Prep U Agents to Control BG

A client, being evaluated for diabetes, asks how a blood glucose test is used to diagnosis this disease. What is the nurse's best response?

"A fasting blood sugar result of 126 mg/dL (6.99 mmol/L) or more on two separate occasions is diagnostic of diabetes." Explanation: A major clinical manifestation of hyperglycemia is fasting blood glucose levels exceeding 126 mg/dL (6.99 mmol/L). A person with a fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dL (5.55 to 6.94 mmol/L) is said to have impaired fasting glucose or prediabetes. The normal hemoglobin A1C level is under 7

The nurse is instructing a client how to take a prescribed pramlintide. Which would be most appropriate?

"Give it by subcutaneous injection immediately before your major meals." Explanation: Pramlintide is administered subcutaneously immediately before major meals. Numerous antidiabetic drugs are taken orally, often once a day in the morning. Exenatide is given subcutaneously within 1 hour before the morning and evening meals. Miglitol should be taken orally with the first bite of each meal.

at what angle do you give insulin

45 degrees

As the nurse caring for a young child is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (IDDM), you know that they become at high risk for what and you include assessment and management of this in their care plan?

Delayed growth and development Explanation: Effective management requires a consistent schedule of meals, snacks, blood glucose monitoring, insulin injections and dose adjustments, and exercise. Food intake must be synchronized with insulin injections and usually involves three meals and three snacks, all at regularly scheduled times. Such a schedule is difficult to maintain in children but extremely important in promoting normal growth and development. These children are not generally at risk for disturbed sleep patterns, anxiety, or self-care deficits

A man is brought to the emergency department. He is nonresponsive, and his blood glucose level is 32 mg/dL. Which would the nurse expect to be ordered?

Glucagon Explanation: The client is significantly hypoglycemic and needs emergency treatment. Glucagon would be the agent of choice to raise the client's glucose level because it can be given intravenously and has an onset of approximately 1 minute. Diazoxide can be used to elevate blood glucose levels, but it must be given orally. Lispro and regular insulin would be used to treat hyperglycemia

he nurse is caring for a client who is taking a thiazide diuretic, a corticosteroid, and estrogens. The nurse understands that this client is at risk for what condition?

Hyperglycemia Explanation: Renal insufficiency may increase risks of adverse effects with antidiabetic drugs, and treatment with thiazide diuretics, corticosteroids, estrogens, and other drugs may cause hyperglycemia, thereby increasing dosage requirements for antidiabetic drugs

A nurse should monitor a client taking glimepiride (Amaryl) for which of adverse effects? (Select all that apply.)

Hypoglycemia Heartburn Nausea Explanation: Adverse reactions associated with sulfonylureas, like glimepiride (Amaryl), include hypoglycemia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, weight gain, heartburn, and various vague neurologic symptoms, such as numbness and weakness of the extremities.

What is the expected action of sitagliptin on type 2 diabetes?

It slows the rate of inactivation of the incretin hormones. Explanation: Sitagliptin minimizes the rate of inactivation of the incretin hormones (gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion together with hyperglycaemia.) to increase hormone levels and prolong their activity.

The nurse who has admitted a client with diabetic ketoacidosis should look for what assessment findings that are consistent with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.)

Ketones in the urine Flushed, dry skin Explanation: Signs/symptoms of DKA include: elevated blood glucose levels (greater than 200 mg/dL); headache; increased thirst; epigastric pain; nausea and vomiting; hot, dry, flushed skin; restlessness; and diaphoresis. The client would not experience somnolence or rectal pressure.

GlimeprIDE

GlimeprIDE (trade name Amaryl) is an injectable amylin analogue drug for diabetes (both type 1 and 2) Glimepride is used with mealtime insulin and a proper diet and exercise program to control high blood sugar in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is used when patients who are already using insulin need better blood sugar control.

A nurse at a health care facility is assigned to administer insulin to the patient. Which intervention should the nurse perform before administering each insulin dose?

Inspect the previous injection site for inflammation. Explanation: The nurse should check the previous injection site before administering each insulin dose. The injection sites should be rotated to prevent lipodystrophy. Prefilled syringes should not be kept horizontally; they should be kept in a vertical or oblique position to avoid plugging the needle. The nurse checks for symptoms of myalgia or malaise when administration of metformin leads to lactic acidosis. Insulin should be kept at room temperature for administration. Insulin is refrigerated if it needs to be stored for up to three months for later use.

A female client is prescribed metformin to decrease her blood glucose levels associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. Which statement accurately describes the action of metformin? -It stimulates insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas. -It increases intestinal absorption of glucose and improves insulin sensitivity. -It decreases intestinal absorption of glucose and improves insulin sensitivity. -It reduces postprandial glucose levels substantially in combination with insulin.

Metformin reduces the production of glucose by the liver and decreases the intestinal absorption of glucose to increase insulin sensitivity, while glyburide works by stimulating insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas and reducing glucose output from the liver. On the other hand, postprandial glucose levels substantially are reduced by acarbose and miglitol when administered either alone or in combination with insulin or sulfonylurea

A nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes mellitus who is receiving an oral antidiabetic drug. Which of following ongoing assessments should the nurse perform when caring for this patient?

Observe the patient for hypoglycemic episodes. Explanation: As the ongoing assessment activity, the nurse should observe the patient for hypoglycemic episodes. Documenting family medical history and assessing the patient's skin for ulcers, cuts, and sores on the body is a pre-administration assessment activity performed by the nurse. Lipodystrophy occurs if the sites of insulin injection are not rotated.

A client has been newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. What statement would be appropriate for the nurse to include in the teaching?

Regular exercise makes your body better able to use the insulin it produces." Explanation: Exercise is an extremely strong hypoglycemic agent, so the nurse should encourage the practice. Diabetics need to check their blood sugar level regardless of whether they are prescribed insulin. The need for insulin injections is determined by the function of the pancreas and its ability to produce sufficient quantities of insulin. It is not correct to assume diet is the only factor in this process. Alcohol should be avoided, and the dosage of oral antidiabetic medication should not be altered without guidance from a health care provider.

What is glucagon?

a hormone formed in the pancreas that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body.

what meds are postprandial glucose levels substantially are reduced by

acarbose and miglitol when administered either alone or in combination with insulin or sulfonylurea (1st chlorpropamide, 2nd glyclopyramide, 3rd glimepiride)

The stress response triggered by illness will result in the increase secretion of what hormone? Select all that apply.

cortisol glucagon growth epinephrine Explanation: Illness may affect diabetes control by triggering a stress response, resulting in increased secretion of glucagon, catecholamines, epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol and the presence of ketosis. Thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, is not affected

what is incretin hormones

gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion together with hyperglycaemia. glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which act to augment insulin biosynthesis and secretion, suppress glucagon secretion, inhibit gastric emptying, and reduce appetite

Rosiglitazone is being considered for the treatment of diabetes in an adult client. Before the initiation of rosiglitazone therapy, the nurse should review what laboratory work recently drawn?

liver enzymes Explanation: Rosiglitazone has been associated with hepatotoxicity and requires monitoring of liver enzymes. Liver function tests (e.g., serum aminotransferase enzymes) should be checked before starting therapy and every 2 months for 1 year, then periodically. Platelets, d-dimer, and tests of renal function are less significant to the safety and efficacy of treatment

what are sulfonylurea's and the names of 3 gens

sulfonylurea 1st chlorpropamide 2nd glyclopyramide 3rd glimepiride

A client with diabetes is undergoing testing for glycosylated hemoglobin. The nurse instructs the client that this test measures average blood glucose over what time period?

the past 3 or 4 months Explanation: Glycosylated hemoglobin measures glucose control over the past 3 to 4 months. When blood glucose levels are high, glucose molecules attach to hemoglobin in the red blood cell. The longer the hyperglycemia lasts, the more glucose binds to the red blood cell and the higher the glycosylated hemoglobin. This binding lasts for the life of the red blood cell (about 4 months) so the other time frames would not be accurate