Praxis 5039 (-1 & 1-19 Sets)
Fanny Burney
"Evelina"
Margaret Mitchell
"Gone with the Wind"
Jonathon Swift
"Gullivers Travels"
Text coding ??
"I am really confused about this"
Text coding: !
"I am surprised at this"
Text coding: ?
"I have a question about this"
Text coding: L
"I learned something from this"
Text coding: RR
"I need to reread this part"
Macbeth by Shakespeare
"It will have blood, they say. Blood will have blood. Stones have been known to move, and trees to speak. Augurs and understood relations have By magot pies and choughs and rooks brought forth The secret'st man of blood.—What is the night?
John Steinbeck
"Of Mice and Men" "The Grapes of Wrath"
Daniel Defoe
"Robinson Crusoe"
Jack London
"The Call of the Wild"
1800-1865 American Romantic Period
"The Praries" - William Cullen Bryant The Last of the Mohicans - James Fennimore Cooper "Ain't I A Woman" - Soujourner Truth "The Devil and Tom Walker" - Washington Irving
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"
Robert Frost
"The Road Not Taken"
Ernest Hemingway
"The Sun Also Rises"
Text coding: *
"This is important"
Text coding: X
"This is not what I expected"
Hamlet by Shakespeare
"To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them."
Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte (Romantic)
"You love Mr Edgar, because he is handsome and young and cheerful and rich and loves you", 1847 novel influenced by gothicism. The frame story involves a man named Lockwood, who moves to an estate on the moors next to one owned by the mysterious Heathcliff, so he asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him about this man. As a young girl Nelly worked at the manor for the owner, Mr. Earnshaw and his family. Earnshaw one day brings home an orphan boy - Heathcliff - and raises him as his own, loving him more than his own son Hindley. However, after Earnshaw's death his real son enacts revenge on Heathcliff, treating him very poorly, and Earnshaw's daughter Catherine, who Heathcliff loves, marries another man. Heathcliff leaves and returns years later, wealthy and intent on enacting his own revenge. He drives Hindley and Catherine to despair, destitution, and death, mistreats his wife, and toys with Catherine's daughter and his own. We later learn that Heathcliff dies and the estate passes on to Catherine's daughter and her new husband.
"argumentum ad nauseum"
"arguing to the point of nausea"; repeating one's point over and over until listeners are so disgusted at hearing it that they cannot tolerate hearing it any longer
"circulus in demonstrando"
"circular argument"; by trying to use the assertion or idea they want to prove is itself a part of their proof, people using circular argumentation are actually "talking in circles".
drama
"early christian mystery"; developed from religious ritual; started as traveling pageants or mystery plays; were intended to be performed the same way everytime but evolved according to actors personal touches.
Think-Alouds
"eavesdropping on someone's thinking"; teachers verbalize aloud while reading a selection orally; these verbalizations include describing things they are doing as they need to monitor their comprehension; provides a model for students for how skilled readers construct meaning from a text
Text coding: check mark
"i know this"
Middle English Period
(1066-1550) Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, More's Utopia.
American Colonial Period
(1630-1760) Williams and Hooker's Bay Psalm Book, Frandlin's Poor Richard's Almanack, Bradstreet's The Tenth Muse..., Edwards' The freedom of the Will
aAmerican Renaissance
(1830 - 1860) Dickinson, Melville's Moby Dick, Whitman's Captain, my captain, and Leaves of Grass, and Thoreau's Walden
Victorian Era Duration
(1837-1901)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas
(1845) the autobiography of begins at his first memory of the Whipping of this Aunt which was his inauguration into slavery through his youth when he decides to stand up against his master and fight for his freedom
Madam Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
(1856) based on the true story of Daphine Delamar, an adulterous wife married to a country doctor, who died of grief after decieving and ruining her husband. The novel is a realist attack on the ROmantic sensibility.
The Wasteland T.S Elliot
(1922) epic poem, depicting a world devoid of purpose or meaning.
An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser.
(1925) Clyde Griffiths, whose troubles with women and the law take him from his religious upbringing in Kansas city, to the town of Lycurgus, New York. Materialistic Hortense Briggs, farm girl Roberta Alden (who drowns), aristocratic Sondra Finchley. Clyde is found guilty of murdering Roberta, and sentenced to death. Abortion, societal ills.
All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque
(1929) a novel written illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.
Old English Period
(450-1066) Beowulf
The Crucible by Arthur Miller
(Arthur Miller, 1953). Miller chose the 1692 Salem witch trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Also notable: Judge Hathorne is a direct ancestor of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne.
New criticism/structuralism
(Common core state standards in English language arts and ligature as well as the ETS praxis English subject assessment test writers love this form of Criticism. )The text is views as existing independently and a close reading of the text reveals meaning background knowledge and outside sources are not used when interpreting the text as you read Ortiz the text you would examine the interaction of words, Figures of speech, and the symbols and analyze how structure is established to create unity and meaning
A midsummer night's dream by Shakespeare
(Fantasy Setting) It portrays the events surrounding the marriage of the Duke of Athens, Theseus, and the Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta. These include the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of amateur actors, who are manipulated by the fairies who inhabit the forest in which most of the play is set.
Gerund
(First type of verbal phrase) a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, e.g., asking in do you mind my asking you?.-ing can be used as the SUBJECT or OBJECT or giving more information about the Subject (subject compliment) or more information about the object (object compliment) (noun) in a sentence. "Running is good for your heart." "He hates waking up." "What I hate doing most is repeating myself." "I saw Jim riding his bike." "I'm interested in improving myself." Anytime you have a preposition, always use a gerund. A gerund can be the object of the preposition. "I am excited about doing something." -----"She doesn't like your bossing her around." (the gerund is the object of a possessive pronoun. A gerund is NEVER a continuous verb. (she is running)> 1.Subject 2. predicate nomnative (renames the subject, and follows a state of being verb 3. object of a preposition. *ask who or what? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkUyeNFJt0Yhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhwGtNzdDmc
Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw
(Greek mythology) a king who created a statue of a woman and fell in love with it
Differentiated Instruction
(Learning Stations) *students complete same task but at a level and stule completely designed for them.) Instruction offered to meet all student needs.
Participle
(Second type of verbal phrase) an -ed or -ing verb form used as an adjective or to form the progressive aspect or perfect tense. Usually modifies subjects or objects, so it usually acts as an adjective. "Panting furiously, the dog chased the rabbit." (Panting furiously is the Participle phrase) it modifies the subject, dog. It is an adjective because it tells which dog (the one panting furiously) *ask what kind of...?"
idiom
(n.) an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up "He really went to town on that issue." usage: He not only went, he apparently hasn't come back yet.
idiom
(n.) an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up EX: Sick as a dog EX: High as a kite
Comprehension strategies
(you will need to know the commonly use research-based strategies for instruction which follow below. Is important to note that you will need to identify the strategy site textual evidence to Valby if I wait that use the strategy or determine how ideas are connected to the passage). Identifying important information, predicting and verify, summarizing and notetaking, identifying cause-and-effect, making inferences, synthesizing, and visualizing
1969 Autobiography main ideas
*I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings* IDENTITY, RAPE, RACISM, LITERATURE.
Theme (Fable)
*Moral* / aimed to teach a lesson
20th Century Drama
*Their Eyes Were Watching God* Rural urban slave town girl "Janie" She wishes to find love outside of her hometown. -- each death taught and made her progress as an independent woman (stronger & smarter) *achieved ultimate goal of discovering who she really was.*
Southern Gothic (1960)
*To Kill a Mocking Bird* Irrationality of adult attitudes towards race & class in the deep south during 1936.
Falling Action
*action following climax
Comedy
*morally corrupt character / i.e "trickster"
Black Comedy
*not meant to be funny, terrible circumstances
Theme (FICTION)
*one must infer //The theme of a piece of fiction is its view about life and how people behave.
Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (Romantic)
, A popular novel in the English language, it is regarded as the first "chic-lit" novel. The novel encompasses strong female protagonists and their journeys to find love, in a world centered around marriage. Austen provides a spot on view of propriety in society as well as well-rounded, believable characters.
Go Tell It on the Mountain by James Baldwin (Harlem Renaissance)
, published in 1953. In large part autobiographical, the novel, set in Harlem, focuses on John Grimes on his 14th birthday in 1935. The five sections are told from the perspective of John and three other members of his family and explore John's resentment toward his father, Gabriel, for loving his other brother, Roy, more. The reader learns that the family's history stretches back to slaves in the South and that Gabriel is not John's real father. The novel largely deals with the central father-son conflict and John's coming of age and religious crisis.
Catch 22 by Joseph Heller
, which takes place during WWII, to a military rule that prevents soldiers from avoiding combat missions. From the book, "There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one's safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he were sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn't have to; but if he didn't want to he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle. (p. 56, ch. 5)
Beowulf by unknown OLD ENGLISH
-Beowulf -King Hrothgar -Gredel -Grendel's mother
HISTORICAL FICTION
-stories centered around the basis of a partially historical situation -a novel set in a historical period
REALISTIC FICTION
-stories that take place in modern times -characters are involved in events that could happen
War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
. It delineates in graphic detail events leading up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version were serialized in the magazine The Russian Messenger between 1865 and 1867. The novel was first published in its entirety in 1869. Newsweek in 2009 ranked it top of its list of Top 100 Books.
The Last of Mohicans by James Cooper
...
The Awakening by Kate Chopin
... a married woman who defies social convention first by falling in love with another man, and then by committing suicide when she finds that his views on women are as oppressive as her husband's. The novel reflects the changing role of women during the early 1900s.
Tom Jones by Henry Fielding
..., A novel tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady.
trochaic foot
/u
dactylic
/uu stressed, unstressed, unstressed
Medieval #
1
Chomsky's Stages of Language Acquisition
1) prelinguistic (silent period with only crying), 2) holophrastic (one-word communication), 3) two-word, 4) telegraphic (when child may omit some syllables, substitute sounds, and use only pivot words with other words), 5) intermediate development, 6) adult
Post-Modernism #
10
Faust
12,000 line verse play based on a sixteenth-centrury German legend about a traveling physician who, bored with his station in life, sold his soul to the devil, a character named Mephistopholes, in return for infinite knowledge
Sonnet
14 lines /little poem
RenaissanceReriod
1500 - 1660
1500-1660 Renaissance
1558-1603 Elizabethan - 12th night, Faustus 1603-1625 Jacobean - Othello, King Lear, Sonnets and John Donne 1625-1649 Caroline Age - Paradise Lost 1649-1660 Commonwealth Period
The Colonial Period
1620-1750
The Age of Revolution
1750-1815
The Romantic Period
1800-1865
Transcendentalism
1830-1865
British Victorian Period
1840-1900 Dickens, Great Expectations, Tennyson, Hardy, Browning Brontes, Brownings, Dickents, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, Lewis Carroll, Hopkins, Kipling, Rossetti's, Tennyson, Oscar Wilde, William Butler Yeats.
The Three Musketeers by Alezander Dumas
1844 novel (originally serialized) that combines historical fiction with the romantic. It follows a poor young nobleman named d'Artagnan in his quest to become a Musketeer. In the process he befriends the Three Musketeers Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, and the four together try to foil a plot by the Cardinal Richelieu.
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte (Romantic)
1847 involves strong elements of social criticism, not to mention a strong, independent female protagonist, that challenged class, gender, and religious roles of the time. The protagonist is an orphan brought up by a cruel aunt, Mrs. Reed, who eventually sends her to the Lowood School, which is run by the hypocritical Mr. Brocklehurst. He is ousted after an epidemic that claims the life of one of the protagonist's dear friends, Helen Burns, and the protagonist goes on to enjoy the rest of her time at the school. After teaching briefly, she becomes the governess at a manor called Thornfield, which is owned by a dark man named Rochester. The protagonist falls in love with him and he proposes, but it is unveiled that he is already married to a woman who has gone mad. The protagonist leaves, but years later returns and tracks down Rochester, who has been disfigured by a fire set by the mad wife (Bertha) that burned down Thornfield. They marry and live happily ever after.
aCivil War Period
1855-1870
Civil War Writers
1855-1870 Mary Chestnut - Diary of Mary Chestnut Abraham Lincoln - The Gettysburg Address Fredrick Douglas - My Bondage, My Freedom
Realism
1855-1900
A Tale of two Cities
1859 novel by Charles Dickens set in the late 18th century. It has a typically Dickensian plot with lots of characters and twists and turns, but it revolves around the love triangle of Charles Darnay, Lucie Manette, and Sydney Carton and takes place in London and Paris on the eve of and during the French Revolution. Lucie and Darnay marry, and in the end Carton tricks the imprisoned Darnay, switches places with him, and is executed instead of Darnay, giving Carton's life meaning and saving the lives of Lucie, Darnay, and their daughter.
A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (Victorian)
1859 novel set in the late 18th century. It has a typically Dickensian plot with lots of characters and twists and turns, but it revolves around the love triangle of Charles Darnay, Lucie Manette, and Sydney Carton and takes place in London and Paris on the eve of and during the French Revolution. Lucie and Darnay marry, and in the end Carton tricks the imprisoned Darnay, switches places with him, and is executed instead of Darnay, giving Carton's life meaning and saving the lives of Lucie, Darnay, and their daughter.
Regionalism
1865-1920
Naturalism
1880-1915
Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy
1891 novel aroused controversy for its sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for rural women victimized by the country's rigid social morality. It follows the eponymous young woman T of the title, whose family discovers they are descendants of a noble family. They send T to be raised by a wealthy family of the same last name, who are not actually related at all. That family's son Alec rapes T, and she eventually flees and gives birth to a baby, named Sorrow, that soon dies. She begins a romance with a young man named Angel and they marry, but when they confess their respective indiscretions to each other, T forgives Angel but he does not forgive her for what Alec did to her. Angel leaves for Brazil. T struggles, her father dies, and they are evicted from their home, but she refuses help from Alec, who is trying to woo her back. Eventually she becomes Alec's lover but kills him when Angel comes back and is eventually caught and executed.
Modern Period (American)
1900 - 1950 Writers wrote about the world wars, alienation, the Roaring Twenties, the Depression, and the changing world. F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby); John Steinbeck (The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men); Richard Wright (Black Boy); the poetry of Robert Frost, Nikki Giovanni, and E. E. Cummings; the stories of Katherine Porter, Flannery O'Connor, John Updike, Alice Walker, Sinclair Lewis, Sandra Cisneros, Amy Tan, and Eudora Welty; the plays of Tennessee Williams, August Wilson, and Eugene O'Neil; the speeches and letters of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King.
The Modern Period
1910-1945
The Good Soldier by Ford Maddox Ford
1915 portrays pre-WWI society's shifting morals and loss of steadfast social rules. It is narrated, unreliably, by John Dowell in a form that prefigures stream of consciousness, following Dowell's recollections of his and his wife's relationship with Edward and Leonora Ashburnham in non-chronological order. Dowell's narration mainly explores the discovery of the numerous affairs of his wife Florence and Edward, who end up having an affair with each other. These intrigues lead to Florence's suicide, Leonora's moral torture of Edward and his suicide, and the madness of the Ashburnham's young ward Nancy, whom Dowell eventually takes care of.
Harlem Renaissance
1920-1930
Lost Generation
1920-1950
As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner
1930 novel that is much more sparse and clear than many of his works. It is composed of 59 segments narrated by 15 different characters and follows the Bundren family over a series of days as they travel from their home to the town of Jefferson to bury the family's matriarch, Addie, whose body they carry with them.
Contemporary Literature
1950- Present
The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston
1976 memoir known for its blending of voices and styles and for taking autobiography into the postmodern literary age. Kingston blends autobiography with ancient Chinese folk tales as she tells the stories of a long-dead aunt, "No-Name Woman"; a mythical female warrior, Fa Mu Lan; Kingston's mother, Brave Orchid; Kingston's aunt, Moon Orchid; and herself. These stories integrate her own experiences with "talk-stories" - blends of Chinese history, myths and beliefs - that her mother tells her.
Impressionism
19th-century poetry movement; Based on the poet's impressions and not actual events.
1750 - 1815 Revolutionary
1st American Novel - Power of Sympathy by Brown Thomas Paine - Common Sense Jefferson - Misc. Essays/Speeches Franklin - Poor Richard's Almanac
Renaissance #
2
acompound sentence
2+ independent clauses
compound complex
2+ independent clauses, 1+ dependent clause
Enlightenment #
3
Romantic #
4
Quatrain
4 line stanza
Realism #
5
Haiku
5-7-5 Japanese Poetry
Transcendental #
6
Sestet
6 line stanza
sestina
6 stanzas. 6 lines. final triplet.
Victorian #
7
Naturalism #
8
Octave
8 line poem,or the first eight lines of a petrrachan or Italian sonnet
aDactyl
8 m pool foot of three syllables in which the first syllable is stressed and the next two are unstressed. Ex. Out of the cradle, and less Rocky out of the mockingbirds throat, the music shuttle out of the ninth month midnight
Modernism #
9
Sonnet
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter or where they buried find scheme.
Sonnet
A 14 line poem, usually written in iambic pentameter with a varied rhymes scheme the two main types are Italian and English the Italian sonnet opens with octave that states the proposition and ends with the sestet that states the solution. The English sonnet it includes three quatrains and a couple
Sonnet
A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey
Villanelle
A 19 wind poem consisting of five tercets "Three line stanza's" with a rhyme scheme ABA and a final quatrain quote for line stanza" of ABAA
Villanelle
A 19 wind poem consisting of five tercets with the wind scheme a b a and a final quatrain of A B A A
James Agee
A Death in the Family
Henrik Ibsen
A Doll's House
Henrik Ibsen
A Doll´s House
Ernest Hemmingway
A Farewell to Arms Modernism (Lost Generation)
Flannery O'Connor
A Good Man is Hard to Find Postmodernism
Pathos
A Greek word for suffering; Used to make the reader feel sorrow or pity.
Things Fall Apart
A Nigerian clan leader, terrified of being weak like his father was, brings destruction and tragedy on himself and his family.
James Joyce
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
James Joyce
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Irish Renaissance
A Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
A Science fiction story that explains a world in which embryos are conditioned to behave a certain way. The story describes sick practices in which children behave in sexual behavior...
Charles Dickens
A Tale of Two Cities Victorian Literature
Auxiliary or helping verb
A bird that becomes before another verb. Example: she "must-have" pass the Praxis English subject assessment test.
Participle verbs
A blurb form that usually ends with ING or ED. Operates as adjectives but also maintain some characteristics of verbs you might think of it as a verbal additive. Examples include barking dog and painted fence
Caesura
A break in the rhythm of language, particularly in natural pause in a line of a verse
Short story
A brief fictional prose narrative. Examples include Shirley Jackson the lottery Washington Irving's Rip van Winkle, D. H. Lawrence the horse dealers daughter, and Dorothy Parker's big blonde
Anecdote
A brief story that illustrates or makes a point
Genre
A category of literature defined by its style, form, and content. Common Sean Rose include short stories novels plays poetry biography and so forth
Person versus self conflict
A character has a problem determining what to do in the situation
Person versus society conflict
A character has a problem with an element of society: the school, and excepted way of doing things, or the law for example
Person versus nature conflict
A character has a problem with nature: natural disasters, extreme heat or freezing temperatures for example
Person versus person conflict
A character has a problem with one or more of the other characters
Person versus fate, God
A character has to battle what appears to be an uncontrollable problem that is attributed to fate or God
Foil
A character who acts in contrast to another character
Archetype
A character, plot, image, theme or setting that appears in literature across cultures and is repeated overtime......universal symbols and meanings Self/Ego./soul
Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes (Middle Ages)
A comedic book written by during the reign of Philip II. The title character is now used to refer to idealists that champion hopeless or fanciful causes. This book was a comment on the Middle Ages and Philip II's idealistic wars of religion.
Comma Splice
A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses are connected with only a comma.
Beautiful people
A common technique in advertisements, employees good looking models summer some of whom are celebrities to get our attention and persuade us that is for use this product we made him look as good as these beautiful people
aBeautiful people
A common technique in advertisements, employees good looking models summer some of whom are celebrities to get our attention and persuade us that is for use this product we made him look as good as these beautiful people
Analogy
A comparison of objects or ideas that appear, at first, to be different but are alike in some imported way
Simile
A comparison of two unlike things usually clued in the words like or as
Ray Bradbury
A contemporary American writer of science fiction short stories and novels which deal with moral dilemas, including The Martian Chronicles and Fahrenheit 451.
Paradox
A contradictory statement that makes sense. Example Heigl's paradox, "Man learns from history that man learns nothing from history"
Antithesis
A contrast or opposition between two things
MP/Harlem Renaissance 1920s
A cultural movement led by African-American writers musicians and artists located in Harlem New York City America. Key contributors include Langston Hughes countee Cullen
Antigone by Sophocles
A daughter of the accidentally incestuous marriage between King Oedipus of Thebes and his mother Jocasta. She attempts to secure a respectable burial for her brother Polyneices
Epithet
A descriptive phrase or word frequently used to characterize a person or thing, such as "the father of psychology" refers to Sigmund Freud
Anthropomorphism
A device in which the writer attributes human characteristics to an animate being or an in adamant object
Dissonance
A disruption of harmonic sounds or rhythms.
Stanza
A division of poetry for the number of lines it contains. Examples, couplet triplet quad train quintet sestet, septet and octaves
Essay
A document organized in paragraph form that can be long or short and can be in the form of a letter, dialogue, for discussion. Examples include politics and the English language by George Orwell CommonCore the American scholar by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and the moral essays by Alexander Pope.
Tragedy
A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow
Naturalism
A extreme form of realism in which the author shows the relationship between the character or characters to the environment. This often leads to the author showing the wrong or ugly side of the person or relationships. He authors and literary works include Jack London's the call of the wild Wharton's home and Stephen CraneThe red badge of courage
conceit
A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects
Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part represents the hole. Example "hands "all hands on deck"
Metonymy
A figure of speech in which a related term is substituted for the word itself. Often the substitution is based on a material, causal, or conceptual relation between things.
Metaphor
A figure of speech in which a subtle or implicit comparison is made between two unlike things
Metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another with which is closely associated for example Hollywood for Los Angeles
metonymy
A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it
aConceit
A figure of speech that creates a parallel between two dissimilar things
Lyric Poetry
A fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Edward Lear, who popularized the form, fused the third and fourth lines into a single line with internal rhyme.
spondee
A foot consisting of two stressed syllables ("dead set"), but is not a sustained metrical foot and is used mainly for variety or emphasis.
Mock Epic
A form of satire that adapts the elevated heroic style of the classical epic poem to a trivial subject.
Speech
A formal address to an audience. Effective the speeches use rhetorical devices, famous speeches may include Abraham Lincoln's the Gettysburg address, Martin Luther King's I have a dream, John F. Kennedy inaugural address, and Lyndon B. Johnson we shall overcome
Ode
A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea.
Magic realism
A genre developed in Latin America that blends every day life with the magical or mystical. Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Adsurdist
A genre of what a jerk, most often used in novels, plays, or poems, that focuses on the experiences of characters in a situation where they cannot find any inherit purpose in life, most often represented by ultimately meaningless actions and events
gerund phrase
A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing. A gerund phrase includes the gerund, plus any modifiers and complements. Gerunds and gerund phrases always function as nouns.
Passive voice
A grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient of the action denoted by the verb. Example: the basketball was shot by the player. I'm more effective or active voice, the player shot the basketball
Metaphysical Movement
A group of 17th-century poets whose works are marked by philosophical exploration, colloquial diction, ingenious conceits, irony, and metrically flexible lines. Topics of interest often included love, religion, and morality.
P CP - the beat generation 1950s
A group of American writers including Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac This generation was known for its nonconformity, experimentation with drugs, interested in eastern religions and the rejection of materialism
aCanon
A group of literary works considered by some to be central or authoritative to the literary tradition example many critics agree that the western Canon includes the literary works of Homer Shakespeare Hemingway faulkner, frost Dickinson and so on
A RP/fireside poets 19th century
A group of pellets from Boston including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Albright Wendell Holmes of others. Their poems were often read by the fireside for family entertainment and were memorized by students at school
PCP/confessional school 1950s
A group of poets who wrote in the 1950s including Sylvia Plath Robert Lowell and Anne Sexton
Memoir
A historical account written from personal knowledge, such as Barack Obama's dreams from my father, a story of race and inheritance and Ellie Wiesels night
Limerick
A humorous verse form of five anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba
Limerick
A humorous verse form of five anapestic lines with the rhyme scheme of AABBA
The role at nature of language, dialects and diction
A key difference between language and dialect is that language is made up several languages and dialect can different can be difficult to distinguish and are often differentiated with respect to status or power
Croeles
A language becomes Creole and changes from pigeon to Creele when it is learned as a first language of a new generation of people one example of cringle is Afrikaans which is a made up of Dutch English and bantu
Legend
A legend (Latin, legenda, "things to be read") is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and demonstrating human values, and which possesses certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude.
Moral
A lesson a work of literature is teaching
Glossary
A list of terms used in digital text that are usually in bed in the text rather then at the end of the text as input text. Terms are hyperlinks so readers can find definitions as needed
Death of the author
A literary criticism that rebuts the traditional literary criticism notion that the biography of an author provides a context for interpretation of text; instead, the writing and the creator are unrelated.
Frame story
A literary device in which a story is enclosed in another story
Personification
A literary device in which animals, ideas, and things are represented as having human traits
Flashback
A literary device in which the author jumps back in time in the chronology of the narrative
MP/naturalism early 20th century
A literary movement that claims to the trailer light exactly as if it were being examined through a scientist microscope. Writers include Theodore Dreiser Jack London and John Steinbeck.
Foreshadowing
A literary technique in which the author gives hands or clues about what is to come at some later point in the story
Motif
A literary term for themes or ideas that are often repeated within the literary work for example a key motive in Arthur Miller's the crucible is accusation and confessions
Quest
A literary work that features a main character seeking to find something or to achieve a goal. Over the course of the journey, the character in counters and overcomes a series of obstacles, which in turn make the character wiser and more experienced.
Logos
A logical appeal. Also known as an evidential appeal.
Epic
A long narrative poem detailing a heroes deeds. Example the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer Beowulf. Paradise lost by Milton Hiawatha by Longfellow
Epic
A long narrative poem detailing heroes deeds.Beowulf Donna one Paradise lost Hiawatha
Epic
A long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance.
Epic
A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society
Soliloquy
A long speech made a play while no other characters are speaking. Usually, the character will be alone on stage
Ode
A lyric poem on a serious subject, written in a dignified language
Ode
A lyric poem on a serious subject, written in dignified language
Periodical
A magazine or newspaper published at regular intervals. Periodicals are an excellent source of informational text. Famous periodicals include the New York Times, the National Geographic, the Atlantic, and the Washington Post.
Advertisement
A media notice or announcement to promote a product, service, job opening, or event, television, Radio and written advertisement for products that are exceptionally noteworthy for their persuasive techniques. You will be asked to analyze and interpret the persuasive techniques used in advertisement or other media forms advertising techniques include bag with bandwagon plain folks and testimonies
Characterization
A method and author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits
Verse
A metric line of poetry. A verse is name based on the kind and number of feet composing it
Iamb
A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable.
Spondee
A metrical foot consisting of two syllables both of which are stressed
Foot
A miracle foot is one stressed syllable and a number of Unseth still bowls from zero to as many as four there are four possible miracle foot iambic, trochaic, anapestic dictylic
Trochee
A miracle foot made up of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable
Elegy
A mournful a bit for the dead
Elegy
A mournful lament for the dead examples William Shakespeare elegy from Cymbline
MP/surrealism 1920s
A movement in art and literature that started in Europe to replace conventional realism with the full expression of the unconscious mind. The poet T.S.Elliott was influenced by surrealism
Imagism Movement
A movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. ... As a poetic style it gave Modernism its start in the early 20th century, and is considered to be the first organized Modernist literary movement in the English language.
A RP/transcendentalism 19th century
A movement in the romantic tradition that it that's the idea that every individual can reach ultimate truce through spiritual intuition. Key authors include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David thoreau
Dadaism
A movement that began in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1916 at the Cabaret Voltaire. The founders of this movement struck upon this essentially nonsense word to embody a simultaneously playful and nihilistic spirit alive among European visual artists and writers during and immediately after World War I.
Legend
A narrative about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners to have taken place within human history and that possesses certain qualities that give you tell the appearance of truth or reality. Washington Irvings the legend of Sleepyhollow is a well-known examples; others include King Arthur and the holy grail
Myth
A narrative fiction that usually involves gods and heroes or has a theme that expresses a cultural ideology. Mix occur in all cultures around the world. Examples of Greek myths include Zeus and the Olympians, and Achilles, and the Trojan war.Romain mix include those of Hercules Apollo and Venus.
Folktale
A narrative from such as an epic, legend, myth, song, pollen or fable that has been re-told within the culture for generations. Examples the people could fly and the green grass grew all around
Frame tale
A narrative technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories each of which is a story within the story examples of this would be Canterbury tales weathering Heights and the life of pi
Interior monologue
A narrative technique that reveals a characters internal thoughts and memories
Narrative text elements
A narrative text is a story typically comprised of the following elements that tell the sequence of events in fictional and nonfictional account students need to be able to identify patterns of stories be able to analyze this type of text to determine a literal and figurative meanings, make inferences, and determine the textual evidence that supports interpretation.
Fairytale
A narrative that is made up of fantastic creatures and characters such as witches goblins and berries and maybe get it with the phrase "once upon a time..." Examples are Cinderella sleeping beauty Rapunzel and little red riding hood
Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky
A novel about the poor student Raskolnikov who kills two old women, because he believes he is beyond the bounds of good and evil. This psychological novel examines Raskolnikov's anguished mind before, during and after the crime.
Romance
A novel comprised of idealized events far removed from every day life. This genre includes the sub genres Gothic romance and medieval romance. Examples are pride and prejudice Jane Eyre and Angels fall
Western
A novel set in the western United States featuring the experiences of cowboys and people living on the front tier. Examples include Zane Grey's riders of the purple Sage, Larry McMurtry's lonesome dove, Conrad Richards the sea of glass,Fred strikers the Lone University of Utah Reading Clinic; 5242 South College Dr. (480 W), Suite 100; Murray, UTRanger, and Owen Wistars the Virginian
Picaresque novel
A novel that features a rogue main character living by his or her wits and is told in a string of the loosely connected events. The adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is one excellent example
Heroic couplet
A pair of running lines of poetic verse written and Iambic pentameter
acaesura
A pause in a line of verse, indicated by natural speech patterns rather than due to specific metrical patterns.
Character
A person or being in a narrative
aAntagonist
A person or thing working against the hero the protagonist of a literary work
Antagonist
A person who opposes or competes with the main character; often the villain in the story.
Autobiography
A person's account of his or her own life. Davis autobiographies include Anne Frank's the diary of a young girl, my Angelo's I know why the caged Bird sings, and the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.
Symbol
A person, place, thing, or event used to represent something else, such as the white flag that represents surrender or a dove that means peace
Diction
A persons choice of words based on their clarity, effectiveness and authenticity conciseness
Card stacking
A persuasive technique in which one side of an issue is advanced and the other is repressed
aCard stacking
A persuasive technique in which one side of an issue is advanced and the other is repressed
Bribery
A persuasive technique the offers you something extra, such as buying a make a product and getting a free gift with purchase, which is truly not "free" as the cost of the gift is covered in the price.
aBribery
A persuasive technique the offers you something extra, such as buying a make a product and getting a free gift with purchase, which is truly not "free" as the cost of the gift is covered in the price.
Existentialism
A philosophy that values a human freedom and personal responsibility. Sartre, kierkegaard, kafka
Epitaph
A phrase or statement written in memory of a person, especially on the tombstone. Famous epitaphs are were written for Edmonton Spencer William Shakespeare Robert Burns and Benjamin Franklin.
Epigram
A pithy, often witty, poem.
Pun
A play on words based on multiple meanings or on words that sound like but have different meanings. Example Mark twain the Nile river "denial ain't just a river in Egypt"
Dramatic monologue
A poem in which a character speaks to listeners who his response is not known. The Lissner may or may not be present
Dramatic monologue
A poem in which a character speaks to listeners who is whose response is not known. The listener may or may not be
Pastoral
A poem that Depicts life in an idyllic, idealized way
Pastoral
A poem that depicts life in an idyllicidolized way
Narrative poem
A poem that tells a story
Horatian Ode
A poem with meter and rhyme. It is devoted to praising a person, animal or object.
Sestina
A poem with six stanzas up six lines at a final triplet, all stanzas having the same six words at the line and it's six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern
Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand
A poet, swordsman, scientist, playwright, musician, and member of the Cadets of Gascoyne, a company of guards from Southern France. For all his prodigious talents, he is unattractive, cursed with a ridiculously long nose that makes him insecure and keeps him from revealing his love for his cousin Roxane.
Portfolio
A portfolio is a compilation of students writing work for evaluation. Some portfolios are comprised silly for the works self-selected by the students; others containment a combination of self-selected and required work. Portfolios help teachers and the students assess the writers growth overtime.
Rhetorical question
A question that is post but does not actually require an answer
Epigraph
A quotation from another literary work that is placed beneath the title at the beginning of a poem or section of a poem.
Allusion
A reference to a familiar person, place, thing, or event for example, don Juan, Brave New World, Everyman, Macahavvellian, utopia
Slippery slope "the thin edge of the wedge" "domino fallacy" "absurd extrapolation"ed "camels nose"
A relatively insignificant event is suggested, then a more specific event follows, until the next thing you know the ultimate, most significant event is reached. The logic is foolish us and unwarranted, and often each step leading to the most significant event becomes more and more improbable
Refrain
A repetition of a line or phrase of a poem at regular intervals particularly at the end of the stanza
aAssonance
A repetition of the same sounds in words close to one another example white stripes
aAnaphora
A rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several causes an example of this is Martin Luther King Junior's speech I have a dream
Slant rhyme
A rhyme that is not exact such as queen and afternoon
Internal rhyme
A rhyme that occurs with in a line of verse, not at the end of the line. Example why I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there was a tapping
Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad
A sailor tells the story of his journey through the Congo, where he met an enigmatic, powerful, insane imperialist who had abandoned the rules of English civilization., story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.
Babbitt by Lewis Sinclair
A self-satistied person concerned chiefly with business and middle-class like material success; a member of the American working class whose unthinking attachment to its business and social ideals is such to make him a model of narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction; after George F. Babbitt, the main character in the novel Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis
Interrogative sentence
A sentence that asks a question example is that my son Jimmy?
Simple sentence
A sentence that can have a single subject or compound subject and a single predicate or a compound predicate. It may contain one or more phrases. The distinguishing factor is that a simple sentence has only one independent clause and has no dependent clauses
aComplex sentence
A sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clause. Example: you will get a teaching job "independent clause", even though it will be challenging "Dependant clause".
aCompound sentence
A sentence that is made up of two independent clauses the closets must be joined by a semi colon or by, and a coordinating conjunction. Example: my dog growls at the mailman, but my cat growls at her littermate.
Imperative the sentences
A sentence that issues a command. Example:: please clear the dinner table
Conditional sentence
A sentenceA sentence that expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact. Example: if you were to hang onto the basketball rim then you could experience the glory of every NBA player.
Essay
A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.
aBallad
A short narrative poem often written by an anonymous author comprising short versus intended to be song or recited
aBallad
A short narrative poem, often written by an anonymous author, comprising short versus intended to be selling or recited.
Novella
A short narrative usually between 50 and 100 pages long. Examples Orwellsr animal Farm, kafka's metamorphosis
Lyric
A short poem about personal feelings and emotions
Epitaph
A short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving as a brief elegy.
Fable
A short story or folktale, frequently involving animals that contains a moral, which may be expressed explicitly at the end as a maxim. Examples the tortoise and the hair, the wolf in sheep's clothing,and the country mouse and the townhouse
Parable
A short story that teaches a lesson about how to lead a good life
aConceit
A specific type of metaphor or figure of speech often elaborate, that compares two things that are very different. When reading a metaphor, the reader is aware of the dissimilarities between the two things being compared; but a conceit broadens the readers awareness of the complexity of the things in question often provides a clear justaposition. Extended metaphor is a synonym of conceit
Dictionary
A standalone website or in active hyperlink built into the text to help the reader know the meaning pronunciation and other features of the work
Couplet
A stanza made up of two rhyming lines
Allegory
A story in which people things or actions represent an idea or a generalization about life allegories usually have a strong lesson or moral
Short story
A story with a fully developed theme but significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novel.
Legend
A story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material.
Double entry notebook page
A student draws a line down the middle of the page on the left side they take notes from the reading or lecture. After reading her lecture the student reads the notes and writes his or her reactions, reflections and connections in the right-hand column next to the corresponding information on the left
Stream of consciousness
A style of writing that portrays the inner thoughts of a character writing may not have regard for standards of language and grammar and may contain run on sentences breaks in logical patterns and so on
A RP/realism 19th century
A style of writing that strives to depict life accurately without idealizing or romanticizing it. Authors of this. Include Mark twain and Stephen Crane
Gothic
A sub genre of the romantic. 1800 - 1850, which features author such as Paul Shelley and Hawthorne Gothic writing is characterized by dark and picaresque scenery startling and melodramatic narrative devices at a overall atmosphere of mystery and dread
Mystery
A suspenseful story that deals with the puzzling crime examples include Edgar Allan Poe's the murders at rue morgue, and Charles Dickens Dickens the mystery of Edwin Drood
Icons
A symbol or picture that provides a leak or shortcut for user, icons in digital text include symbols for sound, moving forward or backwards, or help
Ad hominem
A technique in an argument used to counter a position using feelings or prejudiced, not fax reason or logic. Technically directly attacks another person, not that person's position
Poetic justice
A term that means a character gets what he or she deserves in the end. The purest form of poetic justice occurs when one character plots against another but ends up caught or harmed in his or her own trap
Parody
A text or performance that imitates and mocks and author or work
Idealism
A theory that affirms the values of ideas and imagination; Opposite of realism.
Terza Rima
A three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc.
Apostrophe
A turn from the general audience to address a specific group of persons who is absent . Example Shakespeare Hamlet says alas poor York I knew him Horatio a fellow of infinite jest of most excellent fancy
Haiku
A type of Japanese poem that is written in English with 17 syllables divide by three lines of 57 and five syllables respectively a haiku expresses a single thought
Haiku
A type of Japanese poem that is written in English with 17 syllables divided into three lines of 5 7 5 syllables respectively. A haiku expresses a single thought
Farce
A type of comity it which silly, often stereotyped characters are involved in far-fetched situations
Pronunciation or speech features
A unique feature of digital text that allows users to hear the definition of the term or to listen to portions or the entire text. Rate of speech, language, accent, and voice of the speaker are all features that can be adjusted
Dialect
A variation of a language used by people from a particular geographic area
Dialect
A variation of a language used by people who live in a particular geographical area, cultural group or time. It is a complete system of verbal and sometimes written communication with its own vocabulary and grammar
infinitive phrases
A verbal phrase that may act as a noun, adjective, or adverb They begin with the word to.
Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut
A veteran of World War II remembers being in Dresden during the firebombing and describes his postwar existence.
Website
A website contains and digital media format informational text
Aphorism
A wise saying that is usually short and witty
Meiosis
A witty understatement that dismisses or diminishes someone or something
aDangling modifier
A word or phrase that modifies the word not clearly stated in the sentence. A modifier describes clarifies or gives more detail about concept example. Stuffed with dressing and surrounded by vegetables, aunt Lydia serve the Thanksgiving turkey. Corrected: that what do you serve the Thanksgiving turkey, which was stuffed with dressing andand surrounded by vegetables.
Euphemism
A word or phrase that substitutes for an offensive or suggestive ones. Example "in a family way" means pregnant; "lost their lives" means killed; "I miss spoke" means I lied.
Preposition
A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. Examples: off, down, during, to, toward, at, among, upon, with, outside, past
Parody
A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.
Satire
A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way.
malapropism
Absurd or humorous misuse of a word, especially by confusion with one of similar sound EX: You could have knocked me over with a fender. (feather) EX: A rolling stone gathers no moths. (moss)
Adjective clause
Acts like an adjective, it is a type of dependent clause Examples: that, which, who, whom, whose
Nonrestrictive adjective clause
Adds information that isn't necessary to identify the noun or pronoun
Epic
Adventures of a hero
Zora Neale Hurston
African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance; wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God
aAnticipation Guide
Agree/Disagree // T-CHART
Lewis Carol
Alice in Wonderland
Erich Maria Remarque
All Quiet on the Western Front
Inferno by Dante (Middle Ages)
Allegorical journey through hell
Translation
Allows the reader to change the language of a digital text
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
Also known as The Modern Prometheus,. The novel is about a scientist named Victor Frankenstein, who in his quest for knowledge, creates a monster through unorthodox means. Once the monster is brought to life, Frankenstein abandons his creation out of fear. This begins a war between man and his creation, which ends very tragically.
Cretic
Also known as amphimacer. A Greek and Latin metrical foot consisting of a short syllable enclosed by two long syllables.
Determiners
Also known as articles a, an, the
Metafiction
Also known as romantic irony in the context of Romantic works of literature, uses self-reference to draw attention to itself as a work of art, while exposing the "truth" of a story
Enjambment
Also known as run on online in poetry, and jam it occurs when one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete the meaning
Ralph Waldo Emerson
American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement; Wrote "Self-Reliance"
Theodore Dreiser
An American Tragedy
Theodore Dreiser
An American Tragedy Naturalism
Biography
An account of a persons life written by another person. Famous biographies include becoming Steve Jobs by Rick tetra Zelly and Lincoln by gore vidal
Pathos
An appeal to the audience's emotions.
Primary document "letter diary journal"
An expository peace, frequently written by or with eloquence, that becomes part of the recognize literature of an era. Documents often reveal historical facts, the social wars of the times, and the thoughts and personalities of their authors. Some documents have recorded and influence the history of the world.examples include the Bible, the Koran, the Constitution of the United States and Adolf Hitler's Mien Kampf
Idiom
An expression specific to a certain language that mean something different from the literal meaning example "sick as a dog" means one is very ill
Cliché
An expression that has been used so often that it loses its expressive power. Example dead as a door nail, or I'm so hungry I could eat a horse
Novel
An extended fictional prose narrative
Independent clause vs. dependent clause
An independent clause can be a sentence by itself, a dependent clause cant.
Diction
And authors choice of words based on their clarity, Constance is consciousness, effectiveness, and authenticity. Example archaic colloquialism dialect jargon profanity Slang. Vulgarity
Tall tale
And exaggerated, funny story that is obviously unbelievable
Hyperbole
And exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect
Understatement
And expression or phrase that emphasizes an idea by describing it in restrained terms. Example mortally wounded - just a scratch
Euphemism
And indirect or mild word or phrase when referring to something embarrassing or unpleasant such as pathway for died
George Orwell
Animal Farm
George Orwell
Animal Farm 1984
Ayn Rand
Anthem
Sophocles
Antigone
Humor
Appeals to emotion that builds rapport between the speaker and listener. In addition humor is one way in order to a writer can establish Ethos a persuasive appeals between the speaker and listener
Pidgins
Are considered contact languages they are cocreated and change between people who speak different languages but need some way to communicate to engage in work and trade
Ted talk
Are delivered without notes, from memory and approximately 18 minutes long. Slides or visuals are displayed behind the order. This talk type of talk requires much a personal, and the slides must be of high quality, free of errors and visually stimulating
Images and captions
Are features of an informational text that contains important information that readers will not comprehend simply by reading the stories in the text. Raiders must pay careful attention to diagrams, graphs, tables, and charts and be certain to read the accompanying caption
Rhetorical strategies and persuasive
Are found in speeches, writing, and multiple media formats. The CCS S has renewed the need for English teachers to be prepared to teach rhetorical strategies in writing arguments, persuasive essays, and speeches.
Clauses
Are groups of related words that have both a subject and a predicate. For example I have a tendency to procrastinate when I have a high-stakes assessment contains a clause, I have a tendency to procrastinate, and a subordinate clause clause, when I have a high-stakes assessment.
Phrases
Are groups of related words that operate as a single part of speech, such as a verb, verbal, preposition, a positive or absolute phrases for example in the doghouse is a prepositional phrase
Fonts
Are represented in a variety of ways example bold, italics, color, highlighted, under light for a purpose such as to call attention or distinguish chapter titles headings subheadings an important terms
Standard Dialects
Are supported by i institutions, such as government schools in example stare Dylex included standard American English standard Indian English and standard British English
Quotations
Are used as a rhetorical device to establish the writer or orator as a knowledgeable person. This is an appeal to the mind also known as logos
Testimonials
Are used in the media or in speeches to persuade us about the value or quality of the product or idea. The people sharing a testimonial are sometimes scientific experts, celebrities, or just plain books. The key to this technique success is the authenticity of the person sharing the testimonial and making us believe the person really use this product or believes deeply in this idea
Present tense verbs
Are used to describe situations that exist in the present time. Example I live in Orem Utah
Past tense verbs
Are used to describe what has happened in the past. Example: they attended Wakefield elementary school
Brackets
Are used to set off at Edwards, editorial corrections, and clarifying information
Parentheses
Are used to set off explanatory information within a sentence and to set off.
Informational Texts
Argue, Persuade, Inform
William Faulkner
As I Lay Dying
William Faulkner
As I Lay Dying The Sound and the Fury Modernist (Lost Generation)
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce
As a boy, the protagonist of this novel delivers messages with his Great Uncle Charles and is bullied by Nasty Roche. Other people its protagonist meets at the Clongowes Wood School include a teacher who punishes him for breaking his glasses, Father Dolan, and the religious Father Arnall, whose sermon inspires a phase of religious fervor. This work's protagonist meets Cranly, Lynch, and Davin at the University College and writes love letters to E. C. For 10 points name this bildungsroman about a character who later appeared in Ulysses, Stephen Dedalus,
Interrogative pronouns
Ask questions
The Sound and Fury by William Faulkner
At a basic level, the novel is about the three Compson brothers' obsessions with the their sister Caddy, but this brief synopsis represents merely the surface of what the novel contains. A story told in four chapters, by four different voices, and out of chronological order, The Sound and the Fury requires intense concentration and patience to interpret and understand.
Personification
Attribute human characteristics to things that are not human.
MLA-modern language Association
Author last name, first and middle initial. Title italicized. City: publisher, year.type of resource.
APA - American psychological Association
Author last name, first first initial. Second show. Bracket year on bracket. Publication city: publisher.
aAPA - American psychological Association
Author last name, first first initial. Second show. Bracket year on bracket. Publication city: publisher.
Victorian age 1830-1901
Authors and works; Tennyson Dickens great expectations, and the Pickwick papers, Robert Browning's men and women, Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Orly and the sonnets from the Portuguese, Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre Emily Brontës weathering Heights, Elliotts the mill on the floss and Middlemarch, Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde the importance of being Earnest the picture of Dorian Gray
Diction
Authors choice of words
Maya Angelou
Autobiographical "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"
aAnne Frank
Autobiography "The Diary of Anne Frank"
Red herring
Avoids the issue fallacy
Sinclair Lewis
Babbitt
aAntagonist
Bad Guy
Herman Melville
Bartleby
Herman Mellville
Bartleby the Scrivener
The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger
Based partly on Salinger's own childhood but set in post-WWII America, the novel follows Holden Caulfield, an adolescent who feels pressure from all sides to grow up and conform to the rules of the adult world. It's use of slang and profanity and its frank discussions of sexuality had caused it to be banned in many places since its publication. The novel tells of Holden's three days in Manhattan after getting expelled from boarding school but before going home to his family.
Exposition discourse
Beach or written form in which one explains her describes definitions and comparative analysis of ideas are examples
TRANSCENDENTALISM
Believed that knowledge could be arrived at not just through the senses, but through intuition and contemplation of the internal spirit. *As such, they professed skepticism of all established religions, believing that Divinity resided in the individual Emerson//Thoreau//Dickinson
Toni Morrison
Beloved
Toni Morrison
Beloved Postmodernism
Beloved by Toni Morrison
Beloved's identity is mysterious. The novel provides evidence that she could be an ordinary woman traumatized by years of captivity, the ghost of Sethe's mother, or, most convincingly, the embodied spirit of Sethe's murdered daughter. On an allegorical level, Beloved represents the inescapable, horrible past of slavery returned to haunt the present. Her presence, which grows increasingly malevolent and parasitic as the novel progresses, ultimately serves as a catalyst for Sethe's, Paul D's, and Denver's respective processes of emotional growth.
ALT/colonial period 1630-1760
Ben Franklin's poor Richards almanac Edwards the freedom of will
Enlightenment Works/Authors
Benjamin Franklin Mark Twain
Colonial Period
Benjamin Franklin Thomas Paine
aAnonymous 700 A.D.
Beowolf
Medieval Works/Authors
Beowolf/Canterbury Tales
450-1066 Old English
Beowulf
Anonymous
Beowulf Old English
aAudience and purpose
Besides you're you the English teacher, who is intended or imaginary audience for the piece? What is the background knowledge of the audience? What kinds of information will you need to provide to communicate your message clearly? How might this piece of writing the use beyond the classroom? Will it be helpful in some other real life context, such as for a local nonprofit agency or to persuade readers of a local newspaper? What is the purpose of this writing assignment?be sure to consider your educational read your reasoning for assigned the task and your students purpose for writing. For example is the purpose to us persuade, to entertain or to inspire? What boy should the writer used to communicate most effectively? For example, is the purpose of a form of peace, or would a local dialect or informal language be more effective?
Complement
Boris owns a Tasmanian devil. Boris is the subject, owns is the verb, Tasmanian devil is the complement.
Aldous Huxley
Brave New World
aAldous Huxley
Brave New World
Restoration Period
British King's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England Symptoms: Dominance of French and classical influence on poetry and drama John Dryden John Locke Sir William Temple Jean Racine Jean Baptist Mollere
British/American Modernist Period
British: 1900-1945 Yeats' In th eSEven Woods, Remarques' All quiet on the WEstern Front, Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway American: Joseph Conrad, William Faulkner, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Langston Hughes, Henry James, D.H. Lawrence, Ezra Pound, Virginia Woolf, Tenessee William, Yeats
British/American Postmodernist Period
British: 1945 - Present, Nietzsche's, Orwell, Eliot's the Waste Land
Realism
Broadly defined as "the faithful representation of reality" or "verisimilitude," realism is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing. Although strictly speaking, realism is a technique, it also denotes a particular kind of subject matter, especially the representation of middle-class life
Victorian Works/Authors
Bronte Elliot Browning
Henry D. Roth
Call It Sleep
Henry Roth
Call It Sleep
Performance
Can be scripted, like a play or impromptu, like a classroom reenactment of a scene from Shakespeare. In addition to plays and react reenactments, other structures to teach performance include readers theater, digital storytelling and the spoken word
Nominative case nouns
Can be the subject of a clause or the predicate noun when it follows the verb to be
Object case nouns
Can't be a direct object, and indirect object, or an object of a preposition.
1650-1800
Candide
Voltaire
Candide Enlightenment Writers (Neoclassicism)
a1066-1500 Middle English
Canterbury Tales
Joseph Heller
Catch-22
Joseph Heller
Catch-22 Postmodernism
Leslie Marmon Silko
Ceremony
Leslie Marmon Silko
Ceremony Postmodernism
Gender nounsindefinite
Chairperson, politician, president, Professor, flight attendant, teacher
Dynamic Character
Changes in some way
Narratilogy/ archetypal criticism
Character types include the caregiver, trickster, hero/heroin/villain, or thin, jester etc. Actions in stories include the villains F efforts to create a situation in which the hero must come to the rescue, the hero is tested, the villain is defeated and the hero returns
Victorian Era Authors
Charles Dickens Oscar Wilde Karl Marx Charles Darwin
To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolfe
Charles Tansey convinces Lily Briscoe that women can neither write nor paint, James and the Ramsay family travel with Macalister to the title location
The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer (Middle English)
Chaucer (14th Century) First work in English vernacular. Stories of 12 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. A picture of English society through estates satire (social commentary on people's estates: life, property)
Sequence and Order
Chronological texts relate events in the sequence that they occurred, from start to finish.
Speech
Classes we just repaired or or spontaneous. Very brief informal or several minutes and formal. Technology might be used to add vigil appeal and two and hats audience engagement sample speech formats include booktalk, how to, important memory, or keynote speech
Dialogue
Classroom dialogue requires students to work collaboratively collaboratively, to listen to multiple perspectives and to build on point to others to reach high levels of critical thinking and understanding
Relative clauses
Clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them.
Effective speaking and listening techniques/speaking and discussion skills
Come to any discussion or speech prepared, focus the speech on one topic, follows rules for discussions set specific goals and deadlines, pose and reap respond to specific questions or problems with elaboration and detail citing text as appropriate, review key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives, interpret information presented in various media formats then explain how it contributes to the discussion or topic. Present an argument using specificclaims, evidence and effective rhetorical devices, include multimedia components in presentations to clarify information, that speech to variety of context to demonstrate command a formal English when required or as is appropriate
William Shakespeare
Comedy/Tragedy/Historical/Sonnets Renaissance Period "Romeo and Juliet" "Macbeth" "Henry V" "Richard III" "Hamlet"
Note - taking
Common approach is to note taking include double entry page and SQ3R -Survey question read recite review.
Cause and effect
Commonly used in expository or persuasive text paragraphs are organized by either a cause or effect first and then alternately explain the reasons why something happened. The writer shows relationships between events and the results.
aAnalogy
Comparison of two things based on their being alike in someway.
Metaphor
Comparison of two things that are not alike
Simile
Comparison of two things using "like" or"as"
Concrete poem
Concrete, pattern, or shape poetry is an arrangement of linguistic elements in which the typographical effect is more important in conveying meaning than verbal significance. It is sometimes referred to as visual poetry, a term that has now developed a distinct meaning of its own.
Verb phrase
Consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a main verb. Examples: has, can, might, may, must, do, did
aCompound-complex sentence
Contains at least 2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause
Joseph Heller
Contemporary, wrote Catch-22
ALT naturalist period 1828-1836
Cooper's Leatherstocking tales the last of the Mohicans the Pathfinder the pioneers and the Prairie, Emerson's nature and self-relianceIrvings Rip van Winkle and legend of Sleepyhollow, Edgar Allan Poe the Raven and other tales of the grotesque.
Activating prior knowledge
Creating an anticipatory set, also known as set in duction, is an activity at the start of a lesson that is used to set the stage for learning, motivate students, and activate prior knowledge. For example in the lesson to kill a mockingbird you might begin with a primary source documents of trial set during the civil rights movement. Other methods of activating prior knowledge in a lesson include using concrete experience or objects, pretesting, discussions,and anticipation guides
Jigsaw
Creating heterogeneous groups of students, diving them into new groups to become expert on a topic, and then returning them to their home groups—touted its value as a means of creating positive interdependence in the classroom and improving students' attitudes toward school and each other
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Crime and Punishment Realism/Existentialism
Edmond Rostand
Cyrano de Bergerac Romanticism
Robinson Cruesoe
Daniel Defoe
100 C.E. - 1650 Medieval and Early Modern World
Dante's Inferno, The Prince, Don Quixote
Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period
Dark Ages Beowulf Wandered and Seafarer
Willa Cather
Death Comes for the Archbishop
1945 - Present Am. Lit Contemporary
Death of A Salesman Catcher in the Rye Bell Jar Beat Generation Confessional School - Plath, Longwell, Sexton
1945 - present Contemporary
Death of a Salesman, Catcher in the Rye, Bell Jar Beat Generation Confessional School - Plath, Lowell, Sexton
Deconstruction/post structuralism
Deconstructionist believe that we can never know the true meaning of the text because the text is not a discrete whole; rather, it contains contradictions and dear reconcilable meanings. In other words any text has more than one interpretation; therefore, any interpretive reading can only go to a certain point. This is known as aporia in the text. Deconstructed meeting is called a paretic meaning is made possible by the relations to a word or other words with in the bass networks of structures that is language
Adverbs
Describe four different things time place manner and degree
aaaAdjectives
Describe or modify nouns or pronouns. Example: big blue, old, tacky, shiny
aAnne Frank
Diary of Anne Frank/ Diary of a Young Girl
Oliver Twist
Dickens; novel depicted nineteenth century way of life in England; scorn for governmental ignorance of poor
Reference materials
Dictionaries, encyclopedias, writers reference handbooks, books of the list, almanacs, the sources, books of quotation and so on
aDenotation
Dictionary definition of a word
Check digital sources
Did you sources require the same checks for basic information
aCheck digital sources
Did you sources require the same checks for basic information
Spellcheck
Digital text have built in spellcheck that highlights words that may be spelled incorrectly
2 feet
Dimeter
Voice
Distinctive features of a person's speech or speech patterns
Common nouns
Do not name specific people, place your things, nouns are not capitalized. Example person animal car
Boris Pasternak
Doctor Zhivago
Reliability
Does the stores appear to be credible? Do most of the websites links work? Do you think that this source will still be available in the future, based on your review of the authority and courtesy of the source?
Motif
Dominant Idea
1785-1832 Romantic Period
Don Juan, Pride and Prejudice, Songs of Innocence and Experience, Kubla Khan, Ode to a Grecian Urn
Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quixote
Transcendentalism
During the mid-19th-century in New England, several riders and intellectuals work together to write, translate works, and publish; they became known as transcendentalist. Their philosophy focused on protesting at the Puritan ethic and materialism. They valued individualism freedom experimentationexperimentation and spirituality. They include Emerson Hawthorne, thoreau tLongfellow and holmes
Phrasal pronouns
Each other, one another
Patristic Period
Early Christian Writings Saint Jerome first compiles the Bible Christianity spread through Europe Saint Augustine Tertullian Saunt Cyprian Saint Ambrose Saint Jerome
Octave
Eight line stanza and eight line poem, or the first eight lines of a petrarchan or Italian sonnet
aConceit
Elaboate metaphor that gives intense spiritual emotions.
Hyperlinks
Elements of text, caption, video or graphic that allow the reader to navigate to find additional information
Ben Johnson
Elizabethan Age, various poems
John Donne
Elizabethan Age, various poems
John Milton
Elizabethan Age, wrote Paradise lost: an epic poem about the fall of man
aAmerican Renaissance Period
Emely Dickenson
1828-1836 Nationalist Period
Emerson's Nature, Rip Van Winkle, Sleepy Hollow, Poe's The Raven
New England or Transitional/Transcendental Writers
Emily Dickinson Walt Whitman - Song of Myself
American Renaissance Period 1830-1860
Emily Dickinson's poem's life love, and time any time any Herman Melville's Moby Dick, Walt Whitman's oh Captain my Captain, leaves of grass and David throws Walden
Pathos
Emotion
Style
Encompasses the way and author or orator uses words, phrases, and sentences to Kimberly ideas. In addition, style is usually thought of as ways one person's work is distinguished from the works of others.
aComedy
Ends happily
British Neoclassical Period
English (17-18th c) Dryden's The conquest of Granada, Swift's Gulliver's Travels, and Popes' The Rape of the Lock.
Mary Shelley
English Novelist (gothic) Frankenstein
John Keats
English Romantic Poet
Linguistic change
English is derived from angle section sex in which the dialect of West Germanic although English today kit contains words from routes from many languages including Chinese Hebrew and Russian the most common root words are of Anglo-Saxon to set although more than half of the words in English either come from French or have a French cognizant scientific words in English I would have French and Latin roots the Spanish language is found in many words especially in terms originating in the southwestern United States
Jane Austen
English novelist noted for her insightful portrayals of middle-class families (1775-1817); wrote "Pride & Prejudice" and "Sense & Sensibility"
Romanticism
English poets such as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Byron produced work that expressed spontaneous feelings, found parallels to their own emotional lives in the natural world, and celebrated creativity rather than logic.
Ethos
Ethics
Manner adverbs
Exactly, efficiently, clearly, steadfastly
Singular noun
Example a book the library a child bacteria mom man
Plural nouns
Example books, libraries, children, bacteria, and men
20th-century 1900 -
Example: Hardees on the western circuit and the convergence of the twain, Shaws pig million, Elliot the love story of J Alfred per frock, Lawrences women in love, Yeats lapis Luxuli Rushdie The Satanic verses, Beckett waiting for godet
Present contemporary Period 1945 - current
Examples Arthur Miller's the crucible, and the death of the salesman; Morrison's beloved; Salinger's the catcher in the rye; Updikes rabbit, run; Sylvia Plath the bell jar and Vidals London
Modern Period 1900-1945
Examples include Jack London's White Fang and the call the wild, frost nothing gold can stay and the road not taken, and stopping by the woods on a snore snowy evening, James Daisy Miller, Washington Square, and parkersenough rope, death and taxes
WLT - 19th century
Examples include Russo's confession go to Faust Hugos oats and ballads Tolstoy award peace and Anna Karenina
Internet
Examples of student created resources include a students personal dictionary of words to know where spell, notecards, graphic organizers, oral histories and journals
WLT- 100 C.E.- 1650 medieval and early modern world
Examples the New Testament of the Bible the Koran Dantes inferno the song of Roland tale of the Genji Machiavelli's the prince Martin Luther speech at the diet of the worms and Don Cotee
World literature timeline Beginning's - 100 C.E.ancient world
Examples the epic of Gilgamesh Hebrew Scriptures teachings of Confucius Buddhist text creation miss homers the Iliad Vergils do you need Plato's the republic
1066 - 1500 Middle English period
Examples: Chaucer's Canterbury tales, Mallorys le morte d'rthur, everyman, and lyrical poetry such as the cuckoo song
The restoration and the 18th century - 16 60-1785
Examples: Dryden's the conquest of Granada Alexander feast, Popes the rape of a walk, bunion pilgrims progress and John Locke's two treaties of government
RP-commonwealth period 16 49-16 60
Examples: Miltons the tenure of Kings and mastered magistrates, Hutchinson's memoirs of the life of Colonel John Hutchinson
RP - Jacobean 16 03-16 25
Examples: Shakespeare's the Tempest, oh fellow, king Lear, Hamlet, McBeth and his sonnets; John Dunn's songs sonnets and elegies; Bacons reports and Johnson's Volpp own and the fox
WLT - 16 50-1800
Examples: The interesting narrative of the life of old Madame equine, Voltair's Candide, Jonathan Swift Gullivers travels, that shows the narrow road of the interior
British literature timeline - four 50-10 66 old English Anglo-Saxon.
Examples; Beowulf the wife's lament, and the wonder
Pre-Raphaelite 1848-1680
Examples; Dante Gabriel Rossetti's the house of life, Christina Rossetti's the goblin market
RP - Carolina age 1625-1659
Examples; Milton's Paradise lost, Herbert's the temple Herricks has Fridays and car rentals and eligible and elegy upon the death of the dean of St. Paul Dr. John Donne
RP - Elizabeth age - 1558-16 03
Examples; Shakespeare's 12th night, much ado about nothing, and Richard the third Marlowes Dr. Forster's and the Jewett Malta, and spencers the Faerie Queene
WLT - 20th century
Examples; things fall apart, 100 years of solitude, North, the god of small things, Dubliners, the metamorphosis, diary of a mad man, the ghost sonata,
Hyperbole
Excessive exaggerations
Modernism/postmodernism
Experimental forms of literary works are honored. Traditional form such as chronicle logical plots and close endings are rejected. Multiple allusions are used are the past, which modernist feel are lost. Postmodernist value the same principles but celebrate literary forms that use fragmentation and do not long for the past. This view requires want to discover the ironies in the textand to honor both the classics and popular which are look for a mix of genres and form to analyze why the author uses fragmentation
Scientific experts
Experts that offer advice and evidence to convince the target audience that there is proof to support using the product or point being made. The expert will often use charts or graphs and wear a lab coat to appealto our trust in scientist and science
Historical early and political influences on language acquisition
Experts view every language as a dialect of older communication form for example they regard romance languages such as French Spanish and Portuguese as dialects of Latin. Political relationships also influence the use of language as either a new entity or a dialect for example English is thought to have two primary Dialect American English and British English because the United States and Great Britain are close political allies
aaaActive voice
Expresses a dynaic action: They played tennis
Idiom
Expressions that are not easily understood through the middle literal meaning of the words for example it's raining cats and dogs means it's raining heavily
Colloquialism
Expressions that usually are excepted in informal situations or regions, such as "wicked awesome"
Personal narrative
Factual information about a significant event presented in a format which tells a story.
memoir
Factual story that focuses on a significant relationship between the writer and a person, place, or object. Reads like a novel.
Celebrities
Famous person is used to get our attention, build appealfor an idea product and gain our favor
Ray Bradbury
Fantasy, Sci-Fi "Farenheit 451" :The Martion Chronicles"
Gender nouns masculine
Father, brother, uncle, men, bull
Ivan Turgenev
Fathers and Sons
Ivan Turgenev
Fathers and Sons Russian
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
Faust
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Faust
JD Salinger
Fiction "Catcher in the Rye"
Willa Cather
Fiction "Prarie Life" "My Antonia"
aAlice Walker
Fiction "The Color Purple"
aAmy Tan
Fiction "The Joy Luck Club" "The Kitchen G-ds Wife" "The Hundred Secret Senses"
Harper Lee
Fiction "To Kill a Mockingbird"
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Fiction American author of novels and short stories of the jazz age "The Great Gatsby" "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button"
George Orwell
Fiction English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic "1984" "Animal Farm"
Mark Twain
Fiction (Satire) "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" "Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
aC.S. Lewis
Fiction (Sci-Fi, Fantasy) "Chronicles of Narnia" "Screwtape Letters" "Space Trilogy"
Herman Melville
Fiction (novel and short story) "Moby Dick" "Bartleby the Scrivener" "Billy Budd Sailor"
Crime/Detecitve
Fiction about a committed crime, how the criminal gets caught, and the repercussions of the crime.
Suspense/Thriller
Fiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts made to evade the harm.
Horror
Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader.
Science-fiction
Fiction that deals with the current or future development of technological advances. Examples are Kurt Vonnegut slaughterhouse five, George Orwell's 1984, Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 and Aldus Huxley's brave new world
Classic
Fiction that has become part of an accepted literary canon, widely taught in schools.
Horror
Fiction that is intended to frighten or unsettled the reader. Horror fiction often overlaps with fantasy and science-fiction. Example Stephen kings the shining, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, and Ray Bradberry's something wicked this Way comes
Fantasy
Fiction with strange or otherworldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.
Fable
Fictional story featuring animals, mythical creatures, and inanimate objects as characters.
Scapegoating
Find something or someone to blame for current issues or problems
1830-1860 American Renaissance Period
Fireside Poets - Family Entertainment (Longfellow & Holmes) Naturalism - Lonodon, Steinbeck Realism Transcendentalism - Emerson and Thoreau
aa1760-1787 Revolutionary Period
First American Novel - Power of Sympathy by Brown
The Stranger by Albert Camus
First novel by Albert Camus, published in 1942, and an illustration of his absurdist world view. The novel follows the aimless life of the narrator, Meursault, a young man living in Algiers. It opens with his mother dying and him going to the funeral, where he does not cry. He then returns to Algiers where he becomes entangled in the life of his neighbor, Raymond, who abuses his mistress, who has been cheating on him. Meursault also gets involved in an emotionless and indifferent romance with a former co-worker, Marie, who wants to marry him. One day on the beach Meursault takes Raymond's gun and shoots the brother of Raymond's mistress, who has been harassing them, and once he is taken into custody all around him are astonished at his lack of remorse for his crime and his general emotionless indifference to everything around him. His trial focuses mainly on this part of his character, and he is sentenced to be executed by beheading. By the end he abandons all hope for the future and accepts the "gentle indifference of the world", which makes him feel happy.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald wrote this book in five months and completed it in 1925. The plot was a sensitive and satiric story of the pursuit of success and the collapse of the American dream. Being one of the writers of the Lost Generation, Fitzgerald was bitter because of the effects of the war.
Quintet
Five line stanza
Zora Neale Hurston
Folklore/Plays "Their Eyes are Watching G-d"
Quatrain
Four line stanza
Mary Shelley
Frankenstein
Mary Shelly
Frankenstein
Mary Shelley
Frankenstein Gothic Romanticism
Middle English Period
French chivalric romances French Fables: "Marie De France" "Jean De Meun"
Oedipus complex
From the Freudian theory that posits people experience a complex set of emotions based on sexual attraction especially at a young age to the parent of the opposite sex
Round Character
Fully Developed
The Modern Period 1900-1950
Gatsby - Fitzgerald Of Mice and Men/Grapes of Wrath - Steinbeck Black Boy - Richard Wright The Color Purple - Alice Walker Out - Robert Frost Others: Amy Tan Tennesse Williams Sinclair Lewis E. E. Cummings Flannery O'Connor
Late or High Medieval Period
Geoffrey Chaucer Wakefield Master William Langland Boccaccio Petrarch Dante Christine De Pisan
Gerunds & gerund phrases
Gerunds are a form of a verb usually end in -ing Example: Drooling is rude. or Walking is good for the health.
Beginnings-100 C.E. Ancient World Lit
Gilgamesh, Aeneid, Iliad
James Baldwin
Go Tell It on the Mountain
James Brown
Go Tell It on the Mountain
Third Person Omniscient Narrator
God like narrator // knows thoughts and feelings of all characters
Deus ex Machina
God outside of the Machine
Syntax
Grammatical order of words in sentence
1830-1901 Victorian Age
Great Expectations, Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, Importance of Being Earnest, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 1848-1860 - Pre-Raphaelites Rosettis!
aDegree adverbs
Greatly, partly, too, incrementally
Classical Greek Period
Greek Writers, Playrights, & Philosophers Plato Aesop Socrates Aristotle Golden Age of Greece Sophisticated age of the Polis (individual city-state) and early Democracy
Stanza
Group of lines followed by a space
Jonathan Swift
Gulliver's Travels Neoclassicism (The Enlightenment)
Jonathan Swift
Gulliver's travels
Johnathan Swift
Gullivers Travels
Jonathan Swift
Gulliver´s Travels
William Shakespeare
Hamlet Romeo and Juliet Macbeth A Midsummer Night's Dream Renaissance
Ineffective sentences
Have a natural language used clichés or jargon use non-standard language or unparallel construction have errors in pronoun reference problems are short still did sentences that have or run-on sentence is an sentence fragments may contain a dangling modifier a passive voice and a split infinitive.
Effective sentences
Have clear and concise language use imagery precise language and read them.
Transcendental Works/Authors
Hawthorne Melville Emerson Thoreau Woolfe
Anti-Transcendental Writers
Hawthorne - The Scarlet Letter Melville - Moby Dick
Joseph Conrad
Heart of Darkness Modernism Period
The Doll House
Henrik Ibsen
7 feet
Heptamter
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
Here was this [black person] which I had as good as helped to run away, coming right out flat-footed and saying he would steal his children -- children that belonged to a man I didn't even know; a man that hadn't ever done me no harm.
6 feet
Hexameter
James Fenimore Cooper
His novels feature Natty Bumppo, a frontiersman known to European-American settlers as "Leatherstocking", "The Pathfinder", and "the trapper". Native Americans call him "Deerslayer", "La Longue Carabine" ("Long Rifle" in French), and "Hawkeye".
Heroic or Homeric
Homer "The Odyssey" "Illiad" Greek legends passed down orally
Style
How the author uses words phrases or sentences to form ideas
Allen Ginsberg
Howl Beat Generation
Tall tale
Humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance.
Maya Angelou
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
Fantasy
I genre that uses a magic or other supernatural forms as a primary element of the plot, theme and or setting. Examples is tolkien's the Lord of the rings Louises the Chronicles of Narnia and Morrises the well at the worlds and
Independent clause with two phrases
I must have vicious pets from the pound in my town.
Simple pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, what
Point of view
Identifies the perspective from which the pieces with first person certain person I'm limited on the camera view
Methods to teach and evaluate speaking of
Identifying a few the message to teaching I would stick and listening several methods to help you prepare for your test and for your classroom these are debate, dialogue, physical, inside circle outside circle, panel, performance, presentation, Socratic seminar, speech, Ted talk, I think pair share.
Restrictive adjective clause
If it's necessary to identify the noun or pronoun it modifies in a sentence.
Homer
Illiad/Odyssey
Augustan Period
Imitation of work by Virgil and Horace Alexander Pope Sir Richard Steele Francois - Marie Arout Voltaire *Dominant French writer
Closed Couplet
In a couplet, each of the two lines is end-stopped. Ideas are not continued.
Intensity
In advertisement or speeches is a persuasive technique that includes superlative's comparatives and exaggerations
Subject writing
In subject writing activities at students right interviews, accounts, profiles or descriptions to capture the meaning of a subject being written about
En Media Res
In the middle of things
Evaluating
In the stage the student looks back at his or her work and so if you got the audience also evaluate the effectiveness of the writing
Pre-writing
In this stage of the writing process involves gathering and selecting ideas students pre-write in several ways by creating list, researching, brainstorming, reading to discover more about the other style, discussing the topic, collectingmemorabilia clip some other text and free-writing
The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka
In this work the main character dies of an infection after being pelted by apples by his father and his sister wishes to go to music school to play violin.
Technical text
Include charts, graphs, directions, forms, maps, and instructionmanuals.
Conventions
Include spelling grammar punctuation and capitals capitalization and paragraph it
aConventions
Include spelling grammar punctuation and capitals capitalization and paragraph it
Enlightenment or English Neoclassical
Increased influence of classical literature and increased reverence for logic and disdain for superstition Rise in deism, intellectual backlash against early Puritanism and America's revolution against England
First Person Narrator
Individual Speaking (I) *recounts personal narrative
Second Person Narrator
Individual Speaks (YOU)
Conversation Poetry
Informal conversation; Example is "The Nightingale Coleridge."
Slang
Informal language used by a particular group of people among themselves
Ralph Ellison
Invisible Man
Research writing - evaluating
Involves a self-assessment an audience feedback on the effectiveness of writing
Active reading
Involves determining the purposes for pre-reading, reading for understanding during reading, and then evaluating post reading. Strategies active readers employee include but are not limited to highlighting or Mark or making margin notes, writing examples or connections in the margins, checking for understanding for reading for a period of time, writing a brief summary after reading or explaining what you read to another person.
Research writing/pre-writing
Involves identifying a general topic of interest or one is determined by the tester the teacher, listening were listing words to use in the search for information, and then assessing rep your reputable sources, either online or in print. Student creates source cards, no cards to list the references this pre-writing process help students to focus on the topic. The student then write a statement of purpose, I did appraise questions and organize questions with similar headingand returns to more sources and makes additional source cards
Close reading
Involves reading and rereading portions of text to determine the deeper layers of meaning in it within the text. Readers create a detailed and careful analysis of the text meaning through the analysis of word choice, things, main ideas, and text organization one my also use multiple literary theory such as feminist or Marxist to derive a deeper meaning during close reading
Scaffolding
Involves structural supports to a students in a learning situation the more capable the student becomes with a certain skill a concept the less instructional scaffolding the child will need scaffolding might take the form of the teacher reading aloud a portion of the text and then asking the students to repeat the same portion for example
Dramatic Irony
Irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters
Strawman
Is a common technique in argument it was the speaker or writer gives the impression of arguing against the opponents position, well actually refuting an argument that is not suggested by the opponent opponent
Understatement
Is a figure of speech used to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is, which is often has and Ironic effect
Extended metaphor
Is a metaphor a comparison of two unlike things used to go to work or over a series of lines in pros or poetry
SQ3R
Is a method for note taking while reading a text why that uses schools today the steps are as followed survey question read recite review. Survey: the student previews the chapter to assess the organization of the information. Question: the student examines the chapters heading and subheadings and re-freezes them into questions. Read: the student reads one section of the chapter at a time selectively, primarily to answer the questions. Recite: the student answers each question in his or her own words and write the answers in his or her notes the student repeats this note taking sequence for each section of the chapter. Review: the student immediately reviews what he or she has learned
The big Lie
Is a misrepresentation of facts or Gross distortion use as a propaganda technique by an official bodyor a politician
Graphic organizers
Is a notetaking guide use before during or after reading a text. Examples are concept map, somatic feature analysis, matrix, then diagram, cause-and-effect, cycle map, sequence, problem and solution, and continue them.
Selection of detail
Is a persons choice of specific events, words, incident, antidotes etc. which are used to make or create a narrative or scene
Fear
Is a persuasive technique that uses something fear to disliked by the intended audience to advance a solution. For example bad breath is used to persuade want to purchase gum
Rhetorical questioning
Is a question that is posed but is not intended to be answered. Instead, the purpose is to affirm or deny a point strongly
Rule of three
Is a rhetorical device in which the writer or speaker speaker uses three consecutive words to express a central point or three paralleled elements. Example be sincere be brief BE seated FDR
References/Work cited page MLA
Is a section where all works used in the text are cited this section can help one determine the quality of researched used to write the text.
Euphemism
Is a socially excepted word or phrase used to replace unacceptable language, such expressions are bodily functions or body parts. Are also used as substitutes for straightforward words to tactfully conceal or falsify meaning. Passed away equals died
Fishbowl
Is a technique in which a small subset of the class sit in a circle in the center of the class and engaged in dialogue the rest of the class listens to and observes the fishbowl from time to time the teacher pause is the discussion to seek listeners content and process be back on the fishbowl discussion. The teacher than seeks new members to join the fishbowl and continue the dialogue
Foreshadowing
Is a technique in which the writer or speaker give hints or clues about what is to come at some later point in the piece
Warm and fuzzy
Is a technique that appeals to emotions and uses sentimental images or pleasant words and boys to evoke feelings of comfort
Extrapolation
Is a technique that works by ignoring how complex something is an predicted outcome we hope will be true because we want to believe it
Appeal to emotion
Is a type of argument in which the author appeal to the readers emotions fear, security, pity, flattery, to prove the argument
aAppeal to emotion
Is a type of argument in which the author appeal to the readers emotions fear, security, pity, flattery, to prove the argument
Skimming
Is a way to read text to get the general sense of it, which is helpful to Rubial story informational text structures.
Faults statements or fallacious reasoning
Is an error in reasoning, not in grammar usage. Examples include slippery slope, red herring, and strawman which are defined in the section
Hyperbole
Is an exaggerated claims or statement that's not meant to be taken literally and is used to make a point, such as "I have a ton of homework".
Double speak
Is language that is intended to be a basic or to conceal doublespeak is related to euphemism but is distinguished by government, military, or business organizations. Example: downsized actually means fired or loss of a job
Index
Is located in the back section of the text and contains the page numbers wear readers can locate major concepts, ideas, things and or series. This section is organized alphabetically
Table of contents
Is located in the front portion of the text and list the chapters, sections and subsections in the order they are presented within the text. Page numbers for each section and subsection are provided so that the reader can quickly locate the information they seek. Rather than having to read from beginning to end
Copyright page
Is located in the front portion of the text and list the dates of publication and the publisher this is an important page to know when evaluating the accuracy of time sensitive
Authority
Is the author identifiable? If yes, what is the authors background, and what are the other sources cited? If no, what agency or organization has created this online source? What is the organizations history, political view, or purpose?
aAuthority
Is the author identifiable? If yes, what is the authors background, and what are the other sources cited? If no, what agency or organization has created this online source? What is the organizations history, political view, or purpose?
aDenotation
Is the literal or primary meaning of the word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas the word suggest
Tone
Is the overall feeling created in a piece of writing or speech. The tone of the piece can be humorous satirical serious Marose
Coverage
Is the source completed or under construction? What key information is omitted.
aCoverage
Is the source completed or under construction? What key information is omitted.
Jargon
Is the specialized language of a particular per group or culture. Educational related jargon includes words and phrases such as rubric tuning protocol or deskilling
Etymology
Is the study of the history and origin of words some words are derived from other words and other languages. Key parts of words and origins of word include language origin of the word a fixes prefixes suffixes, compound words slang words that become common language, common words that become slang, Port Maniteau words which are words that have been melted together such as a Ebonics -ebony and phonics, and taboo words that become a euphemism
Question Mark
Is use a direct or in direct question and you show uncertainty
Hypen
Is use between numbers, between fractions, and in special series, to create new words, and to join numbers
Comma
Is use between two independent clauses, two separate additives to separate contrasted element or to set off a positives, two separate items a list to enclose explanatory words, after care doctor phrase, or after if you're Dr. Claus, to set off nonrestrictive phrases, to ensure clarity, in numbers, to enclose titles call it a direct address, to set off dialogue, to set up items in the address, to set off dates. Clearly, commas have several uses and rolls that make their use a challenge for writers
Period
Is used at the end of the sentence, after initial or abbreviation, or as a decimal point.
-
Is used for emphasis, to set off interrupted speech, to set off introductory series, or to indicate a sudden break
'
Is used in contractions, two for plurals, to form singular possessive, to form plural possessive, and compound nouns, to show shared possession, enter express the positive forms of qualities or time or I'm out
Past perfect tense verbs
Is used to express action that began and happened prior to another party action,
!
Is used to express strong feelings
;
Is used to separate groups that include commas and you set off independent clauses
Glossary
Is where readers find the definitions of terms; is found in the back section of the text
:
Is yours after a statement that inner deuce is a "Tatian, an example, a series, or an explanation
Compound pronouns
It's self, myself anybody somebody, everything
Charlotte Bronte
Jane Eyre Victorian Period
Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald
Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, Daisy Buchanan, Tom Buchanan, Jordan Baker, Myrtle Wilson, George Wilson, Dan Cody
Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson
Jim Hawkins (narrator), a young boy who goes on a journey to discover pirate treasure. Long John Silver, former pirate, goes to take back treasure; shifting loyalties. Dr. Livesey, steady, practical leader of the expedition.
Metaphysical Poets
John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert 17th Century England
Metaphysical Poets
John Donne; Andrew Marvell; George Herbert
British Romantics
John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron 18th Century into the 19th Century
aBritish Romantics
John Keats; Percy Bysshe Shelley; Lord Byron
Caroline Age
John Milton
Restoration Period Authors influenced Neo-Classicism]
Johnathan Swift John Milton
Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
Kaleidoscopic novel written that forcefully accentuated the problem of alienation by using a black narrator who is struggling to find and liberate himself in the midst of an oppressive white society.
Blooms Taxonomy
Knowledge (remembering), Comprehension (understanding), Application, Analysis, Evaluation, Creating
levels of language proficiency
L1) entering, L2) beginning, L3) developing, L4) expanding, and L5) bridging
Doublespeak
Language that intentionally distorts or just guises meeting. It may take the form of a euphemism such as let go for fired or pass away for died doublespeak can disguise meeting in an intentional effort to see such as final is "genuine imitation leather"
Profanity
Language that shows disrespect for others or something sacred
Vulgarity
Language widely considered crude disgusting and often offensive
A Death in the Family by James Agee
Largely autobiographical, the novel deals in part with the death of Agee's own father but also with the growing tension between rural and urban America (and their differing cultures and views on religion) at the time. The novel centers on the family of Jay, including his wife Mary and their son Rufus. Jay goes to see his father after a call from his drunk brother Rufus, who erroneously says their father has had a heart attack. On the way back from this visit Jay's car spins out of control and he is killed. The remainder of the novel deals with the next few days, especially the funeral and the family's attempts to process this tragedy.
Renaissance and Reformation
Late 15h, 16th, and early 17th centuries in Britain
Romantic Period Duration
Late 18th & early 19th century
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass Romanticism
Sociological criticism
Like historical criticism, sociological criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic, and political context in which it is written or received. This type of criticism may analyze the social content of a literary work—the cultural, economic, or political values a particular text implicitly or explicitly expresses.
Semicolon
Link related independent clauses. 1. Unless being used in lists, they should only be used to connect related clauses. 2. Do not use before coordinating conjunctions. It can replace a coordinating conjunction. (FANBOYS) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th-zyfvwDdI
Association
Links a product, idea, or service was something the members of the target audience already like or desire, such as fun, security, it's embassy or success
aAssociation
Links a product, idea, or service was something the members of the target audience already like or desire, such as fun, security, it's embassy or success
Literary theory
Literally series provide a means to interpret text using different lenses or perspectives one is not better than the other get together they provide the reader deeper understanding enjoyment and newfound critical understanding
Anxiety of influence
Literary critic Harold Bloom advance this way of interpreting poetry by using Sigmund Freud's notion of the Ordipus complex to suggest that poets filled with anxiety and no new ideas to express struggle against the earlier influences of previous generations a poet while bloom at bat advance the anxiety of influence when one is reading poetry readers can also use this lens to interpret other literary works
aDenotation
Literary dictionary meaning.
Satire
Literature that makes fun of social conventions and conditions, usually to evoke change
Realism
Literature that tries to represent life as it really is
Tragedy
Literature, often drama, ending in a catastrophic event for the protagonist after he or she faces several conflicts or problems.
Logos
Logic
Eugene O'Neill
Long Day's Journey Into Night
Nostalgia
Looks back in earlier time in history, when life was supposedly similar, better, and more desired
William Golding
Lord of The Flies
William Golding
Lord of the Flies
Gustav Flabert
Madame Bovary Realism
Compound preposition
Made up of 2 or more words Examples: according to, prior to, in spite of
Gerund phrase verb
Made up of a present participle a verb ending in ING and always functions as a noun. Example: gardening is my favorite leisure activity.
The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot.
Maggie Tulliver has to choose betweeen her each of her suitors and her duty to her family. Adores brother Tom Tulliver. Mr. Tulliver (victim of character and circumstances), Philip Wakem (Maggie's sensible lover-encourages her to give up her unnatural self-denial)
Theme
Main idea of literature
Romantic period 1785-1832
Major authors; Keats, Byron Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley John Blake. Don Juan, pride and prejudice songs of the innocents and songs of experience, the vindication of the rights of women, the rhyme of the ancient mariner, she walks in beauty, when we to parted, go to a Grecian urn.
Euphemism
Make something bad sound good. Example "Uncle Bill died last year" change died to passed away "Uncle Bill passed away last year"
aConflict
Man Vs Man / Man Vs Self / Man Vs Nature / What's being said about ALL people.
Romantic Works/Authors
Mary Shelley Edgar Allan Poe
Romantic Period Authors
Mary/Percy Shelley John Keats William Blake Nathaniel Hawthorne Edgar Allan Poe
aAnticipation guide
May be a pretest, although there are no right or wrong answers. It provides students with the opportunity to respond to and discuss a series of open ended questions or opinion a questions that address various themes, vocabulary words, and concepts that will appear in the upcoming text
Red Herring
May either be a logical fallacy or a literary device that leads the audience or reader toward faults conclusion
Am. Lit. Post Modern 1950-Present
Mays - Art Speigelman Catch 22 -Joseph Heller White Noise - Don Dilillo
Euripides
Medea Classical Greek Period
Geoffrey Chaucer
Medieval Poet "Father of English Literature" Canterbury Tales The Parlement of Foules
Geoffrey Chaucer
Medieval poet who lives from 1343-1400.; "The father of English Literature"; chiefly wrote long narrative poems.
Metacognition
Metacognition is a persons ability to think about and regulate his or her own thinking (on your test you will be expected to not only know what metacognition is but also to identify ways to foster Megan metacognition and self-regulation in your students) ask students what they do before during and after reading, teach students effective strategies to use before during and after reading in your contacts area, asked students to support their statements or responses with examples and site site text citation - ask why. Encourage students to ask and create questions rather than just respond to teach your questions. Allow time in class to discuss not only the content of that your course, but also the thinking process his students are using.model your own metacognition using think aloud teaching methods. And explicitly asked students to reflect on and self excess their thinking and learning
Ovid
Metamorphoses Classical Roman Period
George Herbert
Metaphysical Poet
Andrew Marvell
Metaphysical poet
John Donne
Metaphysical poet
aAnapestic meter
Meter that is composed of feet that are short short unaccented-unaccented-accented. Used in light or whimsical poetry, such as a limerick for example the word contradict has three syllables where the accident is on the third syllable
Paeon
Metrical foot that consists of four syllables, with one of the syllables being long and the other three short.
Herman Melville
Moby Dick Bartleby the Scrivener Romanticism
Parody
Mocking something for comedic effect
Virginia Woolf
Modern era
Joseph Conrad
Modern, Heart of Darkness
DH Lawrence
Modern, Women in love
1 foot
Monometer
Ethos
Moral expertise and knowledge.
Gender nouns feminine
Mother sister aunt woman cow
aCompound subject, single predicate
My dog and my cat Growl.
Compound subject, compound predicate
My dog and my cat growl and appear agitated.
Single subject, single predicate
My dog growls.
Myth
Myth is a legendary or a traditional story that usually concerns an event, or a hero, with or without using factual or real explanations, particularly one concerning with demigods or deities, and describes some rites, practices and natural phenomenon.
William S. Burroughs
Naked Lunch Beat Generation
aCollective nouns
Name a group or unit. Examples gaggle, heard, community
Abstract nouns
Name an idea, condition, or feeling in other words, something that is not concrete. Example ideals, justice, America
Concrete nouns
Name names a think that is tangible it can be seen heard felt touch smelled or tasted they are either proper or comment. Examples: dog school football
aC.S. Lewis
Narnia
Fable
Narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale.
Historical fiction
Narrative fiction that is set in some earlier time and often contain historically authentic people, places, or events; example the Three Musketeers by Alexander Dumas
aAutobiography
Narrative of a person's life written by that person.
aBiography
Narrative of a person's life. A true story about a real person.
Fredrick Douglass
Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass
aBallad
Narrative written to Music
American literature timeline Puritan period 1625-1660
Nathaniel Hawthorne the Scarlet letter
Richard Wright
Native Son Naturalism
Drama
Neither comedy nor tragedy
Differences between nonfiction narrative and informational text
Nonfiction narrative text such as an autobiography or a personal essay you storytelling elements to inform and describe, whereas informational text such as a textbook or on the website inform the reader using clear patterns of organization and different text structures
A doll's house by Hendrick ibsen
Nora's struggle with Krogstad, who threatens to tell her husband about her past crime, incites Nora's journey of self-discovery and provides much of the play's dramatic suspense. Nora's primary struggle, however, is against the selfish, stifling, and oppressive attitudes of her husband, Torvald, and of the society that he represents.
Flat Character
Not Developed
Observer Narrator
Not in the story, but speaks in either 1st or 3rd person
Charisma
Occurs when a person's waiter appears firm, strong, confident and even bold. People tend to follow charismatic leaders even though they may disagree with their positions on issues
aCharisma
Occurs when a person's waiter appears firm, strong, confident and even bold. People tend to follow charismatic leaders even though they may disagree with their positions on issues
Split infinitive
Occurs when a writer puts an adverb between the two parts of the infinitive form of the verb. Example to meekly say, correct to say meekly
Ambiguity
Occurs when there are two or more possible meanings to a word or phrase
8 feet
Octameter
John Keats
Ode to a Grecian Urn Romanticism
Sophocles
Oedipus Rex
Sophocles
Oedipus Rex Oedipus at Colonus Antigone Classical Greek Period
Repetition
Of language, words, sounds or images, used with in a speech or advertisement to advance the point and make it memorable
Gulliver's Travels By Johnathan Swift
Officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships, is a novel by Jonathan Swift that is both a satire on human nature and a parody of the "travelers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is Swift's best known full-length work, and a classic of English literature
Metaphysical Poetry
Often written about philosophical concerns
Lost Generation Writers
Old Man & The Sea, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom The Bell Tolls - Hemingway
Archaic
Old fashion words that are no longer used in common speech, such as thee, thy and thou
Jack Kerouac
On the Road Beat Generation
aAlexander Solzhenitsyn
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Soviet
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
One Hundred Years of Solitude
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
One Hundred Years of Solitude Magical Realism Postmodernism
William Faulkner
One of the greatest authors of Southern Lit in America Plays, poems, essays, screenplays, novels, short stories
passive voice
One of the two "voices" of verbs (see also active voice ). A verb is in the passive voice when the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb.
Conflict
Opposing elements or characters in a plot. These include person versus person, person versus society, person versus self, person versus nature, person versus fate or God
British Romantic Period
Originated in late 18th century when poets wrote about nature and beauty They contrasted the beauty of naure to the harsh reality of the world and cities after the Industrial Revolution William Wordsworth, William Blake, Percy Bysshe Shelly, John Keats to name a few, Lord Byron
Modifiers
Our words, clauses or phrases that limit or describe other words or groups of words.
Cliche
Overused expressions that become predicable
John Milton
Paradise Lost
Participles & participle phrases
Participle is a form of the verb, but functions as an adjective: answers which one? or what kind?
Verbals (3 types)
Participles, gerunds, and infinitives
Effective and speaking and listening techniques/listening skills
Pay attention to nonverbal cues face the speaker and maintain eye contact, be attentive, be open-minded, evaluate the speakers point of view, don't interrupt, wait for a speaker deposit before you start speaking check for understanding, ask questions, try to feel what the speakers feeling, provide regular feedback to the speaker, delineate the speakers argument or specific claims.
5 feet
Pentameter
Aesthetics
Perception of beauty
Effective presentation in the English class or
Performing speeches plays videos or readers productions, delivering a speech, participating in the debate or giving a PowerPoint presentation, creating booklets, brochures, scrapbooks or personal websites, publishing a school newspaper, student magazine, or portfolio of work, Cimity work for publication beyond the classroom in a literary magazine for young adult, in the local newspaper or in a professional publication for writers, in a contest or four or for an online publication
Brand new
Persuade the audience that this brand-new shiny reason, issue or product is one that we must agree upon and possess
aBrand new
Persuade the audience that this brand-new shiny reason, issue or product is one that we must agree upon and possess
Rhetoric
Persuasive writing
William Langland
Piers Plowman Middle English
1625-1660 Puritan Period
Pilgrim's Progress, Compleat Angler
Juxtaposition
Places normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases next to one another to create an effective or so of surprise or wit
The Republic
Plato
The Cherry Orchard by Anto Chekov
Play first performed in 1904. The whole of the action takes place on a Russian estate of Ranevsky, who returns, with her daughter Anya and their entourage, after several years in France because the debt she has accumulated there necessitates that she sell the Russian estate. The action follows conversations about this sale with Lopakhin, a friend of the family who wants to buy the estate and build vacation cottages on the site of an enormous cherry orchard, which Ranevsky does not want to be cut down. In the midst of all this there are conversations and intrigue among the play's lesser characters, including the servents, who are involved in a love triangle with Dunyasha at the center. In the end, Lopakhin buys the estate and everyone leaves as the cherry orchard is being cut down.
Tyger! Tyger!
Poem written by William Blake
Emily Dickenson
Poet Transcendentalist "I heard a fly buzz"
Walt Whitman
Poet "Leaves of Grass"
Measure
Poetic rhythm or cadence by the syllables.
Didactic Poetry
Poetry that instructs, either in terms of morals or by providing knowledge of philosophy, religion, arts, science, or skills.
aDemonstrative pronouns
Point out people, places, or things without naming them.
aaa1630-1760 Colonial Period
Poor Richard's Almanac
Realism
Portraying an accurate picture of nature and/or real life.
Flattery
Praises or knowledges so that the audience feel excepted and persuaded
Stages of research writing process
Pre-writing, directing, revising, editing, publishing, evaluating.
Stages of the writing process
Pre-writing, drafting, revising, editing, publishing, evaluating
Hubris
Pride
Jane Austin
Pride & Prejudice
Jane Austen
Pride and Prejudice Romanticism
Thesaurus
Provide alternative terms with similar meaning to the word one is examining
1900- Present
Prufrock, Orwell 1984, Waiting for Godot
Bernard Shaw
Pygmalion
George Bernard Shaw
Pygmalion Naturalism
RENAISSANCE
REBIRTH * awakening from the long slumber of the Dark Ages.*What had been a stagnant, even backsliding kind of society re-invested in the promise of material and spiritual gain. There was the sincerely held belief that humanity was making progress towards a noble summit of perfect existence //Shakespeare//Milton//Marlowe
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau an idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living.
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson; Henry David Thoreau
1660-1785 The Restoration and 18th Cent
Rape of the Lock
The Glass Menegarie by Tennessee Williams
Read
Reader-response criticism
Reader-response criticism is a school of literary theory that focuses on the reader (or "audience") and their experience of a literary work, in contrast to other schools and theories that focus attention primarily on the author or the content and form of the work.
Stephen Crane
Realism/Naturalism/Impressionism "The Red Badge of Courage" "The Monster"
Creative writing
Redefining provide students with opportunities to play with language, express emotions, articulate stories, or develop a drama for others to enjoy
aCreative writing
Redefining provide students with opportunities to play with language, express emotions, articulate stories, or develop a drama for others to enjoy
Indefinite pronouns
Refer to unnamed or unknown people or things
aAllusion
References to earlier works i.e. The Bible
aConsonance
Refers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase.
aConnotation
Refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to the word
William Faulkner
Regionalism, wrote Absalom! Absalom! focusing on three families in the American south
Relative pronouns
Relate adjective clauses to nouns or pronouns they modify
Unreliable Narrator
Relays untrustworthy information to reader
Catharsis
Release of emotions
Christopher Marlow
Renaissance period, British poet
Edmund Spenser
Renaissance period, British poet
William Shakespeare
Renaissance period, wrote various plays
Consonance
Repetition of the final consonant sounds in words containing different valves for example stroke of luck
Alliteration
Repetition up initial consonant sounds in which words, such as "Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers"
Intransitive verbs
Require no objects or complements. Example: an airplane flew overhead
Presentation
Require students to inform, demonstrate, explain or persuade an audience. Typical formats include senior project presentations where individuals present to an audience, book talks and newscast
Panel
Requires students to listen to 45 classmates or guest speakers on a specific theme or topic. Panelist must be "" expert on the topic, which may require research prior to the discussion
Resonance
Resonance is the ability of a word or phrase to have significance and create a lasting imprint on a reader.
Check the basic information about the source, such as the author, your published, and publisher
Review this initial information to check for credibility, evidence of bias, conflict of interest or other agendas, and accuracy it is your source peer-reviewed or aided by others? I have other works in by this author author proven to be credible and accurate.
aCheck the basic information about the source, such as the author, your published, and publisher
Review this initial information to check for credibility, evidence of bias, conflict of interest or other agendas, and accuracy it is your source peer-reviewed or aided by others? I have other works in by this author author proven to be credible and accurate.
Research writing - revising
Revising should be particularly focused on the organization of the paragraphs and the conciseness of sentences
Understanding and analyzing rhetorical features in writing and speaking
Rhetorical features in writing and speaking argument and persuasive techniques are one of the quiche is required by cc SS you want to stay this question the section not only for your exam but for your own
Analyzing cause and effect
Rhetorical strategies focusing on causes helps a writer think about why something happened; focusing on effects helps a writer think about what might or could happen. Cause is oriented toward the future; effect looks back to the past.
Classifying and dividing
Rhetorical strategy that involves either putting things into groups or dividing up a large block into smaller units.
Defining
Rhetorical strategy that involves telling your reader what something means—and what it does not. It involves saying what something is—and what it is not.
Comparing and contrasting
Rhetorical strategy that looks for similarities between things; contrasts look for differences.
Describing
Rhetorical strategy that when writers describe a person, place, or thing, they indicate what it looks like and often how it feels, smells, sounds, or tastes.
Explaining a process
Rhetorical strategy where the writer explains how something is done: from everyday processes like how to write a letter, how to play basketball, or how to make French fries, to unusual or extreme processes like how to embalm a corpse or how to face death.
End rhyme
Rhyming that occurs at the ends of the lines of verse
Sprung Rhythm
Rhythm based on the number of stressed syllables in a line without regard to the number of unstressed syllables.
Edgar Allen Poe
Romance (Gothic poetry) "The Raven" "Bells" "Annabelle Lee" "The Tell-Tale Heart"
Jane Austen
Romantic Fiction "Pride and Prejudice" "Emma" "Mansfield Park" "Sense and Sensibility"
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Romantic Poet, Lyric poet :Ode To the West Wind" "The Masque of Anarchy"
ROMANTIC PERIOD`
Romanticism is concerned with the individual more than with society. The individual consciousness and especially the individual imagination // Hawthorne // Poe // Shelley //Melville
Shakespeare
Romeo & Juliet / Merchant of Venice...etc
aAlliteration
Same Sounds Repeated
Correlative conjunctions
Same as coordinating conjunction except they come in pairs examples: both/and, either/or, neither/nor
Satire
Satire is a technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule. It intends to improve humanity by criticizing its follies and foibles.
Allegory
Second hidden meaning
Paradox
Self contradictory statement that holds some truth.
Exclamatory sentence
Sentence that communicates strong feelings or ideas. Ex: That was a great shot!
Declarative sentences
Sentences that make a statement and tell about a person, place thing or idea. Example Tori is my daughter
One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Set in Macondo, this novel tells of Ursula, the Buendia family matriarch who dies the size of a fetus at the age of 120.
The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Set in the 17th-entury Boston, Hester Prynne is being publically shamed and ostracized as an adultress. her husband, Roger Chillingworth, posing as a doctor, is intent on revenge against Hester and her "accomplice", who is revealed to bethe ailing Reverand Arthur Dimmesdale
Septet
Seven line stanza
Fostering reading appreciation and motivation to learn
Seven researched based Strategies 1.Using trade books, electronic text and the Internet 2. Using non-print materials such as film, music, art and advertisements 3. Teaching students to improve their personal and professional digital literacy 4. Creating authentic literacy experiences 5. Connecting students prior knowledge and interest with text 6. Reading aloud excerpts to students 7. Selecting quality text another lesson materials
Decameter
Shadow Poetry; a metrical foot of three syllables, the first of which is long or stressed and the next two short or unstressed. A line of verse consisting of ten metrical feet. A verse line of ten syllables, or a poem composed with ten-syllable lines.
Renaissance Works/Authors
Shakespeare Milton Spenser
Elizabethan Period
Shakespeare Christopher Marlow Thomas Kyd Sir Phillip Sidney
George Orwell
Shooting an Elephant
A Good Man is Hard to find by Flannery O'Conner
Short story by that epitomizes the genre of Southern Gothic. The story follows a family on vacation who get lost and whose car flips before they are found by the Misfit, an escaped convict.
Research writing - editing
Should include additional focus on ethical citations of sources and accuracy of work cited
Satire
Show foolishness or vice in humans (use of: irony, sarcasm, ridicule to expose or denounce)
Linking verbs
Show no action. Examples: be, being, am, is/are, was, were
Possessive case nouns
Show was possession or ownership
aCoordinating conjunctions
Single word that joins words or groups of words examples: for, and, but, or, yet, so
Subject-verb agreement
Singular subject takes a singular verb Plural subject takes a plural verb Either and neither take singular verbs
Personal pronouns
Singular: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it Plural: we, us, you, they, them
Possessive pronouns
Singular: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, its, hers Plural: our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs
Reflexive Pronouns
Singular: myself, herself, himself, itself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Unknown (Middle English)
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Middle English
Sestet/ sestina
Six line stanza, A poem with six stanzas of six lines and a final triplet all stanzas have the same six works at the lines end in six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern
Kurt Vonnegut Jr.
Slaughterhouse-Five
Kurt Vonnegut
Slaughterhouse-Five Postmodernism
Feminist criticism
Society is viewed as patron article, which privileges culture and economic ass access to men and denies women from realizing their potential. The woman is seen as the "other "and the man is viewed as a domineering "subject quote. As you read or teach the text consider the gender/orientation of the characters,sexual stereotypes that are contradicted or reinforced, and the power relationships and rolls of sexuality and gender. Also think of the opposite gender's reaction or interpretation
Marxist criticism
Society is viewed by social class and assumes that each societies concepts, beliefs and values are affected by economic and class structures. Examine the following as you read who has the power and money; what happens as a result of the differences in social class; the authors social class; the dominant economic or social issues of the authors time.
Onomonapia
Sound words
Spatial sequence
Spatial organization is one of the principles of organization in writing that arranges items according to their relationships or physical position. This means that when describing an item, one would start from left and move gradually to the right, for example.
aApostrophe
Speaker detaches themselves from reality to communicate with an imaginary character.
Jargon
Specialized language used in a particular field or content area. Example educational jargon include differentiated instruction cooperative learning and authentic assessment
aArgument discourse
Speech or written form that debates are use a topic in a logical way. The typical argument essay format is a five paragraph essay although longer as a formants may be required for students according to the owl at Purdue owl oh WL a will written argument essay or speeches contain will define thesis statement an exclamation of why the topic is important, body paragraphs that include well researched evidenceto support thesis is and counterpoint and why these views are wrong, clear transition between paragraphs, thoughtful inclusions of easels logos and pathos, a conclusion that dances the thesis based on the evidence provided.
Narration discourse
Speech or written form that includes drama, stories, and folk lore
Descriptive discourse
Speech or written form that uses the sentences to describe something. For example novels, essays or speech about childhood recollection may contain descriptive discourse
aDescriptive discourse
Speech or written form that uses the sentences to describe something. For example novels, essays or speech about childhood recollection may contain descriptive discourse
aAmbiguity *leads to vagueness/confusion
Statement containing two or more meanings.
Drama
Stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.
Fairy tale
Story about fairies or other magical creatures.
Science fiction
Story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets.
Historical fiction
Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.
Mood
Story's ATMOSPHERE
Trochaic
Stressed , unstressed
aDactylic
Stressed, unstressed, unstressed
Ballad
Strictly, a ballad is a form of poetry that alternates lines of four and three beats, often in quatrains, rhymed abab, and often telling a story - the anonymous poem 'Sir Patrick Spens' and Wordsworth's "A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal" demonstrate this well.
Study strategies and learning to read
Students are asked to read increasingly complex text as they advancing their education English teachers know that most excessively in the early grades but they will need ongoing instructions on how to study how to read complex texts (research-based strategies are commonly used in the English questions I will be helpful when responding to the praxis English subject assessment test questions)
Drafting
Students begin writing, connecting and developing ideas. Draft often contain main points, I thesis, relevant support and elaboration. Depending on the purpose for writing and the audience for the peace, there may be a few drafts or many
Personal writing
Students can express their inner an inter-most thoughts, feelings and responses through variety of personal writing, including journal writing, autobiographies, diaries, reflective essay's, logs, blogs, personal narratives and personal essays
Evaluating print or digital source materials
Students must evaluate sources carefully to ensure that each source is reliable, Worthwild an accurate the following general guidelines will help students to turn in for the print material such as journal articles and not print material such as sources are Reliable. Check for basic information about the source such as author your publish and publisher. If your source appears in this reliable, take time to read a portion of the material, check digital sources for purpose authority Currensy reliability and coverage
Workplace writing
Students must learn how to prepare resumes cover letters job applications and business letters
Informational text features
Students need to know the elements of the narrative text you when your students will need to know the features of informational text your students may need direct instructions in the differences between reading different types of pros informational text have specific text features that you want to be able to buy used properly and suggest ways to teach to students. These are the copyright page, fontsglossary, images and captions index, notes, references, and table of contents.
Audience and purpose
Successful writers know that the importance of writing for specific audience and a specific purpose. Imagine you're writing a personal letter to a former teacher or mentor. Then imagine that letter and the letter that you would write to your perspective employer or to your best friend. The words you choose the style of writing you employed and the formality of your letter format all depend on knowing your audience teachers should provide students with a variety of opportunities to practice writing for different purposes and for specific audiences.
aAudience and purpose
Successful writers know that the importance of writing for specific audience and a specific purpose. Imagine you're writing a personal letter to a former teacher or mentor. Then imagine that letter and the letter that you would write to your perspective employer or to your best friend. The words you choose the style of writing you employed and the formality of your letter format all depend on knowing your audience teachers should provide students with a variety of opportunities to practice writing for different purposes and for specific audiences.
SQ3R
Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
POST MODERNISM
Suspicion of "REASON" in respect to maintaining political and economic power.
Marcel Proust
Swann's Way Modernism
Personal pronouns
Take the place of now
Questioning
Teachers should use questions to teach students to ask questions of variety of levels is important to note that not only the teacher should be asking questions but students should generate their own questions while reading blooms Texon to me is helpful to construct to guide the population of questions
Teaching reading
Teaching a reading across all content areas including English is a hot button issue in school today. Students not only need to learn how to read, but Alma all but must also read to learn. Secondary English teachers must be well-versed in teaching strategies to help students read and interpret text ( in this section you will find an explanation of the key components and research-based teaching strategies for teaching reading in the secondary English classroom)
Native Son by Richard Wright
Tells the Story of Bigger who is being convicted for murder
The American by Henry James
Tells the story of a man who is living confined and unhappy. Henry James is poking fun at American culture
aArchetype
Term used to describe universal symbols and meanings. Self/Ego/Soul
Thomas Hardy
Tess of d'Urbervilles Victorian Literature
Thomas Hardy
Tess of the D´ubervilles
4 feet
Tetra meter
Psycho analytic criticism
Text is viewed as an expression of feelings, thoughts, and desires of the author. Examine the text for imagery or symbols of repression or expression; consider the psychological theories exhibited by the characters such as denial, guilt, morality, sexuality, obsessive-compulsive, sociopathic, etc.
Description
Text structure gives details about characteristics actions events etc.
Saul Bellow
The Adventures of Augie March
Sam Bellow
The Adventures of Augie March Modernism
Mark Twain
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Mark Twain
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Realism
Virgil
The Aeneid Classical Roman Period
Virgil
The Aenid
Thomas Pain
The Age of Revolution, Wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet written advocating independence from Great Britain
Benjamin Franklin
The Age of Revolution, wrote Poor Richard's Almanac
Thomas Jefferson
The Age of Revolution, wrote various essays and speeches
Kate Chopin
The Awakening
Sylvia Plath
The Bell Jar Postmodernism
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Birthmark/The Scarlet Letter
Jack London
The Call of the Wild Naturalism
Naturalists
The Call of the Wild - Jack London Red Badge of Courage - Stephen Crane
Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales
Geoffery Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales Middle English
J.D. Salinger
The Catcher in the Rye
J. D. Salinger
The Catcher in the Rye Postmodernism
Anton Chekhov
The Cherry Orchard Realism
Jonathan Edwards
The Colonial Period, Wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
Anne Bradstreet
The Colonial Period, Wrote The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (book of poetry)
William Bradford
The Colonial Period, wrote Of Plymouth Plantation
Olaudah Equiano
The Colonial Period, wrote The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
aAlice Walker
The Color Purple
Arthur Miller
The Crucible
Thomas Pychon
The Crying of Lot 49
Thomas Pynchon
The Crying of Lot 49 Postmodernism
Boccaccio
The Decameron Italian
Dante Alighieri
The Divine Comedy (Inferno) Italian
Edmund Spenser
The Faerie Queene Renaissance
Tennessee Willams
The Glass Menagerie Modernism
Ford Maddox Ford
The Good Soldier
John Steinbeck
The Grapes of Wrath
1925 Modernist Novel (Drama)'s title
The Great Gatsby
Francis Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby
F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby Modernism (Lost Generation)
Edith Wharton
The House of Mirth Ethan Frome Realism/Naturalism
Victor Hugo
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Victor Hugo
The Hunchback of Notre Dame Romantic Period
Homer
The Iliad The Odyssey Classical Greek Period
Homer
The Illiad
aAmy Tan
The Joy Luck Club
James Fenimore Cooper
The Last of the Mohicans
James Fenimore Cooper
The Last of the Mohicans Romanticism
Thomas Mann
The Magic Mountain
Sir Thomas Mallory
The Medieval Period, Le Morte d'Arthur
Franz Kafka
The Metamorphosis
Franz Kafka
The Metamorphosis Existentialism
George Eliot
The Mill on the Floss Middlemarch Victorian Period
Oscar Wilde
The Picture of Dorian Gray Victorian Literature
Oscar Wilde
The Picture of Dorian Grey
Henry James
The Portrait of a Lady The American Realism/Modernism Writer
1855-1900 American Lit
The Realistic Period William Dean Howells
Stephen Crane
The Red Badge of Courage
Stephen Crane
The Red Badge of Courage Naturalism
Robert Frost
The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice, Nothing Gold Can Stay
Emily Dickinson
The Romantic Period, Wrote "I'm Nobody! Whoa re you?" and other poetry
Sojourner Truth
The Romantic Period, Wrote Ain't I a Woman, anti slavery speaker
Washington Irving
The Romantic Period, wrote The Devil and Tom Walker
James Fenimore Cooper
The Romantic Period, wrote The Last of the Mohicans, set during the french and indian war
Edgar Allan Poe
The Romantic Period, wrote The Raven, The Tell Tale Heart"
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter Romanticism
William Faulkner
The Sound and the Fury
aaAlbert Camus
The Stranger
Albert Camus
The Stranger Existentialism
Alexander Dumas
The Three Musketeers Romanticism
T. S. Eliot
The Waste Land J. Alfred Prufrock Modernism
Maxine Hong Kingston
The Woman Warrior Postmodern
Phonology
The analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect
Hermeneutics
The art and science of text interpretation
Pathetic fallacy
The attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals
Foot
The basic unit of measurement of accentual-syllabic meter. A foot usually contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable.
Envoy
The brief stanza that ends French poetic forms such as the ballade or sestina. It usually serves as a summation or a dedication to a particular person.
Diction
The choice of words or phrases in writing or speech
Argument
The common core state Sam standards cc SS call for an increase attention on teaching argument writing. The parts of an argument include the claim, evidence to support the claim, the word explains how the evidence supports the supports the claim, support for the warrant, and qualified qualifications or counter argument that refute competing claims.
ALT revolutionary period 1760-1787
The declaration of independence the wild honeysuckle the Indian burial ground the power of sympathy the first American novel
aClimax
The details are stated first, followed by a topic sentence
Jean Jacques Rosseau
The enlightenment, various essays
John Locke
The enlightenment, various essays
Mood
The feeling text evokes in the reader such a sadness tranquility or elation
Swann's Way by Marcel Proust
The first volume, published in 1913, immense novel, Remembrance of Things Past. This volume tells two related stories, the first of which encounters a young Marcel, modeled on the author, exploring the French town of Combray and vowing to become an author. The second story jumps back in time fifteen years to tell about the romance between Charles Swann, a friend of Marcel's grandparents who appears regularly in the first story, and his wife Odette, who is presented toward the end of the first story. Swann falls in love with an idealized version of Odette he has constructed and they eventually marry; after time, Swann realizes Odette has been having numerous affairs and is not the woman he imagined her to be.
Hubris
The flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero; this term comes from the Greek word hybris which means "excessive pride"
Linguistics
The formal study of the structures and processes of language linguistics drive to describe language acquisition and language in general
A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
The greatest of the "Lucy" poems by William Wordsworth
Incongruity
The joining of opposites
Synesthesia
The juxtaposition of one sensory image with another that appeals to a unrelated sensed for example in the divine comedy the line, "the region where the sun is silent" uses the sense of hearing combined with the sense of vision to evoke a sense of despair
Digital versus print text
The key difference is that print text have static sequential layouts where digital text have an interactive dynamic layout
Vernacular
The language spoken by people who live in a particular region
Protagonist
The main character or hero of the written work
aCanto
The main divisions of a long poem
aCanto
The main divisions of the long poem
Repetition
The multiple use of the word, phrase, or ideas for emphasis or rhythmic effect
Omniscient Point of view
The narrator of the story shares of the thoughts and feelings of all the
Camarah view point of view
The narrator records the action from his or her point of view, unaware of any of the other characters thoughts or feelings this perspective is also known as the objective view
Limited omniscient Point of view
The narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of one character
Cadence
The natural rhythmic rise and fall of language as it is normally spoken
Antecedent pronoun
The noun to which the pronoun refers. Each pronoun must agree with this with its antecedent. Example: Jimmy is playing in the basketball tournament tomorrow. He hopes it will go well
Plain folks
The opposite approach of using celebrities, this technique uses real person's to endorse a product to appeal to your sense of pride, patriotism we're home. This technique is often used in truck advertisement and political campaigns to strengthen the "authentic" image of the product or person
Denouement
The outcome or resolution of a plot in a story
Tone
The overall feeling created by the authors use of words, such as sacredsomber, intelligent, serious, etc.
Total effect
The overall impression of a literary work leaves on a reader
Point of view
The perspective from which a story is told the possibilities include first person, third person, omniscient limited omniscient, Camera view
Situational irony
The purpose of a particular action differs greatly from the result
Dramatic irony
The reader sees a characters errors but the character does not
Rhythm
The regular or random patterns of sounds in poetry
Intertextuality
The relationships between text especially works of literature
Rhyme
The repetition of sounds in two or more words usually at the end of the line but not always
aDénouement
The resolution or conclusion of the story
Alexander Pope
The restoration period, various poems
Samuel Johnson
The restoration period, various poems
Samuel Pepys
The restoration period, various poems
Meter
The rhythmical pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse.
Pragmatics
The role of context in interpreting meaning
John Keats
The romantic period
Lord Byron
The romantic period
Percy Bysshe Shelley
The romantic period
William Wordsworth
The romantic period
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The romantic period, wrote the scarlet letter
Folklore
The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth.
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck
The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck
Third person point of view
The story is told by someone outside of the story
First person point of view
The story is told from the point of you one character in the story
The Color Purple by Alice Walker
The story of a protagonist who is repeatedly raped by a man she thinks is her father. A missionary family in Africa adopts the resulting children. The protagonist's sister, Nettie, works for the missionary family, and the novel takes the form of a series of letters between the sisters. Name this Pulitzer Prize winning novel featuring Celie.
Plot
The structure of a work. What a chair; the sequence of events
Ethnolinguistics
The study of language as it relates to culture; frequently associated with Minority linguistic groups within a larger culture
Psycho linguistics
The study of language as it relates to psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to learn language
Sociolinguistics
The study of language as it relates to society, including race, class, gender and age.
Semantics
The study of the meaning in language
Phonetics
The study of the sounds of language and the physical properties
Syntax
The study of the structure of sentences
Morphology
The study of the structure of words
Electronic menus
The table of contents of an electronic text is found in the electronic menu this is typically in a drop-down menu from the top of the page or located on the left or right of the text in a frame the electronic guides the reader to the organization of the text and help someone find information by clicking or selecting a link
Inside circle/outside circle
The teacher divides the class in half the students for two circles facing one another the inside circle and an outside circle. Students discuss with the person facing them and after some time the teacher asked one circle to move right or left so the students can continue the discussion with a different partner
Narration
The telling of the story
Setting
The time and place in which a story occurs
Setting
The time and place in which the action of a fictional work takes place
Illustration
The topic sentence sentence is stated and then followed by details
Gerunds and Participles
The two types of verbal phrases
Malapropism
The type of pun or play on words that results when two words become mixed up in the speakers mind. Example, "the police are not here to create disorder, they're here to preserve disorder quote, Richard Daley, former Chicago mayor
Irony
The use of a word or phrase to me in the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning there are three kinds of irony dramatic verbal situational
Sarcasm
The use of irony or faults praise to make fun of someone or something.
Local color
The use of language and details that are common and specific regions of the country or geographical location. Mark twain and Henry James are two authors who used local color to capture the dialect expressions and routines of people from specific regions.
Sarcasm
The use of my peers to be positive feedback or cutting witt to mock someone
Onomatopoeia
The use of words to suggest sounds as in buzz, click and vroom
Imagery
The use of wordsto create pictures or arouse senses in the readers mind
Alfred Tennyson
The victorian period
Elizabeth Browning
The victorian period
Robert browning
The victorian period
Rudyard Kipling
The victorian period
aaaActive voice
The voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject is the verb is performing the action or causing the at the eventdenoted by the verb
The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekov
The whole of the action takes place on a Russian estate of Ranevsky, who returns, with her daughter Anya and their entourage, after several years in France because the debt she has accumulated there necessitates that she sell the Russian estate. The action follows conversations about this sale with Lopakhin, a friend of the family who wants to buy the estate and build vacation cottages on the site of an enormous cherry orchard, which Ranevsky does not want to be cut down. In the midst of all this there are conversations and intrigue among the play's lesser characters, including the servents, who are involved in a love triangle with Dunyasha at the center. In the end, Lopakhin buys the estate and everyone leaves as the cherry orchard is being cut down.
Sonnets
The word sonnet is derived from the Italian word "sonetto". It means a small or little song or lyric. In poetry, a sonnet has 14 fourteen lines and is written in iambic pentameter. Each line has 10 syllables.
Comparison
The writer demonstrates similarities and differences between two or more subjects
Classification
The writer explains the relationships between times or concepts
aClassification
The writer explains the relationships between times or concepts
Verbal irony
The writer says one thing and mean another
Chronologically
The writer shows order of time or the steps
aChronologically
The writer shows order of time or the steps
aCause and effect
The writer shows relationships between their events and the results
Zora Neale Hurston
Their Eyes Were Watching God
Zora Neal Hurst
Their Eyes Were Watching God Harlem Renaissance
Pages
There are no pages and e-books or digital text. The content flows from one screen to another MA before bed to read to meet the readers individual needs or watt such as font size color and background shading.
Teaching comprehension
There are several research-based strategies to teach, reading comprehension that you want to know for the reading a Lucher section of your test
Notes
There are three types of informational text number one it notes notes listed at the end of the book or section to provide additional information or citation of the sorts, footnotes similar to the end note but locate in the bottom of the page and side notes notes found in the March of the page often contain keep vocabulary definitions. It notes and put notes are signaled in the text with a superscript number that is raised side notes are signaled usually by bold or colored font in the text and the site no is found in the nearby margin on the same page
Place adverbs
There, yonder, here, backward
Proper nouns
They particular people, places things proper nouns are capitalized. Example: President Bush, Chicago, Mormonism
Chinua Achebe
Things Fall Apart Post Colonial- Nigeria
20th Century
Things Fall Apart, The Metamorphosis
Think/Pair/Share *collaborative learning strategy
Think individually about a topic Share ideas with classmates Discuss answer/findings with others *engaging in reading comprehension*
Petrarchan Sonnet
This Italian sonnet, named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch, has the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA CDECDE
Word count and tool features
This allows readers to check how many words are being read/used how difficult the Texas to read according to commonly used readability formulas had to find a word or phrase. The shortcut is control F
Research writing- Drafting
This begins with a student make me an outline of the headings for each of the source cards some sources will be used others will be delete at this point the student can change the statement of purpose from the pre-writing stage to address these statement and begin to write the body of the research paper using source notes and cards. Students need to be sure to both paraphrase and include an inset in text citation or use a direct quote with the Intex I keep citation as they used Cheerios. They should also be sure to write an introduction and conclusion. Research papers should include a title pageand a work cited or reference section which follows a specific format in Mla
Reader response criticism
This criticism examines the readers activity while reading the literary work. Meeting is made through both Anna static and efferent response to text. And a static response demonstrates how to text makes the reader feel think and make connection. And effort response elicits the facts of the text examples plot, character, setting, events in the narrative, and key points in a informational text
Socratic seminar
This great discussion structure shifts the center of the conversation from the teacher to the students. Students sit in a whole group circle and talk calamity on the topic. The teacher needs to spend time setting up the norms of the Socratic seminar, such as asking probing questions, paraphrasing, listening, and speaking Chrisley, no raising hands and ensuring that all students engage in the discussion. The teacher does not speak, usually at the beginning and end of the seminar and strives to ask thought provoking questions
Scholarly writing
This includes essays, research papers and biographies
Other sources
This includes film, art, media and so on
Think pair share
This informal, impromptu classroom conversation structure require the students to gather his or her own box individually and then pair with a nearby classmates and share thoughts on the topic
Mystery
This is fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets
Mythopoeia
This is fiction where characters from religious mythology, traditional myths, folklores and history are recast into a re-imagined realm created by the author.
Publishing
This is the going public stage. Can share his or her writing with a larger audience in many ways. He just couldn't purchase to publish their writing in newsletters, online publications, performances, brochures, and magazines.
Iambic Pentameter
This line has 5 feet, so it's written in pentameter. And the stressing pattern is all iambs: if YOU | would PUT | the KEY | inSIDE | the LOCK da DUM | da DUM | da DUM | da DUM | da DUM
Regionalism
This linguistic term is for word expressions or pronunciations preferred by people in a particular geographical area for example you might hear you all instant of all of you when visiting the southern part of the United States when visiting Rhode Island you may be surprised to learn that a water fountain is called a bubbla
The portrait of a lady by Henry James
This novel is considered a masterpiece. The text depicts the life of Isabel Archer who moves from the States to England to live with her aunt after the death of her father. There she meets her cousin Ralph, her uncle Mr. Touchett, and the wealthy Lord Warburton, who proposes to her shortly after her arrival. She rejects him in favour because she fears to lose her freedom if she enters a marriage. She learns that her former suitor Caspar Goodwood has followed her. She encounters him in London. He proposes to her and she rejects him, but promises to mull the proposal over in the next two years. When her uncle grows sick and dies he leaves Isabel a seizable fortune. While she is staying at her uncle's home she befriends Mrs. Touchett's friend Madame Merle. Later Isabel, Mrs. Touchett, and Madame Merle travel to the Touchett's house in Florence where Isabel meets Gilbert Osmond through introduction by Madame Merle. She marries Osmond despite the urging of her friends that he will not make a good husband for her. She ignores the advice and learns that he is a controlling tyrant who has raised his daughter Pansy to obey his every wish. When news arrive that Ralph is dying Osmond refuses to let her visit her cousin in England. When Isabel learns that Pansy is the child of Osmond and Merle and that she has been tricked into marriage by the latter, she leaves regardless of her husbands advice. She decides to return to him, however, because she believes in the principles of marriage and because she does not want to abandon Pansy with her cruel father.
Sequence structure
This organizes paragraphs and Connor chronological order first next last then finally following before after
Problem solution set
This paragraphs is stab Lish is the problems and it's important that outlines possible solutions problem issue causes as a result solution which leads to and so
aCompound/complex sentence
This sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example; I just earned my teaching degree independent clause and I plan to go and get a teaching job independent clause because I need a career D pendant clause.
Editing
This stage involves checking for style and conventions; spelling, grammar, usage, and mechanics. At this point in the writing process, the student ensures that errors in conventions will not be intrusive when others read the piece of writing
Revising
This stage of writing process involves re-writing or receipt. At this point the student looks of the peace again, either alone or with the help of a teacher or capable pier. The student strives to in sure that the reader is able to understand the piece of writing. In the revising stage, emphasis is placed on examining sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the peace
Debate
This staple of the English classroom acquires to oppositional sides to prove that one viewpoint is better than the other the CCS S emphasizes argument, so it is important for me to teach your students listen or strive to find flaws in the logic of the argument and if I'm rebuttals as for opposing sides are due
Modeling
This strategy is when a teacher or capable peers shares his or her thinking while reading. Teachers and capable. Should Mulder comprehension process either in oral or written form the teacher thinks her talk to loud and shares his or her thought process while reading or writing. Reciprocal teaching is a method in which two students take turns reading aloud asking Wayne other questions clarify understandings and making perdition predictions in this waythey're thinking and comprehension process collaboratively. Request receptacle questioning is very similar to receptacle teaching but the teacher works with the whole class taking turns reading aloud etc.
Historical criticism/postcolonial
This time. And events of the others times are central to understanding the text the focus is on the social, economic economic, political, cultural, and intellectual climate of the time. Consider to what degree western literature is privileged and how other cultures are depicted by the author. This lens examines issues of colonization and imperialism. rejects underrepresented peoples as others and honors the fact that people may exist into cultures at the same time
Impressionism
This type of literature records events or situations as they have been remembered. Features of this literary style include intentional ambiguity, re-accounting events as they occur through the narrators eyes, not using chronological order, the need to read the entire work and you stand back and reflect order to understand the full meaning, and developing the setting with emphasis on the emotional landscape. Author is known for using this type of writing include Joseph Conrad Henry James, and James Joyce. Heart of darkness by Joseph Conrad is a well-known example of impressionist literature
Appeal to authority
This type of persuasion in logic in which an expert or knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument
aAppeal to authority
This type of persuasion in logic in which an expert or knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument
Narrating
This final rhetorical strategy—narrating—may be the most fundamental. We tell stories about ourselves, about our families, and about friends and neighbors.
Demonstrative pronouns
This, that, these, those point out people, places, or things without naming them.
Revolutionary Period
Thomas Jefferson
Monologue
Thoughts of a single person directed outward.
Triplet
Three line stanza
Harper Lee
To Kill a Mocking Bird (1960)
Harper Lee
To Kill a Mockingbird
Virginia Woolf
To the Lighthouse
Virginia Woolf
To the Lighthouse Bloomsbury Group Naturalism/Modernism
Henry Fielding
Tom Jones
Henry Fielding
Tom Jones Neoclassicism
Time adverbs
Tomorrow, monthly, momentarily, presently
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Transcendentalist / Individualist Essayist: poet, nature
Action verbs (2 kinds)
Transitive: when a noun or pronoun receives the verb's action. Answers whom? or what? directly after the verb. Intransitive: doesn't have an object.
Robert Louis Stevenson
Treasure Island Victorian Literature
Bandwagon
Tries to appeal to people desire not to be left out and sends the message that everyone is doing it. One technique closely associated with bandwagon is majority believe, such as American people believe..." Which of course cannot be known by the speaker. In a live audience situation or public events such as a rally or fundraiser, group dynamics build on the bandwagon technique to persuade people to "go along with the crowd".
aBandwagon
Tries to appeal to people desire not to be left out and sends the message that everyone is doing it. One technique closely associated with bandwagon is majority believe, such as American people believe..." Which of course cannot be known by the speaker. In a live audience situation or public events such as a rally or fundraiser, group dynamics build on the bandwagon technique to persuade people to "go along with the crowd".
3 feet
Trimeter
1900-1945 Modern Period
Twain's Huckleberry, Frost Harlem Renaissance 0 Cullen, Hughes Surrealism - T. S. Eliot was influenced
aCouplet
Two line stanza
Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare
Two star crossed lovers
Research writing and publishing
Typically involves submitting a research paper to an English or humanities teacher in hardcopy and sometimes using an electronic submission to such as turn it into check for plagiarism
aBlank Verse
UN-rhymed
Harriet Beecher Stove
Uncle Tom's Cabin
URL
Uniform resource locator or URL is the Internet address. It is important to note website domain extension such as dot EDU.COM.net and.org to check the reliability and accuracy of information
Line
Unit of Poetry
Robert Frost
United States poet famous for his lyrical poems on country life in New England (1874-1963); "The Road Not Taken" "Fire and Ice" "Nothing Gold Can Stay"
aBlank verse
Unrhymed verse, most often occurring in iambic pentameter
Iambic
Unstressed , stressed
Iambic
Unstressed, stressed
aAnapestic
Unstressed, unstressed, stressed
Praise
Use of positive messages to recognize or influence others
Symbolism
Use of something that: represents, stands for, or suggests an idea, belief, action, or entity.
If your source initially. Appears reliable, take time to read a portion of the material
Use the phone and got questions to guide your next level of review; is your writing style factual, credible and free of errors in conventions? Who is the intended audience, where is the piece written for a different purpose other than yours? Is the coverage of the content thorough and accurate for your purposes? Have other people read the source and found a credible, Accurate and helpful?
Irony
Use the word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or expected meeting
Glittering generality's
Use words like "justice", "freedom", and "democracy" in vague Way. Since these are positive concepts that everyone would support, this technique helps the audience except an argument
Future perfect tense verbs
Used to express action that will begin in the future and end in the future
Future tense verbs
Used to express action that will take place in the future.
Passive voice
Used to indicate that the subject is acted upon: Tennis was played at the club
Perfect present tense verbs
Used when a Acton began in the past but continues in the future.
Counterpoint
Uses contrasting ideas to communicate a message
aCounterpoint
Uses contrasting ideas to communicate a message
Satire
Uses humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticize human vices or folly, usually with the purpose of improving something in society
aConceit
Uses similes and metaphors to develop a comparison
Infinitives & infinitive phrases
Usually followed by a verb Example: to giggle
Infinitive phrase verbs
Usually made up of To and the base form of a verb such as to order or to abandon. I as an adjective adverb or noun
William Thackeray
Vanity Fair
William Makepeace Thackery
Vanity Fair Victorian Literature
Linking or connecting verbs
Verbs that connect the subject and the subject complement, and add verb and adjective, noun or noun equivalent. Example it "was" raining
Transitive verb
Verbs that require direct objects - word or words groups that complete the meaning of a verb by naming a receiver of the action.
Free verse
Verse that contains an air regular metrical pattern and line length also known as vers libre
VISA
Vocabulary, Inferences, Summary, Analysis
Samuel Beckett
Waiting for Godot Existentialism
Henry David Thoreau
Walden
Henry David Thoreau
Walden Transcendentalist
Henry David Thoreau
Walden / The Road Not Taken
Leo Tolstoy
War and Peace
Early Tudor Period
War of Roses with Henry VII who then claimed the throne Martin Luther's split with Roman Catholic Church end of Protestantism Edmund Spencer - famous poet
NEO-CLASSICISM
Western Movement drawing from Greece and Rome's culture.
KWL
What I know, What I want to know, What I learned
Purpose
What is the motivation for the source - promotional, educational, entertainment?
Irony
What one expects vs what actually happens (Romeo & Juliet are going to die...we know, they don't.)
Interrogative pronouns
What, which, who, whom, whose
Dangling participle
When the phrase isn't close to the word it modifies Example: Covered in fleas, my neighbor owns that stray cat.
Currency
When was the source last updated or revised? This information is usually at the bottom of the homepage.
aCurrency
When was the source last updated or revised? This information is usually at the bottom of the homepage.
Compare and contrast
While similar to affect with paragraphs alternating Waze people, events, places or things are similar and different
Death Comes for the Archbishop
Willa Cather
Am. Lit Regionalist Writers
Willa Cather - My Antonia William Faulkner - Abasalom! Abasalom!
1630-1750 Colonial
William Bradford - Of Plymouth Plantation Anne Bradstreet Johnathan Edwards - "Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God" Poor Richard's Almanac
Gender nouns neutral
Window, shrub, door, college, car
Open Couplet
Within a couplet, extending the meaning of the first line to the second one.
Location
Writer describes a person, place, or thing and organizes the description in a logical manner
American Literature
Writes about American relations, Native Americans, and life in the New World
Organization of passage
Writing requires organization there are several gentle ways to organize passage that will help your students can communicate affectively. chronologically classification, illustration, climax, location, comparison, cause-and-effect
Haiku
Written in 17 syllables divided into 3 lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables, and employing highly evocative allusions.
Willa Cather
Wrote in plain language & about people in Nebraska; "O Pioneers", "My Antonia", United States; writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947)
Emily Bronte
Wuthering Heights Victorian Period
Realism Works/Authors
Yeats Faulkner Hemmingway
Textbook
You may find an expert excerpt from a textbook on your practice English subject assessment test the question will prompt you to Emilys the text structure or use evidence from the text book expert excerpt to make your point
Harlem Renaissance Writers
Zora Neal Hurston - Their Eyes Were Watching God Poems - Countee Cullens Poems - Langston Hughes
Harlem Renaissance (1918-37)
Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen African America Literature
Harlem Renaissance
Zora Neale Hurston; Langston Hughes; Countee Cullen
Slippery Slope
a bad situation or habit that, after it has started, is likely to get very much worse
Parallelism
a balance within sentences of similar clauses that have the same grammatical structure (Ex: "My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."--JFK)
sidebar
a box of information to one side of the main text giving additional information, often on a more focused or in-depth example of a topic
aanecdote
a brief story authors may relate, which can illustrate their points in a more real and relatable way.
Think-Pair-Share (TPS)
a collaborative strategy in which students work together to solve a problem or answer a question about an assigned reading; this technique requires students to (a) think individually about a topic or answer to a question then (b) share ideas with classmates; discussing an answer with a partner serves to maximize participation, focus attention and engage students in comprehending the reading material
Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA)
a comprehensive strategy that guides students in asking questions about a text, making predictions, and then reading to confirm or refute their predictions; encourages readers to be active and thoughtful readers, enhances their comprehension; activates prior knowledge; strengthens reading and critical thinking skills
Style
a conventional or customary manner of presenting language. Different publishers, publications, editors, and authors may have different style preferences.
Partner Reading
a cooperative learning strategy in which two students are encouraged to work together to read an assigned text; it allows students to take turns reading and provide each other with feedback to monitor comprehension; provides a model of fluent reading and helps students learn decoding skills by offering positive feedback; provides direct opportunity for a teacher to circulate in the class, observe students, and offer individual remediation
Jigsaw
a cooperative learning strategy that enables each student of a "home" group to specialize in one aspect of a topic; students meet with members from other groups, master the material, and return to their home groups to share what they've learned; each student of the home group then serves as a "piece" to understand the topic as a whole
Collective noun
a count noun referring to a group—e.g., staff, band, group.
aCollective noun
a count noun referring to a group—e.g., staff, band, group.
Activate Prior Knowledge
a cue or tool which increases comprehension by having students make connections to a text using their background or past experiences
HARLEM RENAISSANCE
a cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement //Langston Hughes //Zora Neale Hurston // W.E.B Dubois //
Simile
a direct comparison
Fallacy
a display of faulty reasoning that makes an argument invalid, or a faulty belief based on an unsound argument. Many fallacies are deceptive in that they may appear to be based on sound reasoning and seem to follow good logic.
The Parlement of Foules
a dream-vision on a smaller part of the universe; describes reading "the dream of scipio" then also dreaming of a visit from Scipio Africanus.
Slippery slope
a fallacy in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question.
Rubric
a form of daily observation that enables the user to rate the quality of students performance according to a predetermined set of criteria and standards; they usually have a rating scale in which the biggest number represents the best score; it is a document that articulates the expectations for an assignment by listing the criteria, or what counts, and describing levels of quality from excellent to poor; can be used to teach, grade, and evaluate for the students' clarification of the standards for a quality performance and to guide ongoing feedback about progress to those standards
parody
a form of satire that imitates another work to ridicule its topic and/or style
pidgin
a grammatically simplified mode of communicating that may use elements of more than one language
Venn Diagram
a graphic organizer consisting of overlapping concentric circles; they enable a reader to compare 2 characters, concepts, places or things by placing specific criteria or critical attributes for one in the left circle, for the other in the right circle, or characteristics that are shared by the two in the overlapping section in the center
Lord of the Flies by William Golding
a group of English boys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon), marooned on an island, rapidly turn lawless and bloodthirsty
Animal Farm by George Orwell
a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable..ALLEGORY AND FABLE
Phrase
a group of two or more words that function together yet have no subject or predicate.
Sentence
a group of words expressing a complete thought and containing at least one independent clause.
aclause
a group of words with both a subject and a predicate
phrase
a group of words with either a subject or a predicate
canon
a group of works that are considered to be culturally, artistically, or historically significant
Iambic Pentameter
a kind of rhythmic pattern that consists of five iambs per line, almost like five heartbeats:
Prefix
a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word or word element to change its meaning.
Suffix
a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or word element to change its meaning.
Pentameter
a line of verse consisting of five metrical feet.
table of contents
a list near the beginning of a test showing the book's sections and chapters and their coinciding page numbers.
aAnalogy
a literary device that creates a relationship based on parallels or connections between two ideas. By establishing this relationship, the new idea is introduced through a familiar comparison, thus making the new concept easier to grasp.
monologic
a literary theory term in which literature is viewed as transmitting an author's message
Lai
a lyrical, narrative poem written in octosyllabic couplets that often deals with tales of adventure and romance.
Semiabstract Level
a method of recording information using animal bones notched to represent days, numbers of people, the numbers of possessions, etc.
Abstract Level
a method of recording informations using picture writing, or pictographs on clay tablets using long reed
Third person omniscient POV
a method of storytelling in which the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in the story, as opposed to third person limited, which adheres closely to one character's perspective
verse
a metric line of poetry.
aDactyl
a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables
Diamb
a metrical foot consisting of two iambs.
foot
a metrical foot is one stressed syllable and a number of unstressed syllables (0-4)
Euphemism
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
misplaced modifier
a modifier that causes confusion because it does not modify its intended word or phrase
Dangler (or dangling modifier)
a modifier, especially at the beginning of a sentence, positioned to modify the wrong word or no word at all—e.g., Leaving home, the weather was nice.
Moby Dick by Herman Melville
a monomaniacal captain tries and fails to kill a monstrous white whale; adventure story, quest tale, allegory; protagonist: Ishmael, Ahab; antogonist: Ahab, great white sperm whale
Appositive
a noun or noun phrase that identifies or modifies the noun or pronoun that comes immediately before it—e.g., Joey, my boyfriend, wanted pizza.
Indirect object
a noun or pronoun denoting a person or thing acted upon indirectly by the action of a verb—e.g., I gave the book to him.
subject
a noun or pronoun that performs a verb in a sentence
Object
a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb.
Count noun
a noun that can be singular or plural.
Objective case
a noun's or pronoun's case when it is the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive. "She lives near Brighton." Brighton is the object of the preposition (near). "Jim built his daughter (Indirect Object) a sandcastle(Direct object that she receives) on the beach." (Jim is the subject) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Oc8KANu9ZY
Nominative case
a noun's or pronoun's case when it is the subject or complement of a verb. SUBJECT: These nouns are either the SUBJECT of a sentence or they are used as a predicate noun, which follows a "be" verb and remains the main subject of the sentence. EXAMPLE: "Steve is dependable" Steve is the noun which functions as the subject of the sentence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Oc8KANu9ZY
Possessive case
a noun's or pronoun's case when its relationship to another element in the sentence is one of ownership, association, or belonging. These nouns are considered possessive when they show ownership. This is also the only type of case that is of different form...the possessive form. Ren's ball was stolen.
aAppositive
a noun, noun phrase, or series of nouns placed next to another word or phrase to identify or rename it.
MYSTERY
a novel involving: -strangeness -solving a puzzling event or situation -something unknown -solving a crime -centered around a person wh -investigates wrong doing -centered around a person or persons employed to obtain secret information
The Call of the Wild by Jack London
a pampered dog (Buck) and how he adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s
Present participle
a participle ending in -ing.
Perfect participle
a participle taking the form of having plus the past participle—e.g., having had, having gone.
aDialect
a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group.
meter
a particular rhythmic pattern
noun
a person, place, thing, or idea
reflexive pronoun
a pronoun ending in self or -selves
allusion
a reference to a historical person or event, a fictional character or event, a mythological or religious character or event, or an artist or artistic work
dialects
a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.
aCompound Sentence
a sentence with more than one subject or predicate
Essay
a short piece of writing on a particular subject
haiku
a short poem format, created in Japan, that consists of three lines and seventeen syllables divided into five, seven, and five between the lines
Fable
a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral.
Interjection
a short word or phrase that suddenly and briefly expresses an emotion or reaction—e.g., oh, wow, ahem.
paradox
a statement that is true despite appearing contradictory
Folk tale
a story originating in popular culture, typically passed on by word of mouth.
Question the Author
a strategy that engages students actively with a text by encouraging them to ask questions of the author and the text: "What is the author's message? Does the author explain this clearly? How does this connect to what the author said earlier?"
Story Map
a strategy that uses a graphic organizer to help students learn the elements of a book or story; by identifying story characters, plot, setting, problem, and solution, students read carefully to learn the details; the most basic forms focus on the beginning, middle, and end of the story, while more advanced organizers focus more on plot or character traits
Inquiry Chart (I-chart)
a strategy which enables students to gather information about a topic from several sources; a chart is designed around several questions about a topic; students read or listen to several sources on the topic and record answers to the posed questions; students generate summaries in the final row; different answers from different perspectives can be explored as a class
Checklist
a tool used for daily observations that can be quickly constructed and used to record dichotomous data indicating on a yes/no basis what a student is capable or incapable of doing; can include a rating scale; the following is typically evaluated: uses prior knowledge, makes reasonable predictions, uses context clues to construct meaning, uses word structure to construct meaning, uses metacognition to monitor reading, chooses books at an appropriate reading level, and read a variety of genres
Article
a type of adjective used to indicate specificity. In English, the only articles are the, a, and an.
metaphor
a type of figurative language that describes something that may be unfamiliar to the reader (the topic) by referring to it as though it were something else that is more familiar to the reader (the vehicle)
phonemic awareness
a type of phonological awareness; an understanding of how phonemes form a language by creating differences in the meanings of words
Infinitive phrase
a verb that follows "to", not the main verb Example: I like to walk.
timeline
a visual graphic showing historical events in chronological order to help readers see their sequence
Concept Map
a visual organizer that can help enrich students' understanding of a new concept; it helps students think about the concept in several ways; engages students in answering questions such as "What is it? What is it like? What are some examples?" They can be used as a pre-reading strategy for second language learners and students of varying skill levels
Concept Slot
a vocabulary and comprehension strategy used to familiarize students with the new vocabulary or new topic of a book; teachers provide students with a list of terms or concepts from the reading material; students place words into different categories based on each word's meaning; provides an opportunity for the teacher to see what his or her students already know about the given context when used before reading; after reading, teachers can use the strategy to access students' comprehension of the concepts presented
Noun
a word denoting anything that can be named, usually an object, person, place, idea, or action.
Complement
a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb. The main types are objects, predicate nouns, and predicate adjectives.
Conjunction
a word or phrase that links words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Modifier
a word or phrase, especially an adjective or adverb, that modifies the meaning of another word or phrase.
interjection
a word that expresses emotion
Preposition
a word that links a noun or pronoun to another type of word. (on, over, across, at, far, in, from, by, with, to, off)
aaaadjective
a word that modifies a noun or pronoun
aaadverb
a word that modifies an adjective, adverb, verb, phrase, or clause
Pronoun
a word that stands in for a noun.
Adjective
a word, phrase, or clause that describes a noun or pronoun.
Adverb
a word, phrase, or clause that modifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
narrative writing
a writing story that tells a personal or fictional story that entertains the reader
persuasive writing
a writing style that convinces, or persuades, a reader to subscribe to the author's opinion or point of view (often used for speeches and advertisements)
descriptive writing
a writing style that emphasizes the production of imagery using words and figurative language that appeal to the reader's five senses
expository writing
a writing style that explain an idea or concept or informs the reader about a topic
The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath
a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies
The Canterbury Tales
about life during the middle ages, a frame-tale (story within a story). describes a varied group of pilgrims.. stories of comedy, chivalry, romance, and religion.
understatement
achieves effects like contrast or irony by downplaying or describing something more subtly than warranted
Personal pronoun
acts as a subject in a sentence. She received a letter. I gave the letter to her.
affixes
added to words or roots to change their meanings; include prefixes (added to the beginning of a word or root) and suffixes (added to the end of a word or root)
Inferences
adding information gathered from the text to what you already know about the text
Subordinating conjunctions
after, although, as long as, if, than, though, when, whenever, before, because, until, unless, as if
Simple Sentence
also called an independent clause; it contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought
Present participle
always ends in -ing
Linking/Helping verbs
am, is, are, was, were, be, being
Contraction
an abbreviation of a word or phrase formed by omitting letters, usually replacing the omitted letters with an apostrophe—e.g., can't, we'll, he'd.
Paragraph Shrinking
an activity developed as part of the Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) in which each student takes turns reading, pausing, and summarizing the main points of each paragraph; students provide each other with feedback as a way to monitor comprehension
Intensifier
an adverb that amplifies the meaning of the adjective it modifies—e.g., very, quite, rather.
Conjunctive adverb
an adverb that functions as a conjunction—for example, however, therefore, hence.
Reader-Response Critical Approach
an approach to interpreting text that focuses on the reader and the reading process; the real meaning is in the reader's psyche; associated with the 1936 method of Louise Rosenblatt, the idea of a fixed meaning in a work is rejected; this method has led to the use of reading group/circles, journal writing, and peer writing exercises
Shared Inquiry Approach
an approach to interpreting text that involves a leader and a group; the leader does not express opinions or present information but rather guides the participants to their own interpretations; members listen to and give opinions to others in the group; debates are common; it is associated with the Great Books Program
"argumentum ad hominem"
an argument against the person, not the person's statements/ideas; attacking a person's motives or character, not what he/she said.
"argumentum ad ignorantiam"
an argument appealing to ignorance; the arguer presumes the truth of something based on its not being proven untrue.
"argumentum ad logicam"
an argument/appeal to logic; presumes something is untrue based on somebody's invalid argument or proof; frequently occurs within the context of the straw man fallacy
Semiconcrete Level
an early level of recording that included people using pictography, or drawings to tell their stories
logical fallacy
an error or breakdown in logical reasoning
aCliche
an expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty. A cliché may also refer to actions and events which are predictable because of some previous events. All examples of Cliché are expressions that were once new and fresh.
aConnotation
an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
Metaphor
an implied comparison
Informal Reading Inventory
an individually administered diagnostic assessment designed to evaluate a number of different aspects of students' reading performance; after reading a selected passage, a student responds orally to follow-up questions assessing comprehension and recall; students can be rated on comprehension, word recognition, prior knowledge, fluency, emotional status, etc.; this method is used to match students with appropriate reading materials, place children in guided reading groups, design instruction to address students' noted strengths and needs, and document reading progress over time; most importantly, they help to diagnose gaps in the abilities of readers who struggle the most
aAuxiliary verb
an irregular verb that provides information about another verb. The main ones are to have and to be.
Auxiliary verb:
an irregular verb that provides information about another verb. The main ones are to have and to be. 1. QUESTION TAGS (one person speaking): "He doesn't like sea food, does he?" 2. Echo QUESTIONS: Person 1 -He doesn't like sea food. Person 2- Doesn't he? 3. SO DO I, NEITHER DO I: Person 1 -He doesn't like sea food. Person 2 - Neither do I. She has been to france. I haven't. 4. Avoid Repetition "I didn't go out last night, but my father did." (Instead of but I did go out last night.) 5. For Emphasis "I DO like grammar." "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoZnjyA2IAk
analyzing text organization
analyzing how a text is organized in order to better comprehend an author's purpose for writing
acoordinating conjunctions
and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so
"argumentum ad populum"
appeal to popularity or to the people
"argumentum ad verecundiam"
arguing or appealing to authority; attempting to prove one's position by citing the opinion of someone who is not an expert the the specific subject at issue
"argumentum ad numerum"
argument/appeal to numbers; citing mathematical figures as proof that something is true.
"argumentum ad mesericordiam"
argument/appeal to pity; often employed by those pleading for donations (ASPCA)
slippery slopes
arguments that one thing will cause others without demonstrating and cause and effect relationship
constructivism
as readers become involved with a text, they construct meaning through an active process of integrating what they are reading with their own reactions, knowledge, beliefs, and ideas
formative assessments
assignments given leading up to the summative assessments, which the teacher uses to evaluate student progress and adjust instruction
appeal to nature
assumes that anything natural or part of nature is good, and/or that anything not natural is bad.
dictation
author word choice establishing tone and effects
Prepositional phrase
begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
Gerund phrase
begin with verbs that end in-ing that act as nouns
communicative competence
being able to speak a language appropriately in a social context and correctly in terms of rules and structure
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
believed that the advances of science and industry heralded a new age of egalitarianism and progress for humankind // Johnathan Swift
analytic rubrics
break the assignment down so that points are assigned by component part
Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak
challenge to communism, tells story of a prerevolutinoary intellectual who rejects the violence and brutality of revolution of 1917 and stalinist years, even as he is destroyed he triumphs because of his humanity and christian spirit
paraphrase
changing both the wording and the syntax used to express an idea
Mary Chesnut
civil war period, diary of mary chesnut, an account of the civil war
Abraham Lincoln
civil war period, the gettysburg address
Frederick Douglass
civil war period, wrote my bondage and my freedom
oxymoron
combines seeming contradictions, such as "jumbo shrimp"
phoneme blending
combining phonemes to make a word
Expressive Language
communication through speaking, writing, and/or gestures, that is, selecting words, formulating them into ideas, and producing them through speaking, writing, or gesturing; it involves word retrieval, rules of grammar, word and sentence structure, and word meaning
aanalogies
compare two things sharing some common elements
aAnalogies
comparisons of two ideas that have the same relationship
aaphorims
concisely state common beliefs and may rhyme
inferences
conclusions about what an author suggests in a text based on context clues
aConjunctions
connecting words that join words or groups of words
subordinating conjunctions
connects dependent clauss
acoordinating conjunctions
connects independent clauses
aCompound sentence
consists of 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), or by a semicolon if the clauses are closely related
aComplex sentence
consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
dependent clause
contains a subject and a verb, but it can't stand alone because it doesn't form a complete thought: "When I go to the beach
FANTASY
contains elements that are not realistic: -talking animals -magical powers -often set in a medieval universe -possibly involving mythical beings
Martin Luther King
contemporary
Richard Wright
contemporary, wrote black boy
Nikki Giovanni
contemporary, wrote black feeling
Cormac McCarthy
contemporary, wrote no road, no country for old men
John Updike
contemporary, wrote rabbit, run
Kurt Fonnegut
contemporary, wrote slaughterhouse five
Amy Tan
contemporary, wrote the Job Luck club
J.D. Salinger
contemporary, wrote the catcher in the rye
Alice Walker
contemporary, wrote the color purple
Sandra Cisneros
contemporary, wrote the house on mango street
Ursula K. Le Guin
contemporary, wrote the left hand of darkness
August Wilson
contemporary, wrote the pittsburgh cycle
Don DiLillo
contemporary, wrote white noise
Persuasive Essay
convince the reader to believe or do something. Persuasive writing, also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action.
Literature
create an experience for the reader by reflecting through language some universal aspect of life or human nature
End Rhyme
defined as when a poem has lines ending with words that sound the same.
Fairy tale
denoting something regarded as resembling a fairy story in being magical, idealized, or extremely happy.
aCause and Effect texts
describe events that occurred, and identify the causes or reasons that those events occurred.
Comparison/Contrast Texts
describe various ideas to their readers by pointing out how things or ideas are similar and how they are different
The Affective Filter Hypothesis
describes external factors that can act as a filter that impedes language acquisition; factors include motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety; students who are motivated, confident, and relaxed about learning the target language have much more success at learning that language
Second Language Acquisition Theory
developed by Steven Krashen in California; the theory is made of 5 components: acquisition-learning hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, natural order hypothesis, natural order hypothesis, input hypothesis, and affective filter hypothesis
subheading
divides subject headings into smaller, more specific categories to help readers organize information
Running Record
documents a child's reading as he or she reads out loud, allowing the teacher to evaluate the reading level as well last to note explicit types of miscues; specific marks are used to indicate the kinds of errors the reader makes such as substitutions, omissions, incentives, self-corrections, and so on
plays
dramatic works meant to be performed on a stage
diagrams
drawing that show relationships between things or explain how they work
Parallelism
draws on this idea of connection and similarity; Connects ideas together.
phoneme
each small unit of sound in a language
pathos
emotional appeals
Tone
emotions of the writer expressed in the writing
Third person objective POV
employs a narrator who tells a story without describing any character's thoughts, opinions, or feelings; instead, it gives an objective, unbiased point of view. Often the narrator is self-dehumanized in order to make the narrative more neutral.
Gerund
ends in -ing and functions as a noun. "Give" ----> Giving
What inferences should be made when a non-fictional autobiography or biography?
events in the book; actions of the subject of the biography; the message the author wants to convey
falling action
events that move the characters away from the conflict and into a new life
dystopian fiction
explores social, cultural, and political structures in the context of a unpleasant futuristic world
conversational language
familiar and informal language
Connotation
feelings or thoughts associated with a word but not included in its definition
Inference
figured out based on experience; teachers can help students by helping them understand when information is implied
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
follows widower and father Atticus Finch, a small-town southern lawyer, and his daughter Scout as they navigate racially-charged events in a small southern town.
literary criticism
formal study, analsis, and evaluation of literary texts
Acronym Formation
forming a word from the initials of a group of words (Ex: AIDS:Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and NASA:National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Acquisition Learning Hypothesis
fuses two systems of how individuals learn language; the acquired system and the learned system
Standard
generally favored by editors and professional writers in moderately formal to very formal language registers.
The Oxford English Dictionary
gives the current, common meaning along with the ways in which a word has been used throughout history
Visual Imagery
good readers construct mental images as they read a text; by using prior knowledge and background experiences, readers connect the author's writing with a personal picture
Fragment
group of words that does not express a complete thought example: Hanging from the chandelier.
perfect tense
had + verb (had given, have given, will have given)
Countee Cullen
harlem, poet
Langston Hughes
harlem, poet
Zora Neale Hurston
harlem, wrote their eyes were watching God
Simple sentence
has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses
Independent clause
has one subject and one verb. "I went to the beach. "
Action/Helping verbs
have, has, had, do, does, did
Listen Read Discuss (LRD)
helps students comprehend the text by listening to a short lecture from the teacher prior to reading; after reading the selected reading, there is a large group discussion of students about the topic; during the discussion, students compare and contrast the information from the lecture with the information they read
Story Sequence
helps students to recall the facts of a story in the proper order; this skill aids in comprehension and problem-solving
Question-Answer Relationships (QAR)
helps students understand the different types of questions; by learning that the answers to some questions are "right there" in the text, that some answers require a reader to "think and search," and that some answers can be answered "on my own," students recognize that they must first consider the question before developing an answer
Metaphysical Poetry
highly intellectualized, use rather strange imagery, use frequent paradox and contain extremely complicated thought -Is consciousness limited to the brain? -Does God exist?
Context Clues
hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word; hints can be within the same sentence or nearby sentences; common types of hints are root/affix, logic, contrast, example/illustration, definition, and grammar
ballad
historically and currently used in both musical songs and poem; often rhymed and metered and cover subjects like love, death, murder, or religious topics.
Rhetorical Strategies
how you will present your ideas and evidence to readers. These strategies, sometimes called rhetorical modes or techniques, help a writer organize evidence, connect facts into a sequence, and provide clusters of information necessary for conveying a purpose or an argument.
Marxist theory
human behavior is motivated by a desire for economic power; experiences of and relationships between characters are influenced by socioeconomic class.
The Monitor Hypothesis
illustrates how the acquired system is affected by the learned systems; speakers apply their understanding of learned grammar to edit, plan, and initiate their communication
Candide by Voltaire
in response to the questioning of other writers against the pessimism present in his poem regarding the deadly earthquake of Lisbon in 1755. It was a satire attacking war, religious persecution, and what he considered unwarranted optimism.
Comparative
indicating that something has a quality to a greater or lesser degree than something else. For example, faster, prettier, and more equitable are comparative adjectives. Comparative adverbs usually take more.
Superlative
indicating that something, when compared with two or more other things, has a quality to the greatest or least degree. For example, fastest, prettiest, and most equitable are superlative adjectives. Superlative adverbs usually take most.
process writing
instructing students in the use of a clear process for writing and in the use of techniques and strategies for completing each part of the process.
Didactic
intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as wan ulterior motive
Reflexive or intensive pronoun
intensify a noun or reflect back on a noun. (I, myself, made the desert. I made the desert myself.)
plagiarism
intentionally copying and taking credit for another person's work
Problem/Solution texts
introduce and describe problems, and then offer one or more solutions for each problem described.
red herring
irrelevant information introduced to distract others from the pertinent issue
Sestina
is a fixed verse form consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, normally followed by a three-line envoi.
expository essay
is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner.
Blank verse
is a poem with no rhyme but does have iambic pentameter. This means it consists of lines of five feet, each foot being iambic, meaning two syllables long, one unstressed followed by a stressed syllable.
Narrative essay
is a story written about a personal experience. Writing a narrative essay provides an opportunity to get to know and understand yourself better. One of the best ways to reveal who you are is to write about how you became aware of something, gained a new way of seeing the world, a new insight.
The Red Badge of Courage Samuel Beckkett
is a war novel (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.
Modeling
is an instructional strategy in which the teacher demonstrates a new concept or approach to learning and students learn by observing.
Feminist literary criticism
is literary criticism informed by feminist theory, or, more broadly, by the politics of feminism. It uses feminist principles and ideology to critique the language of literature.
parallel structure
is the repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence.
subordinating conjunctions
join dependent clauses (Because we love pizza, we treat ourselves during football season.)
aconjunction
joins words into phrases, clauses, and sentences
figurative language
language that conveys images and ideas separate from the actual meanings of the words used
dialect
language that is particular to a geographical location or consolidated social group
Receptive Language
language that is spoken or written by others and is received by an individual, that is listening or reading; the individual must be able to attend to process, comprehend, retain, and/or integrate spoken or written language; have phonemic awareness; have the ability to notice, think about, and manipulate the individual sound in words and phonemes; have phonological awareness, sound symbol recognition, or specific sound recognition
Cognitive Language
language which is received, processed into memory, integrated with knowledge of the individual from which new ideas and concepts can be generated; it is the part of the creative process that shapes the thought of each person
"ad hominem"
latin for "against the man"; attacks someone delivering a message, not the message itself; problems with the messenger must indicate problems with the message.
intermediate fluency stage of language acquisition
learners are able to speak in more complex sentences and catch and correct many of their errors.
advanced fluency stage of language acquisition
learners demonstrate near-native ability and use complex, multiphrase and multiclause sentences to convey their ideas
early production stage of language acquisition
learners produce single- word and two- to three-word phrases and can respond to questions and statements
British Renaissance
learning and the arts flourished (13-15 c.) Dante's The Divine Comediy, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur
conclusion
leaves the reader with a sense of closure by reiterating the author's thesis and sometimes providing a summary of his or her main points
high frequency letter-sound correspondences
letter-sound correspondences that occur most often in the English language
limerick
light of whimsical poetry. form of five anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba
bullet points
list items separately, making facts and ideas easier to see and understand.
active listening
listening that is focused and empathetic
Denotation
literal meaning or dictionary definition of a word
William Shakespeare
lived in England from 1564-1616; poet and playwright of the Renaissance period.
William Faulkner
lived in Mississippi from 1897-1962; known as one the greatest authors of southern literature in America, and american literature in general;
index
located at the back of the book, lists the book's important topics alphabetically with their page numbers to help students find them easily.
Appendix
located at the back of the book; provides important information not in the main text
footnotes
located at the bottom of the page; gives readers more information, such as citations, links, or further details and discussions of statements or references in main text.
Captions
located below or beside illustrations or photos, explain what those images show or contain
logos
logical appeals
epic poems
long poems that recount heroic deeds and adventures, use very stylized language, and combine dramatic and lyrical conventions.
Gertrude Stein
lost, wrote the autobiography of alice b toklas, tender buttons
F. Scott Fitzgerald
lost, wrote the great gatsby, tender is the night
T.S. Eliot
lost, wrote the love song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Ernest Hemingway
lost, wrote the old man and the sea, a farewell to arms, and for whom the bell tolls
sonnet
lyrical poem with 14 lines. Italian is an octave followed by a seste. An english has three quatrains and a rhyming couplet.
canto
main section of a long poem
subjunctive verb
make a statement of speculation or wish
MODERNISM
marked by sudden and unexpected breaks with traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world. Experimentation and individualism became virtues, where in the past they were often heartily discouraged. Langston Hughes/Fitzgerald
logos
mean "i say"; refers to a plea, opinion, expectation, word or speech, account, opinion, or reason.
Semantics
meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text
"petitio principii"
means "begging the question"; when attempting to prove something, assuming that what you want to prove is true.
"non sequitur"
means "it does not follow"
"cum hoc ergo propter hoc"
means "with this, therefore because of this"; because these occur together, one causes the other
"tu quoque"
means "you too"; "two wrongs dont make a right"; when one commits an error in logic and defends it by rejoining that the opposition did the same.
"argumentum ad antiquitatem"
means an argument to tradition or antiquity; "we have always done it this way"
ethos
means character; connotes ideology; appeals to credibility, based on academic, professional, or personal merit.
"dicto simpliciter"
means speaking simply; making a sweeping generalization
pathos
means suffering or experience; appeal to the emotions
metrics
measuring poetry
anapestic meter
meter that is composed of feet that are short-short long or UU/
trochee
metrical foot /u
"stacking the deck"
misleads by presenting only selected information supporting their position.
Doris Lessing
modern era
Dylan Thomas
modern era
Katherine Mansfield
modern era
TS Eliot
modern era
William Yeats
modern era
Robert Frost
modern, wrote A boy's will, north of boston
Sinclair Lewis
modern, wrote Babbit, Main Street
Margaret Mitchell
modern, wrote Gone with the wind: a bildungsroman set during the American civil war and reconstruction era
Flannery O'Connor
modern, wrote Wise Blood
Tennessee Williams
modern, wrote a streetcar named desire
Ezra Pound
modern, wrote ripostes
Katherine Porter
modern, wrote ship of fools
Edith Wharton
modern, wrote the age of innocence
Eudora Welty
modern, wrote the optimist's daughter
E.E. Cummings
modern, wrote various poetry
elegies
mourning poems, traditionally with 3 parts: a lament, praise of the deceased, and solace for loss.
Socratic Seminar
named for their embodiment of Socrates' belief in the power of asking questions,.
Kate Chopin
naturalism, wrote the awakening, one of the first feminist novels
Jack London
naturalism, wrote the call of the wild, an adventure novel featuring dogs
John Steinbeck
naturalism, wrote the grapes of wrath which is a realist novel set during the great depression
Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett
novel that identified the unrealistic; two men wait for an appointment that may or may have not been made; the suspense is not what is going to happen, but what is exactly happening right now
Summative assessment
occurs after instruction (at the end of a unit, for example) and is used to judge how much students have actually learned. The typical unit test, mid-term, and final exams are examples
Formative assessment
occurs before and/or during instruction. Its basic purpose is to guide instruction by letting the instructor know what his/her students do and/or do not know. (ungraded)
first-person point of view
one character tells the story from his or her direct experience using pronouns such as I, my, mine, and we
simple sentence
one independent clause
complex sentence
one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses "When I go to the beach, I bring my hat."
acomplex sentence
one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses EX: Although Denise had some doubts, she found the courses very useful. EX: Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market.
acomplex sentence
one independent clause, 1+dependent clauses
Critical Comprehension
one of the highest levels of comprehension which may require the reader to read and think beyond the lines to indicate whether a text is true or false, distinguish between fact and opinion, detect propaganda, judge whether the author is qualified to write the text, recognize bias and fallacies, identify stereotypes, and make assumptions
Foot
one stressed syllable and a number of unstressed syllables (0-4). (four possible metrical feet, Iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic)
How To texts
organize information into a series of instructions in the sequence in which the steps should be followed
primary sources
original materials representative of an event, experience, place, or time period
hyperbole
overstatement using exaggerated language
illustrations and photographs
pictured that visually emphasize important points in text, helping to make it more interesting
narrative poems
poems that tell stories
Free verse
poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.
free verse
poetry with neither rhyme nor meter
aDemonstrative pronouns
point out or draw attention to something or someone. also indicate proximity or distance. This/That/Those/These
Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
powerful novel that make american aware of the harsh and inhumane conditions of slavery and put the country on the road to civil war,
REALISM
precisely what it sounds like.* It is attention to detail, and an effort to replicate the true nature of reality. ** the novel's function is simply to report what happens, without comment or judgment. //Mark Twain//
What inferences should be made when reading an informational text?
problems and their solutions; causes and their effects
Relative pronoun
pronoun that begins dependent clauses. (Charlie, who made the clocks, works in the basement. My father, whom I care for, is sick.
Interrogative pronouns
pronoun that begins questions (Who lives here;To whom shall I send the letter?)
credibility
proof of the reliability of a source
holistic rubrics
provide a grade based on the overall effectiveness of the product
metacognition
readers thinking about what they are thinking as they read so that they can recognize immediately any confusion or uncertainty
William Dean Howells
realism, editor of Atlantic monthly and harper's magazine
Mark Twain
realism, wrote the adventures of huckleberry finn
deductive reasoning
reasoning that moves from general to specific
inductive reasoning
reasoning that moves from specific to general
indirect object
recipient of some action
allusions
refer to literary or historical figures to impart symbolism to a thing or person, and/or create reader resonance.
Extended metaphor
refers to a comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem. It is often comprised of more than one sentence and sometimes consists of a full paragraph.
Reciprocal Teaching
refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions; teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting; once students learn the strategies, they take turns as the teacher; this process/tool helps students to think about their own thought process during reading to learn to be actively involved and monitor their comprehension as they read, and to ask questions during reading and helps make the text more comprehensible
Metacognitive practices
refers to methods used to help students understand the way they learn; in other words, it means processes designed for students to 'think' about their 'thinking'
To be considered a literary text, literature must
reflect some universal aspect of life
straw man
refuting an exaggeration of someone's argument, not the real argument
Willa Cather
regionalism, wrote my antonia
Anaphora
regularly repeats a word or phrase at the beginnings of consecutive clauses or phrases to add emphasis to an idea. (ex. "We shall fight in the trenches, We shall fight on the oceans. We shall fight in the sky.")
Spiraling
regularly revising or reviewing a concept
Learned System
relates to a formal instruction in which students engage in formal study to learn a language
Acquired System
relates to the unconscious aspect of language; speakers are less concerned with the structure of their utterances than with communicating meaning
aBloom's taxonomy
remembering > understanding > applying > analyzing > evaluating > creating
phoneme deletion
removing phonemes from words to make new word
aAnaphora
repetition of a word or a phrase at the beginning of several clauses.
aanaphora
repetition of a word or a phrase at the beginning of several clauses.
aalliteration
repetition of initial consonant sounds
aassonance
repetition of the same sound in words close to one another.
Indefinite pronouns
replace nouns to avoid unnecessary repetition (each, either, neither, no one, someone, etc.)
phoneme substitution
replacing phonemes in words to make new words
aAnecdote
revealing account of an individual person or an incident.
Pragmatics
rules for social language, which involves 3 primary communication skills: 1) using language appropriately for different social situations, such as greeting, requesting, demanding, promising, and informing 2) changing language to the listener's needs (i.e. speaking in a different volume in hospitals and using different words with children) 3) following rules for conversing with others such as taking turns, staying on topic, not standing too close when speaking to someone, and rephrasing when necessary
Villanelle
s a nineteen-line poem with two repeating rhymes and two refrains. The form is made up of five tercets followed by a quatrain.
Input Hypothesis
seeks to explain how second languages are acquired; it argues that learners progress along the natural order only when they encounter second language input that is one step beyond where they are in the natural order; therefore, a learner at the single word production stage will only be able to string words together based on meaning and syntax when they encounter that input
headings
separate sections of text and show the topic of each
phoneme segmentation
separating phonemes in words
Plot structure
sequence of events in a story. It includes the setting, characters, conflict, action and resolution of the story.
preposition
set up relaitonships in time or space (about, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath...)
prepositions
set up relationships in time; (after the party, before the game, under the cushions)
introduction
sets the tone, topic, direction, style, and mood for the writing that is to follow
Helping verbs
shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, could
fables
short stories intended to teach a moral lesson
maps
show geographical information visually to help students understand the relative locations of places covered in the text
aConventional
significantly more common than alternative forms.
simple sentence
single subject, single predicate "My name is Leah"
simple sentence
single subject, single predicate compound subject, single predicate compound subject, compound predicate independent clause with two phrases EX: You and your friends can see the mountain on your next trip. EX: You can see the mountain and climb to the top.
Red Herring
something unimportant that is used to stop people from noticing or thinking about something important.
Explicit writing
stating exactly what is meant; can include the author's interpretation or perspective
SCIENCE FICTION
stories that often tell about science and technology of the future -involving partially true fictions laws or theories of science -in the future -in space -on a different world -in a different universe or dimension
myths
stories, often involving gods or demigods, that attempt to explain certain practices or phenomena
Trochaic
stressed, unstressed
The Natural Order Hypothesis
suggests that here is a natural order to the way second language learners acquire their target language which is thought to transcend age, the native language, the target language, and the conditions under which the language is being learned; the steps are as follows: 1) they produce single words 2) they string words together based on meaning and not syntax 3) they begin to identify elements that begin and end sentences 4) they begin to identify different elements within sentences and can rearrange them to produce questions
When inferences should be made when reading a persuasive text?
supporting the authors message; what the author is trying to convince
complex question
tactic wherein a speaker or writers forms a question to presume implicitly something not established as true; ("have you stopped embezzling?)
aAssonance
takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds.
Assonance
takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds. i.e - "Men Sell the Wedding Bells"
Borrowing
taking a word from another language (Ex: "yam" and "tote" from African language and "macho" and "spaghetti" from European languages)
Linking/Action verbs
taste, feel, smell, sound, llook, appear, become, seem, grow, remain, stay
Summarizing
teaches students how to discern the most important ideas in a text, how to ignore irrelevant information, and how to integrate the central ideas in a meaningful way; teaching students this strategy improves their memory for what is read
pathos, ethos, and logos
the 3 basic types of appeal used in writing (Aristotle)
fluency
the ability to read wit ease and automaticity
Syntax
the arrangement of words and phrases to form a sentence; rules of grammar; used as a cue to help increase comprehension and to guess at unknown words
meter
the basic rhythmic structure of the lines or verses in poetry
central idea
the basic underlying idea of informational text
onset
the beginning consonant or consonant bled or a syllable
semantics
the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
mechanics
the conventions of print that are not necessary in spoken language, such as punctuation, capitalization, and indentation (spelling is a component of mechanics but is treated as a separate category in elementary school)
Francis bacon
the enlightenment, various essays
plot development
the exposition, rising action, problem/climax, falling action., and resolution.
Juxtaposition
the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect. In literature, juxtaposition is a useful device for writers to portray their characters in great detail to create suspense and achieve a rhetorical effect. It is a human quality to comprehend one thing easily by comparing it to another. Therefore, a writer can make readers sense "goodness" in a particular character by placing him or her side by side to a character that is predominantly "evil". Consequently, goodness in one character is highlighted by evil in the other character. Juxtaposition in this case is useful in the development of characters.
Concrete Level
the first way of preserving memories of an event, the parts of a story, or the history of a person, family, or place was with souvenirs, or "solid" reminders
context
the historical and cultural time in which a text was written
aconnotation
the intended meaning of a word beyond its literal meaning
moral
the lesson the author intends to teach the reader in a literary text
adenotation
the literal meaning of a word
aDenotation
the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests
Literal Comprehension
the lowest level of understanding; involves reading the lines; students can give back facts or details from the passage or paraphrase
cognition
the mental processes of understanding, reasoning and knowing
Imperative mood
the mood of a verb when its clause makes a command or a request—e.g., Read me that book.
Indicative mood
the mood of a verb when its clause states a fact or opinion or asks a question—e.g., Grammar is easy.
Subjunctive mood
the mood of a verb when its clause, which is necessarily dependent, addresses conditions that are contrary to fact—e.g., If I were good at grammar, I'd be a better writer.
literal
the most basic or exact meaning of a word
iambic pentameter
the most common meter
aAntecedent
the noun or noun phrase to which a pronoun refers.
Direct object
the noun or pronoun referring to a person or thing acted upon directly by the action of a verb—e.g., I'm writing a book.
Predicate
the part of a clause that tells what the subject does, what is done to the subject, or what is being said about the subject. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdUXxdmhIsw
Predicate
the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g., went home in John went home )
Past participle
the participial form of a verb usually identical to the past-tense form (ending in -ed)—though there are many irregular past participles.
First person
the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of himself or herself.
Third person
the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of someone who is neither the speaker nor the one spoken to.
Second person
the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of the person spoken to.
Subject
the person, place, or thing about which something is said in a clause.
The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde
the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful; English Gothic novel
Miscue Analysis
the process of assessing strategies that students use in their reading so that he or she can learn to build on existing reading strategies
Case
the property of a noun or pronoun that indicates how it relates to other parts of a sentence. The three cases in English are nominative, possessive, and objective.
aCase
the property of a noun or pronoun that indicates how it relates to other parts of a sentence. The three cases in English are nominative, possessive, and objective.
Person
the quality of a clause that indicates whom the speaker is speaking about.
Number
the quality of a noun, pronoun, or verb that indicates whether it refers to a single person or thing or more than one.
Mood
the quality of a verb that expresses the speaker's attitude toward the likelihood, existence, or desirability of the verb's action. In English, the three moods are indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.
Tense
the quality of a verb that expresses when the action occurred, occurs, or will occur.
audience
the reader/readers
letter-sound correspondence
the relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those sounds
orthography
the representation of the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols. 2 :a part of language study that deals with letters and spelling.
Herman Melville
the romantic period, wrote moby dick
Interpretive or Inferential Comprehension
the second-lowest level of comprehension which requires students to read in between the lines; this level may require readers to define figurative language or to identify terms; a reader may be required to draw conclusions, to generalize, to derive meaning from language, to speculate, to anticipate, to predict, and/or to summarize
Grammar
the set of rules one needs to know in order to competently form sentences in a language.
preproduction stage of language acquisition
the silent period; learners refrain from speaking but will listen, may copy words down, and can respond to visual cues
morphemes
the smallest units of language that contain meaning
Semiotic analysis
the study of signs, signals, visual messages, and gestures. Who created the message, for whom was it created, what was the context?
Morphology
the study of the forms of words
phonics
the study of the relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those sounds
Diction
the style of enunciation in speaking or singing.
direct object
the thing that is being acted upon
Infinitive
the uninflected form of a verb, usually preceded by to. Infinitives are usually nouns—e.g., To write well is not easy.
aCharles Dickens
the victorian period, A Tale of Two Cities
Thomas Hardy
the victorian period, Return of the Native
Usage
the way in which words and phrases are used by speakers of a language.
grammar
the way parts of speech work together in sentences and how words are grouped to make meaning such as in phrases or clauses
Recursive Process
the writing process in which the writer moves through the stages of writing in a unique sequence; non-linear
Metacognitive practice
thinking about thinking; readers asking themselves questions as they read to monitor understanding.
Creative Comprehension
this level of comprehension requires readers to respond--often emotionally--to something they are reading; readers may respond by stating another way to treat a situation, by indicating another way of solving a problem in the story, or by speculating whether the plot could have occurred in a different place or time
Fishbone Organizer
this type of graphic can help the reader to illustrate case and effect
Walt Whitman
transcendentalism, wrote "oh captain my captain" and "song of myself"
Ralph Waldo Emerson
transcendentalism, wrote self-reliance and the american scholar
Henry David Thoreau
transcendentalism, wrote walden and civil disobedience
climax
turning point during which the conflict reaches a crisis point
compound sentence
two independent clauses "I went to the beach, and I got sunburned."
acompound sentence
two independent clauses EX: Compound Sentences with Coordinating Conjunctions She did not cheat on the test, for it was not the right thing to do. EX: Compound Sentences with a Semicolon Joe made the sugar cookies; Susan decorated them.
compound-complex sentence
two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses "I would have purchased the cheese you like, but it was too expensive."
acompound/complex
two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses EX: Although I like books, I do not like romance novels, but my sister loves them. EX: Jim's mom went to the store because it's his birthday, and she bought him a present.
genre
type of a text (e.g., poetry, drama, picture book, graphic novel, folktale, myth, fairy tale, tall tale, historical fiction, science fiction)
iambic foot
u/
acharacter analysis
understanding the role of a character in a story via the character's actions, traits, relationships, and personality
ablank verse
unrhymed iambic pentameter
aAnapestic
unstressed, unstressed, stressed
citations
used in a research paper to show the resources and reference materials where information originated
bold face print
used to emphasize certain words, often identifying words included in the text's glossary where readers can look up their definitions.
active voice
used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action of causing the event denoted by the verb.
Semantic Feature Analysis
uses a grid to help students explore how sets of things are related to one another; by completing and analyzing the grid, students are able to see connections, make predictions, and master important concepts; this strategy enhances comprehension and vocabulary skills; it illustrates how words are both similar and different and emphasizes the uniqueness of each word; this instructional tool draws on students prior knowledge and uses discussion to elicit information about word meaning
Synthetic Language
uses large numbers of bound morphemes and often combines them to form a single word
chiasmus
uses parallel clauses, the second revering the order of the first. (ex. "Has mankind failed the church, or has the church failed mankind?")
Descriptive Text
uses sensory imagery that helps readers to se, hear, feel, taste, and smells its information; and/or it informs readers about what, who, when, where, and why related to the text's subject or topic
identifying point of view
using genre and pronoun clues to identify who is telling a story to best form accurate conclusions about the events of the storyn.
Parallel structure
using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."
Past participle
usually ends in -ed
Glossaries
usually found at the back of the book, list technical terms alphabetically with their definitions to aid vocabulary learning and comprehension.
World Literature
usually refers to a group of important representative literary works that are circulated and studied around the globe. Includes The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Odyssey, Journey to the West, Things Fall Apart
gerund
verbs ending in -ing and acting as nouns. (Writing numerous Christmas cards each occupies her.) GerUND has the n sound and acts as a noun
charts and tables
visual forms of information that make something easier or faster to understand
Graphs
visually show relationships of multiple sets of information plotted along vertical and horizontal axes.
Technical language
vocabulary related to a specific discipline, activity, or process
C.S. Lewis
was an Irish-born British[1] novelist, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian and Christian apologist. He is also known for his fiction, especially The Screwtape Letters, The Chronicles of Narnia and The Space Trilogy.
main idea
what the reader is supposed to understand from reading the text
overwriting
when a writer uses inappropriately and awkwardly ornate language or complex, technical terms
collaborative writing
when partners or small groups of students work together to complete segments of a writing process (or the full process) together
dramatic irony
when the audience knows about something of which a character or characters are not aware
syllogism
when using logic to reason with audiences, refers either to deductive reasoning or a deceptive, very sophisticated, or subtle argument.
Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
where language is learned with assistance from the family and its extensions (i.e. constant access to the mother tongue, ritualized scenarios such as bath-time, dinner, etc.); this language learning theory is divided into several parts: receptive language, cognitive language, and expressive language
correlative conjunctions
whether/or, either/or, neither/nor, etc.
purpose of the text
why the author has written it and what the author wants readers to do with its information
prepositional phrases
will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause.
Verbal Irony
words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean.
modifiers
words or phrases that change the meanings of or add details to other words or phrases in a sentence
Correlative Conjunctions
words that come in pairs and must be used at different places in a sentence for them to work (Ex: either/or, neither/nor, not/but, not only/but also, both/and, whether/or)
Subordinating Conjunctions
words that introduce dependent clauses (Ex: since, although, because, once, where, etc.)
Coordinating Conjunctions
words that join together words, phrases, and independent clauses (Ex: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so--acronym: FANBOYS)
Classical Roman Period
writers Ovid Horace Virgil philosopher Marcus Aurelius Lucretius
satire
writing style that ridicules or pokes fun at human foibles or ideas
implicit writing
writing that does not explicitly state the meaning
poetry
written in verses; may form complete sentences, clauses, or phrases; may be written in rhyming verses or unrhymed verse; can be metered or without regular meter.
John Keats
wrote "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer," "To Autumn," and "Bright Star, Would I Were Stedfast As Thou Art;" English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century; motifs include departures and reveries, the five sense and art, and the disappearance of the poet and the speaker; symbols include music and musicians, nature, and the ancient world
Emily Dickinson
wrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;" 19th century poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meter
Maya Angelou
wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings; African-American autobiographer and poet
Stephen Crane
wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears
Anne Frank
wrote The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany
Harper Lee
wrote To Kill a Mockingbird, which won a Pulitzer Prize
Walden by Henry David Thoreau
wrote about his experiences while living alone on Walden Pond
