Political Science Exam 2
During the 1940's and 1950's, who was the head lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund?
Thurgood Marshall
President ______ appointed the first President's Commission on Civil Rights in ______.
Truman; 1946
Which of the following stories would an American news outlet that relies primarily on advertising revenue be LEAST likely to cover?
an economics professor providing testimony to a congressional committee on the effect of tariffs.
A liberal would most likely support...
an expansion in governmental social services.
Which of the following is a good example of a media monopoly?
disney
Libertarianism is a political ideology that...
emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government.
All of the following are important roles for the media in American Democracy EXCEPT...
enabling privately owned companies to advertise their products to the public.
________ is the most important core value of liberalism...
equality
The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)...
established the "separate but equal" rule.
The traditional news media aim to provide objective reporting on current events by...
excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage.
"Affective intelligence" refers to the...
fact that individuals will often quickly form opinions in response to current events by using their emotions as a guide.
Support for freedom of speech, a free internet, and the press is...
higher in the United States than in most other countries in the world.
The fact that Americans strongly support minimal governmental interference with individuals' lives and properties illustrates their commitment to...
liberty
_________ is the core political value MOST highly prioritized by American conservatives...
liberty
Which of the following sets of terms best describes America's fundamental political values?
liberty, equality of opportunity, and democracy.
Much of the national news that is published in local newspapers is provided by ________.
the Associated Press
In the United States, freedom of the press is protected by...
the First Amendment of the Constitution
Which of the following is an example of a public broadcasting organization...
the National Public Radio (NPR)
After World War II, which government institution first began drawing attention to the problem of racism in America?
the White House
The first slaves were brought to what would become the United States in ________.
1619
About _______ percent of southern white families owned slaves in 1840.
25
In classical political theory, a liberal was closest to what we refer to as today...
libertarian
Which of the following news sources reaches the MOST Americans?
television
Large media conglomerates own approximately ________ percent of daily newspapers.
75%
The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees...
African American men the right to vote.
Women were guaranteed the right to vote with the passage of the ______ Amendment in 1920.
Nineteenth
Which U.S. president ushered in the tax revolt and the deregulation of many government policies in the 1980's?
Ronald Reagan
The Montgomery bus boycott began after ______ refused to give up her seat for a white man.
Rosa Parks
What was the result of the Compromise of 1877?
Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president.
Which was the first state to allow women to vote?
Wyoming
A political ideology is best defined as...
a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government
What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
a meeting in upstate New York during the mid-nineteenth century regarding women's rights.
Which of the following statements best characterizes media ownership in the United States?
a small number of giant, privately owned corporations control most of the country's television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites.
Strict scrutiny refers to...
a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.
The Thirteenth Amendment...
abolished slavery.
Public Broadcasting in the United States...
accounts for a much smaller share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.
Privately owned media companies in the United States earn most of their revenue from...
advertising
Which of the following statements best characterizes the traditional news media's relationship to objectivity?
although completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists attempt to be objective by reporting both sides of a story.
Support for an affirmative action policy that considers an applicant's race in university admissions is an example of a political ________, while a belief in equality of opportunity is an example of a political _______.
attitude; value
The difference between a political value and a political attitude is that values are...
basic principles, while attitudes are specific preferences.
The term public opinion is used to describe
beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people.
News produced by individuals and organizations who are not employed as professional journalists is called...
citizen journalism
Opposition to legalized abortion is a position most likely supported by ________, while support for legalized abortion is a position most likely supported by ________.
conservatives; liberals
Restrictive covenants were...
contract clauses added by the seller of a home that required the buyer to agree never to sell the home to any non-Caucasian.
When racial segregation in schools is the result of hundreds of thousands of housing choices made by individuals and families rather than the result of law, it is referred to as...
de facto
Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ________ discrimination.
de jure
In response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the Supreme Court...
declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination rather than state of discrimination.
During the last decade, the number of newspaper journalists working in the United States has...
decreased by 40%
"Pupil placement" laws...
delayed desegregation efforts by authorizing school districts to place each pupil in a school according to a variety of academic, personal, and psychological considerations.
Bernie Sanders is best described as a _________, while Rand Paul is best described as a ________.
democratic socialist; libertarian
Advertising revenue at print newspapers is currently ________ what it was in 2005.
half
During the 2016 campaign, Hillary Clinton received ________ amount of media coverage as Donald Trump...
half the
The fact that a smaller and smaller number of companies owns a larger and larger share of the American media is concerning primarily because it...
increases the risks that politicians and citizens who express less popular or minority viewpoints will have difficulty finding a public forum.
In terms of combatting racism, the NAACP had the most success with?
lawsuits
________ generally support abortion rights and oppose state involvement with religious institutions...
liberals
A vast majority of Americans describe themselves as...
liberals, conservatives, or moderates.
A person's political party preference is primarily acquired through the influence of the...
person's family.
Liberalism and conservatism are examples of
political ideologies
The process by which political values are formed is known as...
political socialization
Digital subscription models in which people pay to access news content has proven to be a...
profitable approach for many elite, national newspapers but not for smaller or mid-sized local newspapers.
George W. Bush called himself a "compassionate conservative" in order to show that he favored...
programs that assist the poor and needy.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to...
protect former slaves from discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and theaters.
The Supreme Court ruled in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) that...
racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts.
Public broadcasting refers to any television, radio, and digital media that...
receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.
Conservatives are more likely than liberals to support
school prayer
During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was...
severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court.
The "peculiar institution" was a phrase used by southerners describe...
slavery
In international affairs, conservation has come to mean...
support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power.
Despite its widespread availability, ________ typically reports on the narrowest range of topics and provides the least depth of news coverage...
television
The practice of training reporters to produce a standardized, seemingly neutral news product was the result of...
the newspaper industry's realization that the best way to make a profit was to not alienate potential readers who held liberal or conservative political views.
The trend in concentration of traditional media ownership occurred in large part due to...
the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980's and the 1990's.
To what does the term Jim Crow refer?
the system of racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction
Which of the following statements best describes current controversies about immigration among conservatives?
there is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States.
The media are sometimes referred to as the "fourth branch of government" because
they provide a check on the power of government and political leaders
If a number of newspapers published stories exposing an elected official's acceptance of monetary bribes from a corporation in exchange for passing a particular law, it would be an example of the media serving their role as a...
watchdog