothing else can be proven to exist.

40. Leibniz says the sufficient reason for the world is:

C. a necessary substance.

33. According to the Law of Contradiction:

C. a statement and its contradictory can't both be true.

16. Descartes' method of doubt tells us to:

C. accept only those beliefs that don't contradict what we already know.

14. Descartes' method of inquiry tells us to:

C. adopt the point of view of someone who is ignorant but is trying to learn.

18. Descartes starts the application of his method of doubt by:

C. considering the certainty of each of his beliefs, one by one.

19. Descartes argues that he might be dreaming without being aware of it in order to demonstrate that:

C. even the clearest sense perceptions may be false.

43. According to John Locke, all knowledge is founded on:

C. experience.

28. According to rationalists:

C. knowledge can never be certain.

48. The two basic epistemological problems raised by Descartes were:

C. the problem of certainty and the problem of the sources of knowledge

24. Solipsism is an extreme form of:

A. epistemological skepticism.

47. Hume argued that:

A. everything that exists must have a reason for existence.

31. Which of the following are empiricists?

A. David Hume

27. The "thought experiment" with the lump of wax shows that Descartes was:

A. a rationalist.

7. Descartes' method is:

A. both a method of doubt and a method of inquiry

46. The taste of an apple is an example of a:

A. complex impression.

34. According to the Law of the Excluded Middle:

A. either a statement or its contradictory must be true.

51. Who formulated the idea of the "unity of consciousness"?

B. Kant

5. The book whose publication marks the beginning of modern philosophy is:

B. Meditations on First Philosophy.

4. The epistemological thought of the 17th century has influenced:

B. art. ?????

25. The criteria of truth offered by Descartes in the second Meditation are:

B. clearness and distinctness.

49. Hume did not believe that:

B. it is psychologically possible to suspend one's belief in causation.

32. In place of the psychological tests of certainty used by Descartes, Leibniz used:

B. logical criteria.

12. The heart of the "epistemological turn" was:

B. making questions of epistemology logically prior to questions of metaphysics

44. If Locke's theory is correct, then:

D. Both A and C (God)

30. Which of the following are rationalists?

D. Both B and C (Leibniz & René Descartes)

3. Which of the following was not one of Descartes' rules for conducting an inquiry?

D. Ensure that your subject is a philosophical or mathematical matter, rather than a Religious or Poetic one.

2. In the author's view, since the beginning of the 17th century, the most important field of philosophy has been the study of:

D. epistemology.

13. Epistemological skepticism is the view that:

D. we can never adequately justify any of our beliefs

35. The contradictory of "Parmita is a vegetarian" is:

E. All of the above

41. To say that an argument is valid means:

E. Both A and D (conclusion)

29. According to the empiricists:

E. None of the above

42. The idea that the mind enters the world as a tabula rasa was first put forward by:

E. None of the above

8. According to Descartes, which of the following is beyond doubt?

E. None of the above

20. Descartes raises the possibility of the existence of an "evil genius" in order to demonstrate that:

E. beliefs obtained from the senses are uncertain.

9. A proposition that should not be doubted, according to Descartes, is one that:

E. is absolutely 100% certain.

26. The purpose of Descartes' "thought experiment" with the lump of wax was to show that:

E. knowledge must be founded on reason rather than sense perception.

6. Descartes' most important contribution to philosophy was his:

B. rejection of received opinion.

17. In his Meditations, Descartes says that the motivation for his project was a desire to:

B. rid himself of his many false beliefs.

38. Truths of fact are justified by appeal to:

B. the law of contradiction.

37. Leibniz divides truths into two types:

B. truths of reason and truths of fact.

36. Leibniz calls truths that cannot be justified by the laws of logic:

B. truths of reasoning.