Philippine History - American Times

Hero of Tirad Pass

Aguinaldo left Gen Gregorio del Pilar and his troops at Tirad Pass as they were escaping to avoid American persecution. Del Pilar and his troops were killed on Dec 2, 1898. Del Pilar was recognized as the ___________.

March 23, 1901

Aguinaldo was captured by American troops and brought to Manila. This was the fall of the First Philippine Republic.

Forced Evacuation

Americans declared that all armed troops would be punished or imprisoned. They resorted to this to avoid civilians helping out the guerillas. This resulted to the death of many Filipinos because of sickness and starvation.

Secret Agreement

Comm Dewey and General Merritt secretly entered into an agreement with Spanish Gov Gen Fermin Jaudines to surrender Manila to the Americans.

Treaty of Paris

December 10, 1898 - this treaty gave the US authority to govern the Philippines in exchange for $20MM given to the Spain. This further enraged the Filipinos.

Gen Antonio Luna

He was one of the heroes of the war against the Americans. He was a Pharmacy graduate but he read books about military science while he was in Spain. He joined Aguinaldo in 1896 and was appointed as War Director.

Philippine Republic

January 23, 1899 - First Philippine Republic was established with Gen Emilio Aguinaldo as the first President. This was a true democratic government and accepted by majority of Filipinos but it was not recognized by Americans and other countries of the world.

Philippine Independence

June 12, 1898 - Aguinaldo declared Independence from Spanish Rule.

Gen Licerio Geronimo

Led the biggest American defeat in the Battle of San Mateo, this happened during the end of 1899.

March 31, 1899

Malolos was attacked and conquered by the Americans through the help of additional troops.

Battle of Manila Bay

May 1, 1898 - Comm George Dewey arrived in Manila and fought and defeated the Spaniards.

Julian Felipe

composed the Marcha National which was played during the Declaration of Independence. It became the Philippines' national anthem.

Feb 28, 1899

The Americans attacked Cebu. Samar, Leyte, Marinduque, and Calamianes fell in the hands of the Americans.

January 1, 1901

The Irreconcilables: Artemio Ricarte, Pablo Ocampo, Maximo Hizon and Julian Gerona were exiled to Guam because of their refusal to accept American Rule.

Marcela Agoncillo

made the Philippine flag that was raised during the Declaration of Independence

Gen Martin Delgado

February 11, 1899 - his troops fought the Americans who attacked Iloilo.

Start of Filipino-American War

February 4, 1899 - Americans entered Caloocan and defeated Gen Antonio Luna's troops. Luna ordered all houses to be burned to render them useless to the Americans. They then retreated to Bulacan. Luna and his men also tried to enter Manila but were again defeated. The Americans conquered other places such as Marikina, Pateros, Guadalupe and Caloocan.

Start of misunderstanding between Americans and Filipinos

Filipinos were not allowed to enter Manila after the Spanish surrendered the area to the Americans. Real motive of Americans was unveiled, they too wanted to occupy and use the Philippines for their own interests.

Macario Sakay

He led a group of guerrillas and surrendered to the Americans as they were promised pardon and were convinced that their surrender would restore peace. The Americans did not fulfill their promise and this leader and his men were executed.

Malolos Congress

September 15, 1898 - Malolos Congress was inaugurated to draft a constitution. This was held at Barasoain Church at Malolos, Bulacan.

Tanikalang Ginto, Kahapon Ngayon at Bukas, Hindi Aco Patay

These were some of the compositions of writers who showed their objections to the Americans. They used metaphors and produced zarzuelas and dramas. These were Juan Abad, Aurelio Tolentino, and Juan Matapang Cruz. They were later imprisoned because of their compositions.

Partido Nacionalista and Partido Democrata

These were some of the groups that continued to fight versus the Americans even after the orders to punish armed troops came out.

Guerillas

These were the Filipinos who went to the mountains to continue their fight against the Americans.

Tydings McDuffie Act

This was the realization of all the efforts of Filipinos to seek independence from the Americans. It stipulated that the Phils would be granted independence after 10 years of preparation which would be under the Commonwealth government.

San Isidro, Nueva Ecija

This was where the seat of government was transferred by Aguinaldo after Malolos was conquered by the Americans.

Gregorio del Pilar

Won the battle in Plaridel, Bulacan.