PRAXIS: Principles K-12 (5625)

What is curriculum alignment?

A process aimed at ensuring coherence and consistency between the intended outcomes as specified in the formal curriculum and teaching methods, assessment tasks, and learning activities in the classroom

What is procedural memory?

A type of long-term memory involving how to perform different actions and skills

According to Piaget, what are the theories in education?

Active exploration Inquiry learning Discovery learning Developmentally appropriate instruction Maximize curiosity and minimize frustration Play is valuable way to learn Social interaction

What is FERPA (family educational rights and privacy act)?

Allows access to educational information and records by public entities such as potential employers, public funded institutions, and foreign governments

What are scoring guides?

Assign points to different levels of student performance

What is behavorism?

Behaviorism sought to explain human behavior in terms of learning principles such as reward and punishment

What are anecdotal notes?

Brief notes as you observe students, document behaviors in different subjects and in social emotional/ physical development

What is the Disabilities education act? (IDEA)

Ensures free/ appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation (special education individualize to the students needs)

Bloom

Established "blooms taxonomy" which is a theoretical framework for learning and identifies three domains of learning 1. Cognitive- knowledge 2. Affective- attitude and self 3. Psychomotor- skills

Piaget

Established the theories of cognitive development

What is direct instruction?

Explicit teaching, drill and practice, lecture, demos, guides for reading listening and viewing

What is the equal access act?

Forbids public schools from receiving federal funds if they deny students the first amendment right to conduct meetings because of the content of the speech at the meetings

What is the fourth stage of cognitive development?

Formal operational stage: 12 and up · The ability to formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem

What is self-determination?

Having the belief that all individuals have to right to direct their own lives

What is the Americans with Disabilities Act?

Prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of disability

How can learning theory solve educational problems?

Provides a basis to understand how people learn and a way to explain, describe, analyze, and predict learning

What is holistic scoring?

Provides a single score regarding the quality of the work

What is the bilingual education act?

Provides federal grants to school districts for the purpose of establishing educational programs for children with limited English

What is the first stage of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor stage: birth-2 · Kid learns about the world by using their senses to interact with their surroundings

What are analytical checklists?

Set of strict criteria teachers provide to ensure students understand how to fulfill all requirements of an assignment

What is a continuum?

Shows teachers how students are performing and what they are ready to learn

What is a schema?

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

What is a criterion referenced test?

a test that measures student performance against specific learning standards

What is experiential learning according to Dewey?

children do better by doing because they are in the present, not in distant future

What is the purpose of established learning standards?

define the skills and content to be taught and the level of expected performance

What is an IEP?

describes special instruction or services that a student needs to assess the curriculum; they may include modifications to the curriculum itself

What is 504? (rehabilitation act)

designed to help parents of students with physical or mental impairments in public schools, or publicly funded private schools, work with educators to design customized educational plans. These 504 plans legally ensure that students will be treated fairly at school. The goal of 504 plans is for students to be educated in regular classrooms along with the services, accommodations, or educational aids they might need. A 504 plan is monitored by classroom teachers

What is Cognitivism?

framework for cognitive development and knowledge acquisition and is a shift away from learning theories that focus on observable behavior

What is constructivism?

how people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences

What is transfer?

interactive instructional strategy

What is assimilation?

make new information fit in with the students existing understanding of the world

According to Skinner, what is operant conditioning?

·the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences

Bandura

Social Learning Theory - emphasizes modeling or observational learning as a powerful source of development and behavior modification Four meditational processes 1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation

What is the relationship between learning theory and human development?

Some believe that learning leads to development and others contend that development leads to learning. Learning awakens the developmental processes through social interactions with peers and teachers in such a way that it would not occur if the child were in isolation

According to Erikson, what are the eight stages of social development?

Stage one: trust vs mistrust Stage two: autonomy vs shame and doubt Stage three: initiative vs guilt Stage four: industry vs inferiority Stage five: identity vs confusion Stage six: intimacy vs isolation Stage seven: generativity vs stagnation Stage eight: integrity vs despair

What is a norm-referenced test?

Standardized tests that are designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another

According to Piaget, what are Schema?

Structured cluster of concepts, can be used to represent objects scenarios or sequences of events or relations

How do learning theory and human development impact the instructional process?

Student support varies with students abilities, if they have health issues that affect their behavior and ability to learn you have to learn and adapt to support them

What is scaffolding inquiry and discovery learning?

Students are provided with materials to find the answer to a problem on their own

What is sensory memory?

The perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain and relaying information through the thalamus

What is cognitive dissonance?

When new information is presented to learners that is unfamiliar or contradictory to their existing knowledge

What is connectivism?

New learning theory that suggests students should combine thoughts, theories, and general information in a useful manner- it accepts that technology is a major part of the learning process and that our constant connectedness gives us opportunities to make choices about our learning

Dewey

PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION: education should be experiential and relevant

What is the difference between Bruner and Piagets theories of cognitive development in children?

Piaget ends at childhood, Bruner passes his stages into adulthood

What is the second stage of cognitive development?

Preoperational stage: age 2-7 · Children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn how to manipulate symbols

Areas of exceptionality and potential impact on student learning

1. Cognitive: impacts how students learn abstract concepts, participate in classwork, and regulate their emotions, cognitive abilities have the possibility to predict academic performance 2. Auditory: causes a break in communication. Could result in misinformation, misunderstandings, or impacts the ability to read, and express feelings clearly receptive and expressive language 3. Visual: directly impacts the ability to learn, read, and retain information 4. Motor/ physical: lack of motor or physical ability can stunt or delay cognitive development 5. Speech/ language: impacts the Childs ability to complete tasks or assignments as expected and could affect self confidence and motivation levels 6. Behavioral: can affect the ability to learn and impacts others learning environment

Variables that can affect how students perform

1. Culture: impacts the way that children participate in the classroom 2. Socio economic status: low SES is related to poor cognitive development, language, memory, socioemotional processing, also have a higher likelihood of academic failure 3. Prior knowledge and experience: the amount of knowledge can positively or negatively influence both knowledge acquisition and the capacity to apply higher order cognitive problem solving skills 4. Motivation: determines whether a student will pursue a task with enthusiasm or not. This will also impact their time spent on the task and will determine their learning and achievement levels 5. Self confidence and esteem: low self esteem can lessens a students desire to learn, ability to focus, and willingness to take risks. High self esteem can provide the building blocks for success providing a firm foundation for learning 6. Cognitive development: teaches them how the world works around them 7. Maturity: plays a role in the persons ability to accept responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors 8. Language: focuses attention and thought on specific aspects of the world

What are Deweys four principals?

1. Doing 2. Discussing 3. Interacting 4. Interdisciplinary/ connecting

What are the needs and behaviors of intellectually gifted students?

1. Exhibit superior reasoning powers and the ability to handle ideas 2. Generalize readily from specific facts and see subtle relationships 3. Outstanding problem solving ability 4. Persistent intellectual curiosity 5. Asks searching questions 6. Shows interest in the nature of man and the universe

According to Bloom, what are the six educational objectives?

1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. evaluation

What is the process of English language acquisition for ELLs?

1. Pre production stage (first six months of exposure to the language) No spoken english skills Minimal comprehension and listening skills, often use gestures to explain themselves 2. Early production (six to twelve months) One to two word phrases depending on age, immersion, and specific student Absorbed thousands of words Limited comprehension of key words they hear most and words that are most important to them 3. Speech emergence (one to three years of exposure) Can read, write, and understand simple sentences Most likely have mastered conversational english but are still acquiring academic language 4. Fluency (can occur as early as three years) Excellent comprehension, speech, and writing skills May still struggle with pronunciation

What are the three stages of moral development?

1. Pre-conventional 2. Conventional 3. Post-conventional

What are the four major aspects instruction should cover according to bruner?

1. Predisposition towards learning 2. Ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner 3. The most effective sequences to present material 4. The nature and pacing of rewards and punishments

According to Bruner, what is a Spiral Curriculum?

1. Revisit topics at regular intervals 2. Complexity increases with each visit 3. Learning has a relationship with previous topics covered

What are Thorndikes three laws?

1. The law of effect: responses to a situation which are followed by a rewarding state of affairs will be strengthened and become habitual responses to that situation 2. Law of readiness: a satisfying state of affairs results when an individual is ready to learn and is allowed to do so 3. Law of exercise: behavior is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response

What are the four strategies of developing self-motivation?

1. Valuable tasks 2. Frequent positive feedback 3. Including students in instructional decisions 4. De-emphasizing grades

Theoretical Foundations on how students learn

1. know how knowledge is constructed 2. know a variety of means by which skills are acquired 3. Understand a variety of cognitive processes and how they are developed

what are the four sources of influence according to bandura?

1. mastery experiences- solving problems on your own in game based creative learning 2. Vicarious experiences- observing others to successfully complete a task 3. Social persuasion 4. emotional states

What is the third stage of cognitive development?

Concrete operational stage: 7-11 · Logical operations such as conservation, reversibility, or classification, allowing logical reasoning

Bruner

Constructivist theory- learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas or concepts based on their current or past knowledge The process of learning should go from concrete to abstract and should follow three steps 1. Hands on 2. Learning with images 3. Transform to language

What is curriculum mapping?

Curriculum mapping is a process that helps teachers implement supports and ensures high-quality planning by having them analyze each teacher's curriculum in the general curriculum for content, the processes and skills emphasized, and assessments used. They can determine where in the curriculum students with disabilities should receive instruction based on their learning needs.

Vygotsky

Developed the theory of cognitive development Zone of proximal development: distance between what a learner is not currently capable of doing unsupported and what they can do unsupported This is the range of where they are capable only with support from someone with more knowledge or expertise

Kohlberg

Developed the theory of moral development, expanded Piagets work created a tool for understanding students at different stages of moral understanding Rules Standards Consequences These help create a positive and constructive learning environment Stages · Obedience and punishment · Self interest · Interpersonal accord and conformity · Authority and maintaining social order · Social contract · Universal ethical principles

According to Vygotsky what is the zone of proximal development?

Distance between what a learner is currently capable of doing unsupported and what they can do unsupported it is the range where they are capable only with support from someone with more knowledge or expertise

What is information processing?

Is a theory advanced by George A. Miller who stressed the idea that short-term memory could only hold 5-9 chunks of information (seven plus or minus two). The term chunk represents any meaningful unit (i.e. digits, words, pictures, etc ...). The concept of chunking and the limited capacity of shore-term memory became a basic element of all subsequent memory theories.

How does human development solve educational problems?

It helps teachers provide appropriate help for students with developmental problems, but also helps us understand how each group should be approached

How do students learn and perform?

Law of feedback- effective learning takes place when students receive immediate and specific feedback on their performance

What is classical conditioning?

Learning through association

What are the differences between higher and lower order thinking in classroom activities using blooms taxonomy as a guide?

Lower order thinking involves memorization Higher order thinking involves understanding and applying knowledge

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

motivational theory that suggest that before individuals meet their full potential they need to satisfy a series of needs 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety and Security needs 3. Love and Belonging Needs 4. Self esteem 5. self actualization

What is indirect instruction?

problem- solving Inquiry Case studies Concept mapping Reading for meaning Cloze procedures

What is the Every Student Succeeds Act? (ESSA)

provides funds to the state to support educational achievement for all student in K-12 public education Acknowledges that every student must have access to a well-rounded education Defines a "well-rounded education" includes the Arts Meaning that students with disabilities have the right to participate in arts learning Acknowledges importance of adequately prepared teachers

What is problem based learning?

real world problems are used as the vehicle to promote student learning

What is stan nine (standard nine)?

scales sores on a nine point scale

What is developmental scoring?

shows where a students position is along a developmental continuum

What is reciprocal determinism?

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

What is attribution?

the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others

What is divergent thinking?

the process of generating multiple ideas to maximize the range of possible solutions, applications, examples, etc.

What is vicarious learning?

the process of learning by observing the consequences of another's actions and adjusting behavior accordingly.

What is modeling?

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

What is social learning theory?

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

What is metacognition

thinking about thinking

What is accommodation?

use if they don't fit into the existing schema