Philosophy final (Test 1 and Test 2 Questions)

Kant saw a necessary tie between morality and religion True False

False

To act according to duty is both right and praiseworthy True False

False (it is praiseworthy to act from duty)

"There is no truth"

Gorgias

"I found a ring of invisibility and will use it to kill the king and take over the kingdom"

Gyges

"Compared to your mother and father and all the rest of your ancestors your country is something far more precious, more venerable, more sacred, and held in greater honor both among gods and among all reasonable men"

Laws

How would Nagel/ Moral Luck respond to the fat man in the cave scenario if they were the person in the boat?

Nagel would say that it's bad luck this issue occurred and that it is beyond our control. Whatever the outcome is, it's due to luck.

Which type of luck would hold that Anna Karenina is more blameworthy than Gauguin, and do you agree (why/why not)?

Resultant luck (retrospective justification) would hold Anna blameworthy than Gauguin because Anna's actions brought a worse outcome. Both individuals abandoned their families, but Gauguin was able to make vast contributions to art whereas Anna made no contributions and ultimately killed herself.

How would Ross/ Prima Facie Duties respond to the fat man in the cave scenario if they were the person in the boat?

Ross would say do what has the most prima facie rightness. He looks at the Act like Kant. Don't kill the fat guy. Killing is wrong.

"The really important thing is not to live, but to live well"

Socrates

A cognitivist may admit that beating elderly women is wrong True False

T

A non-cognitivist cannot admit that beating an elderly woman is wrong True False

T

Anscombe believed that our needs are dependent on our wants. True False

T

Both Mill and Kant refer to a version of the Golden Rule in their ethical theories True False

T

Cicero's "De Officiis" was an early display of casuist thinking True False

T

Consistency in the categorical imperative gives perfect duties True False

T

In the sinking of the William Brown, the deontological choice would have been some type of "shared disaster" True False

T

Initially, Crito encouraged Socrates to escape from prison, and save himself from the death penalty. True False

T

Plato believed that what held your desk and the desk next to you in common is that they both participate in the Form of Desk. True False

T

Two approaches to studying morality are called scientific and philosophical. True False

T

"We look at people and reward them based on character, and that is the reason to be virtuous"

Anscombe

If a baby were rescued and made available for adoption, _______ would surround the baby with good role models from which the baby will develop good habits and become virtuous.

Anscombe

Briefly, explain how W.D. Ross's theory is a compromise between consequentialism and non-consequentialism.

WD Ross says to adopt prima facie duties (PDF) which means "on the surface." If an act is wrong, don't do it. His theory is similar to Kant's. However, Ross's theory has 2 flaws: 1st we don't know where PDF come from. If you decide to look at Act, it's Kant's idea and if you look at Consequence, it's Mill—neither ideas are original to Ross. The 2nd flaw asks what one should do when two PFDs conflict. Should we lie to save someone's feelings to be nice or do we tell the truth that could hurt them? Ross says to do what has more PFD rightness, but then we run into the issue of how to determine that.

Which type of utilitarianism examines moral situations case by case? a) Consequence b) Motive c) Act d) Rule

c) Act

Pick the two forms of utilitarianism (choose two) a) Consequence b) Motive c) Act d) Rule

c) Act d) Rule

Who encouraged dropping moral language in favor of language based in virtues? a) Pythagoras b) Aristotle c) Anscombe d) Plato

c) Anscombe

Of the following, who had the most direct influence on John Stuart Mill? a) W.D. Ross b) Aristotle c) Bentham d) Kant

c) Bentham

An ethical position that is not dependent on anything and true for all times all for all people is called _____? a) A priori b) Utility c) Categorical d) Altruistic

c) Categorical

Mill believed that morality should be defined by looking at which of the following? a) Motives b) Acts c) Consequences d) Practical opinion

c) Consequences

______ luck is luck based on the personal character of the moral agent. a) Resultant b) Circumstantial c) Constitutive d) Causal

c) Constitutive

Which is NOT a class in the perfect city? a) Rulers b) Citizens c) Governors d) Guardians

c) Governors

What seemed to be Crito's main reason for getting Socrates to escape? a) Safety b) Socrates' sons c) His Reputation d) Socrates' life

c) His Reputation

Purposely shutting a book on an innocent person's hand is best described by which type of action? a) Moral b) Amoral c) Immoral d) Non-moral

c) Immoral

Which ethical theory NEVER justifies an "immoral" act? a) Deontology b) Utilitarianism c) Casuistry d) Self-interest

a) Deontology

According to Aristotle which is the proper end for humans? a) Happiness b) Virtue c) Justice d)Friendship

a) Happiness

What is the name of the fallacy that says that moral terms cannot be defined without confusing natural terms with non-natural terms thus committing a fallacy? a) Naturalistic b) Identity c) Predication d) Equivocation

a) Naturalistic

W. D. Ross is first and foremost a... ____. a) Non-consequentialist b) Consequentialist c) Casuist d) Egoist

a) Non-consequentialist

Which branch of ethics applies standards of right and wrong? a) Normative b) Applied c) Meta-Ethics d) Descriptive

a) Normative

Treating people as ends and never purely as means is which type of imperative? a) Practical b) A priori c) Categorical d) Hypothetical

a) Practical

Who taught that "man is the measure of all things"? a) Protagoras b) Pythagoras c) Gorgias d) Thrasymachus

a) Protagoras

Which type of moral luck acts as retrospective justification? a) Resultant b) Circumstantial c) Constitutive d) Causal

a) Resultant

Which type of moral luck was said to benefit Gauguin and be a detriment to Anna? a) Resultant b) Circumstantial c) Constitutive d) Causal

a) Resultant

According to Kant, the type of knowledge which can provide an objective morality is rational also known as ______? a) A posteriori b) A priori c) Empirical d) Theoretical

b) A priori

Kant believed that morality should be defined by looking at which of the following? a) Motives b) Acts c) Consequences d) Practical Opinion

b) Acts

Which is said to be acting in the interest of others? a) Deontology b) Altruism c) Egoism d) Casuistry

b) Altruism

Shutting a book is best described by which type of action? a) Moral b) Amoral c) Immoral d) Non-moral

b) Amoral

Due to the idea that ethics is not an exact science, who first endorsed a casuistic type understanding of morality? a) Aquinas b) Aristotle c) Pascal d) Cicero

b) Aristotle

Which type of philosophical approach investigates the meaning of moral judgements? a) Normative b) Applied c) Meta-Ethics d) Descriptive

c) Meta-Ethics

The quote, "man is the measure of all things", relates to which ethical theory best? a) Nihilism b) Realism c) Relativism d) Egoism

c) Relativism

Homer and Hesiod offered a description of the gods, and portrayed them and their rules as reason to be moral, what further contribution did Hesiod, make toward the advancement of ethical theory?

Hesiod believed gods were a part of nature, not nature themselves. Nature has its own built-in moral code. If a person wrongs nature, then nature will correct itself which may or may not cause punishment for the wrongdoer. If the person is punished, its simply because the method used was the easiest. A wrong against nature is called partial hubris.

If a baby were rescued and made available for adoption, _______ would punish the baby as that person has punished the people of Athens. If the baby starts to care about riches or anything, more than about virtue.

--Socrates

List any three virtues and the accompanying vices.

-Opposite of fair is stringent, opposite of stringent is too lenient—fair is the virtue at the midpt -Opposite of brave is cowardice, opposite of cowardice is idiocy or foolhardiness—bravery is the virtue at the midpt -Opposite of hungry is starving, opposite of starving is full—hungry is the virtue at the midpt.

How would a Casuist respond to the fat man in the cave scenario if they were the person in the boat?

A casuist would use a combo of intuition and moral norms.

Explain why a non-cognitivist cannot admit that beating an elderly woman is wrong.

A non-cognitive does not believe that moral judgements have truth value. Non-cognitivists support emotivism that does not make assertions —it only expresses emotion. Non-cognitivists believe that morality cannot be defined; rather, it is simply an emotional response to situations. Therefore, non-cognitivists do not believe in morality which means that they cannot assert what is right and what is wrong.

Explain how the quote: "Count no man happy until he is dead" relates to Aristotle's idea of Eudaimonia over a complete life.

A person can have a terrible first three quarters of their life but have an amazing last quarter of their life. Therefore, someone cannot be considered happy until his life is complete—dead.

"The best ends are ends in themselves, not for gain of something else"

Aristotle

If a baby were rescued and made available for adoption, _______ would teach the baby to live a life that expresses the proper virtue, namely wisdom, by acting in accord with all the virtues, and the baby will be happy!

Aristotle

"What could be more contemptible than to get a name for thinking more of money than of your friends? One has to think of popular opinion... take my advice and be reasonable."

Crito

Aristotle's four causes are called the four pillars of justice. True False

F

Gyges was a sophist True False

F

Hesiod and Homer gave identical views concerning our ethical foundations. True False

F

Mill introduced the idea of quantity rather than quality to utilitarian ethics True False

F

Objectivity in ethics means that morality is relative to each of us. True False

F

One objection to deontology is that it's not an objective theory True False

F

The fourth justice is called the final cause. True False

F (the fourth cause is called the final cause, but it is not called the "fourth justice")

Aristotle opened the Academy. True False

F (he opened the Lyceum)

If a baby were rescued and made available for adoption, _______ would teach the baby to honor the gods in the right way as to avoid offending them thus committing the ultimate sin of hubris.

Homer

How would Kant/Deontology respond to the fat man in the cave scenario if they were the person in the boat?

Kant would say no matter the consequence, do not kill. Killing is wrong.

"I love the sun but don't have the time to get a good tan and keep it year-round, so I am a huge fan of tanning products."

Kim Kardashian

"You have corrupted the youth by teaching them to not honor the gods that the city recognizes."

Meletus

How would Mill/Utilitarianism respond to the fat man in the cave scenario if they were the person in the boat?

Mill would say to do what will benefit the most people and bring the greatest good. Kill fat guy and save 5 people.

The ethical theory promoted by Aristotle and Plato is called a) Moral Realism b) Moral Realism c) Moral Realism d)Gloopy the pig

Moral Realism

Give an example of an adequate excuse, and then explain how one might use determinism as an adequate excuse to avoid any blameworthy condemnation.

Nagel's 4 Moral Lucks are examples of an adequate excuse. Constitutive Luck states that a person's personality and character is a result of their birth, DNA, upbringing, and their society—a person has no control over them. If a person decides to murder due to their cruel character or were raised in a violent environment, then they have an adequate excuse that exonerates them from blame. Determinism from Causal Luck would posit that a person's aggressive personality caused them to murder—the killer is not at fault. An external circumstance caused the killer to have that type of personality.

If a baby were rescued and made available for adoption, _______ would make sure the baby is brought up in a Just way promoting harmony in the soul, through its parts acting in accordance with one another.

Plato

Define and explain the difference between psychological egoism and ethical egoism.

Psychological egoism- the idea that all people behave with self-interest. Ethical egoism- not all people act with self-interest but should do so.

What was the operative selection principle for the castaways from the William Brown, and what did that mean?

The operative selection principle was "save families plus crew." The principle is an example of casuistry that combines moral norms and intuition to solve mora problems. They decided unmarried men and crew would be cast overboard. This principle was adopted so that they could select who to sacrifice so that others could potentially live.

"Justice is in the interest of the stronger party."

Thrasymachus

What is a good name? a) Dave b) Carol c) Tiger Claw d) Smoofy

any of them

Judge Counterfactual not getting assigned the case in which a bribe was offered thus appearing to be just is an example of which kind of luck? a) Resultant b) Circumstantial c) Constitutive d) Causal

b) Circumstantial

The Good will is the will that acts ______. a) According to duty b) From duty c) For duty d) To duty

b) From duty

Ethical nihilism or the position that there are no moral truths was put forth by whom? A) Socrates b) Gorgias c) Protagoras d) Plato

b) Gorgias

All events are cause so there can be no such thing as free will is an explanation of which type of determinism? a) Religious b) Hard c) Soft d) Indeterminism

b) Hard

Which virtue best exemplifies the main topic of the Republic? a) Wisdom b) Justice c) Temperance d) Courage

b) Justice

Which philosopher issued the use of maxims in order to test ethical questions? a) Ross b) Kant c) Mill d) Aristotle

b) Kant

Who believed that "a person's moral worth depends on the quality of their will, independent of external circumstances"? a) Williams b) Kant c) Nagel d) Gauguin

b) Kant

Who tried to show that moral terms cannot be defined without confusing natural terms with non-natural terms thus committing a fallacy? a) Stevenson b) Moore c) Nagel d) Mackie

b) Moore

Which application of the categorical imperative gives the imperfect duties? a) Consistency b) Reversibility c) Reliability d) Reject ability

b) Reversibility

Which does NOT describe the Forms as laid out by Plato? a) Eternal b) Sensed c) Perfect d)Unchanging

b) Sensed

Which is NOT a class in the perfect soul? a) Reason b) Senses c) Desires d) Thumos(spirit)

b) Senses

Which position promotes the idea of objective moral truths? a) Emotivism b) Non-cognitivism c) Relativism d) Absolutism

d) Absolutism

In which dialogue did Socrates defend himself against charges of corrupting the youth and worshiping false gods? a) Crito b) Lyceum c) Republic d) Apology

d) Apology

Which type of moral luck leads us to scientific determinism? a) Resultant b) Circumstantial c) Constitutive d) Causal

d) Causal

Another name for Kant's Non-consequentialism is... ______. a) Utilitarianism b) Altruism c) Pragmatism d) Deontology

d) Deontology

Which is not part of the philosophical approach toward studying ethics? a) Normative b) Applied c) Meta-Ethics d) Descriptive

d) Descriptive

______ is defined as a state of well-being? a) Virtue b) Hedonism. c) Hubris d) Eudaimonia

d) Eudaimonia

An "if, then" imperative is called which of the following? a) Practical b) A priori c) Categorical d) Hypothetical

d) Hypothetical

Who does Socrates believe will be harmed most if he leaves with Crito? a) Crito b) Sons c) Reputation d) Laws

d) Laws

The term prima facie can be translated to mean______? a) Necessary b) Rational c) Relating to d) On the surface

d) On the surface

Which is NOT an example of Plato's early dialogues? a) Euthyphro b) Apology c) Crito d) Timaeus

d) Timaeus

Which principle promotes acting so as to produce the greatest good for the greatest number? a) Self-interest b) Divine command c) Deontology d) Utilitarianism

d) Utilitarianism

Match up Plato's tripartite city with the corresponding parts to the tripartite soul, and the virtues that go along with them.

eros = temperance =citizens thumos = temperance & courage= guardians logos = temperance, courage, & wisdom = Rulers