Prejudice and Discrimination

In what ways to we inactively contribute to prejudice and discrimination. (Describe how power affects prejudice and discrimination)

1) Condoning or accepting the status quo 2) Ignoring acts of discrimination

In what ways to we actively contribute to prejudice and discrimination. (Describe how power affects prejudice and discrimination)

1) Verbally or physically harassing target group members 2) Telling oppressive or offensive jokes 3) Perpetuating stereotypes 4) Avoiding "out group" 5) Considering prejudice and discrimination to be a thing of the past

What 2 protected categories were added by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Describe the types of discrimination)

1. Age 2. Disability

Describe the levels of prejudice.

1. Cognitive prejudice 2. Emotional prejudice 3. An action-oriented level of prejudice

Identify what areas of society are impacted by institutional discrimination. (Describe the types of discrimination)

1. Employment 2. Housing 3. Education

In what ways can prejudice and discrimination manifest? (Describe how prejudice and discrimination can manifest)

1. In-group versus Out-group a. In-group (most like me) = In-group bias b. Out-group (least like me) = Out-group homogeneity

Identify what areas of the military are impacted by institutional discrimination(Describe the types of discrimination)

1. Individual Recruitment 2. Retention 3. Unit Readiness 4. Mission Effectiveness

What are the 8 categories of discrimination. (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

1. Race discrimination 2. Color discrimination 3. Sex discrimination 4. Religious discrimination 5. National origin discrimination 6. Disability discrimination 7. Age discrimination 8. Sexual orientation discrimination

Identify the types of discrimination. (Describe the types of discrimination)

1. Type A: Isolate discrimination 2. Type B: Small-group discrimination 3. Type C: Direct institutionalized discrimination 4. Type D: Indirect institutionalized discrimination

What are the 5 protected categories per DoDD 1350.2 (Describe the types of discrimination)

1. race 2. color 3. national origin 4. sex 5. religion

Define Age discrimination (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

Age discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) less favorably because of his/her age. a. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) only forbids age discrimination against people who are age 40 or older. It does not protect workers under the age of 40, although some states do have laws that protect younger workers from age discrimination. b. It is not illegal for an employer or other covered entity to favor an older worker over a younger one, even if both workers are age 40 or older. c. Discrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are both over 40.

Define prejudice

An unreasonable negative attitude toward others because of their membership in a particular group. The quality that makes an attitude unreasonable is that it does not readily get modified when exposed to new and conflicting information

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on individual recruitment. (Describe the types of discrimination)

Based on gender, test scores, education level, moral waivers, and regional recruitment.

Define Institutional Discrimination (Describe the types of discrimination)

Carried out by the dominant group against non-dominant groups because it is the dominant group that generally controls the social institutions.

Define Color discrimination (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

Color discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably because of skin color complexion. a. Race/color discrimination also can involve treating someone unfavorably because the person is married to (or associated with) a person of a certain race or color or because of a person's connection with a race-based organization or group, or an organization or group that is generally associated with people of a certain color. b. Discrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are the same race or color.

Define Type D: Indirect institutionalized discrimination (Describe the types of discrimination)

Consists of dominant-group practices having a harmful impact on members of another group even though the organizationally or community-prescribed norms or regulations guiding those actions have been established with no intent to harm.

Define Type C: Direct institutionalized discrimination (Describe the types of discrimination)

Defined as organizationally prescribed or community-prescribed action that by intention has a differential and negative impact on members of another group. These actions are not sporadic but are carried out routinely by a large number of members of another group guided by the legal or informal norms of the immediate organizational or community context.

Define Disability discrimination (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

Disability discrimination occurs when an employer or other entity covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act, as amended, or the Rehabilitation Act, as amended, treats a qualified individual with a disability who is an employee or applicant unfavorably because they have a disability. a. Disability discrimination also occurs when a covered employer or other entity treats an applicant or employee less favorably because they have a history of a disability (such as cancer that is controlled or in remission) or because they believed to have a physical or mental impairment that is not transitory (lasting or expected to last six months or less) and minor (even if his/she does not have such an impairment). b. The law requires an employer to provide reasonable accommodation to an employee or job applicant with a disability, unless doing so would cause significant difficulty or expense for the employer (i.e. "undue hardship"). c. The law also protects people from discrimination based on their relationship with a person with a disability (even if they do not themselves have a disability). For example, it is illegal to discriminate against an employee because his/her spouse has a disability.

What executive order made it illegal to discriminate against Federal civilians due to sexual orientation? (Describe how prejudice and discrimination can manifest)

Executive order 13087

Define Type B: Small-group discrimination (Describe the types of discrimination)

Harmful action taken intentionally by a small number of dominant-group individuals acting in concert against members of another group, without the direct support of the norms and of most social or community context.

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on unit readiness. (Describe the types of discrimination)

In the Navy during the Civil War, African Americans were restricted to positions of servants, cooks, assistant gunners, or powder boys. During WWI, Filipinos (who were denied U.S. citizenship) served in the Navy as cooks, waiters, pantry-men, dishwashers, custodians, bed-makers, and valets.

Define Race discrimination (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

Involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because he/she is of a certain race or because of personal characteristics associated with race such as hair texture, skin color, or certain facial features.

Define National origin discrimination (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

National origin discrimination involves treating people (applicants or employees) unfavorably because they are from a particular country or part of the world, because of ethnicity or accent, or because they appear to be of a certain ethnic background. a. National origin discrimination also involves treating people unfavorably because they are married to (or associated with) a person of a certain national origin or because of their connection with an ethnic organization or group. b. Discrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are the same national origin.

Define Type A Isolate Discrimination. (Describe the types of discrimination)

Occurs when an individual purposely acts to harm members of another group.

Define Integrated Threat Theory. (Describe how power affects prejudice and discrimination)

Perceived group threat or perceptions of threatened group interests occur when in-group members see an out-group as posing negative consequences to the interests of their in-group.

Define cognitive prejudice. (Describe the levels of prejudice.)

Refers to a stereotype. Whether favorable or unfavorable, a stereotype is an overgeneralization or exaggeration that ignores individual differences within a group.

Define emotional prejudice. (Describe the levels of prejudice.)

Refers to emotions and feelings of hostility or liking. Might be found in attitudes toward members of particular classes such as race, ethnicity, national origin, or creed.

Define Religious discrimination (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

Religious discrimination involves treating a person (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of his/ her religious beliefs. a. The law protects not only people who belong to traditional, organized religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, but also others who have sincerely held religious, ethical, or moral beliefs. b. Religious discrimination also involves treating someone differently because that person is married to (or associated with) an individual of a particular religion or because of his/her connection with a religious organization or group.

Define Sex discrimination (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

Sex discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of that person's sex. Can involve treating someone less favorably because of his/her connection with an organization or group that is generally associated with people of a certain sex.

Define Sexual orientation discrimination (Describe the categories of prejudice and discrimination)

Sexual orientation refers to a person's emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction to individuals of a particular gender (male or female). Sometimes referred to as sexual preference, though this term adds the concept of sexuality as fluid and incorporates the element of choice. Sexual identity is often interpreted as describing an individual's perception of their own sex, rather than sexual orientation. (American Psychological Association) a. People are classified as heterosexual if their sexual focus is primarily people of the opposite sex/gender, homosexual if it is people of the same sex/gender, and bisexual if it is both men and women. Terms straight, gay, and lesbian are less formal terms; used by people to describe themselves and their friends and family. Sexual orientation discrimination occurs in the workplace because of prejudices among employees, preconceived notions, or misunderstandings of legally binding protections. Employees expect to be treated according to their role and performance at work, not their sexual orientation. b. Federal laws protect employees from discrimination and/or harassment on the basis of many factors. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provide protections for people based on age or disabilities. c. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) Federal employees are protected by Executive Order 11478, as amended by Executive Order 13087, signed by President Clinton in 1998, to protect against discrimination over sexual preference in hiring, firing and promoting federal employees.

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on military retention. (Describe the types of discrimination)

Some career fields are closed to women.

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on mission effectiveness. (Describe the types of discrimination)

Statistics show Whites are the majority in senior leadership positions (i.e. flag officers, general officers, and Senior Executive Service) and lend itself to the perpetuation of racism. What appears as discriminatory is that the percentages of non-Whites and females in military high ranking positions are significantly lower than the general population.

Define action oriented prejudice. (Describe the levels of prejudice.)

The positive or negative predisposition to engage in discriminatory behavior.

Define discrimination (Describe the types of discrimination)

Unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people

The DoD Human Goals Charter (2014) states... (Describe how prejudice and discrimination can manifest)

We strive: To make military service in the Department of Defense a model of equal opportunity for all regardless of race, color, sex, religion or national origin. To provide equity in civilian employment regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, age, or sexual orientation, and to provide an environment that is accessible to and usable by all.

The DoD Human Goals Charter (2013) states....(Describe how prejudice and discrimination can manifest)

We strive: To provide equity in civilian employment regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, age, or sexual orientation, or genetic information, without reprisal and to provide an environment that is accessible to and usable by all.

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on employment. (Describe the types of discrimination)

a. Hiring practices such as last hired, first fired; higher likelihood that members will be fired during job layoffs because they were the most recently hired. b. Education requirements - Individuals who have been segregated to lesser funded schools cannot find employment in businesses that hire according to specified credentials that inferior schools do not offer.

Describe the elements of Social Learning and Conformity (Describe how power affects prejudice and discrimination)

a. Laws, regulations, and norms of segregation or unequal access, which maintain the power of dominant groups over subordinate ones b. Mass media - Media's portrayal of racial and ethnic groups may be a person's principal source of information. If the media communicates primarily in stereotypes and the viewer has little opportunity for personal contact with members of that minority, the probability of the stereotype becoming the reality to the viewer is high. c. Educational system - Schools share responsibility for socializing groups of young people in particular skills and values in our society. d. Structure and functioning of work organizations.

What protected categories can manifestation of prejudice and discrimination be found (Describe how prejudice and discrimination can manifest)

a. Race b. Color c. Religion d. Sex e. National origin f. Age g. Disability

Describe threats relating to the integrated threat theory. (Describe how power affects prejudice and discrimination)

a. Realistic Threats - threats to political, economic, physical or material well-being of ingroup b. Symbolic Threats - perceived threats to in-groups morals, values, standards, beliefs and attitudes c. Intergroup Anxiety - fear about negative outcomes for self, such as being embarrassed, rejected or ridiculed d. Stereotypes - when expectations are negative, conflict or unpleasant interactions are likely to be anticipated

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on housing. (Describe the types of discrimination)

a. Steering - A practice that may be used to place minorities in predominately minority neighborhoods. b. Red lining - Specifically used by insurance companies to discriminate against individuals living within specific areas (Housing and Urban Development). c. Zoning - Practice of marking areas of land and establishing specific restrictions affecting racial demographics.

Describe the impact of institutional discrimination on education. (Describe the types of discrimination)

a. Testing - Tests used to measure the academic standing of students that may have inherent cultural bias. b. Textbooks - School boards select textbooks. Many textbooks presently in use provide little or no information on minority groups, their minority histories, and contributions that minorities have made to American culture. c. Teacher Testing/Hiring - Historically minorities have lower scores than the majority on teacher qualifying tests, and thus, do not qualify for teaching positions.