Physical Science Chapter 4

The idea that properties of elements repeat in regular patterns in relation to some basic characteristics such as atomic mass or atomic number.

periodicity

Sulfur is in group 16 which means it's in the mixed group. The color that it has means that it is a nonmetal. Has 6 valence electrons, energy level 3

What do we know about sulfur?

14th element 14 protons, 14 neutrons,

What information about a neutral atom of silicon does the periodic table tell us?

they have similar physical and chemical properties. Similar valence electrons

What is similar about elements in a particular family?

The fact that they easily lose this electron makes them very reactive.

What trait of alkali metals results from the fact that they easily lose their one valence electron?

They have one valence electron, which they can easily lose to form a 1+ cation. It becomes a positive because it lost an electron

What type of ion do the alkali metals form and why?

discovered cerium, selenium, silicon, and thorium; developed the modern symbols for elements

What was Berzelius' contribution to the study of elements?

Noble gases: because their outer energy levels are full, they are chemically unreactive, or insert.

Which families atoms generally have eight valence electrons? What property do these electrons produce?

The electrons in pairs because of how they arranged in the atom.

Why are electrons paired in electron dot notation?

As the list of known elements grew, scientists quickly reorganized the need to organize all this data. Many scientists came up with their own symbol to represent each element.

Why did Berzelius establish his system of chemical symbols?

the properties of the elements vary in a periodic way with their atomic numbers.

state the periodic law

4 energy levels because on the side it tells us

All of the transition metals have at least how many energy levels? Explain.

Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, polonium

Arrange by increasing.

metalloids, metals, nonmetals

Classify as metal, nonmatal, or metalloid. A antimony, B strontium, C bromine

located to the right of the periodic table, could be a gas, liquid, or solid

Define a nonmetal and list its properties.

electrons in the outermost energy level

Define valence electrons

CN is the compound for carbon and nitrogen. The reason is because copernicium's name is Cn. As you see, the n is not capitalized.

Does CN represent the element copernicium (112) or a compound of carbon and nitrogen? Explain.

Left to right it gets smaller, from top to bottom it gets larger: as we move to the right across a period, adding protons and electrons causes the atoms to get smaller.

Explain why atomic radius changes as we move to the right across a period?

Electrons that are more distant from the nucleus have less pull exerted on them than those that are closer. When the radius is smaller, the pull on the valence electrons is much stronger.

Explain why electronegativity changes as it does across a period?

The periods, or rows, on the periodic table are related to the energy levels of the atoms. The groups are elements with similar electron arrangements.

How does the shape of the periodic table reflect the order that we see in atoms and in the universe?

Most of these elements have one or two valence electrons.

How many valence electrons do the transition metals typically have?

group 12, group 1, group 14

List the group number for each element. A cadmium, B cesium, C carbon

cobalt and nickle argon potassium iodine tellurium

List two pairs of elements that would have been in order.

His work solidified the position that matter consisted of isvisible particles of elements. This led to the book, The Skeptical Chymist.

Name a key contribution that Robert Boyle made to the study of chemistry.

mixed groups, alkaline-earth metals, inner transition metals

Name the family for each of the following elements. A. lead,B. calcium,C. promethium

Berzelius,Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, Moseley

Put these people in order.

The reason we need the periodic table is because scientists, sense ancient times, have discovered more and more elements. The scientist soon developed the table. The table brought order.

Why do we need a periodic table?

Because they are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, they have a variety of uses.

Why is the oxygen group considered one of the mixed groups?

.copper is more to the left so it would be more metallic

Would you expect copper or gallium to exhibit more metallic properties? Explain.

Of what elements did the ancient Greeks believe all matter consisted?

earth, fire, air, water

Henry Moseley recognized that he was able to use a new technique called X-ray spectroscopy to determine the atomic number for each element. The periodic law changed as well. It now states that the properties of the elements vary in a periodic way with their atomic numbers.

name changes in the periodic table