Principles of Supervision DSST Test Review

_________ is the right to act and implement necessary organizational activities including supervision of employees.

Authority

_________ __________ conflicts are the result of the inability to perceive the alternatives that are not painful, harmful, or have a negative outcome.

Avoidance-avoidance

__________ skills are those that require analysis, concept formulation, and visualization of the way things must be accomplished.

Conceptual

________ making entails choosing a course of action from several possibilities or alternatives.

Decision

________ ________ is best remembered for his Theory-X and Theory-Y descriptions of management leadership.

Douglas McGregor

__________ is achieved by performing work with the minimum waste of time, effort, and resources, such as people, supplies, and materials.

Efficiency

__________ management consists of supervisors responsible for the work of individual employees and groups in performing the vital tasks of an organization.

First-line

_____ decisions have the advantage of greater acceptance and accuracy if group members have expertise in the problems being addressed.

Group

_____ ______ formulated management principles that became the foundation for many modern management principles.

Henri Fayol

_____ skills are skills that involve other people and are necessary for all managers.

Human

In ____, managers and employees establish objectives together.

MBO

____ _____ advocated bureaucracy, an organizational structure built on authority, control, reporting, limited responsibility, and impersonality in treatment of employees.

Max Weber

Management by __________ is a participative style of management.

Objectives

______________ systems are designed to convert resources known as inputs, to products and services, known as outputs by use of systematic steps known as processes.

Organizational

_____________ management is where management seeks employee involvement in the decision making process, and in selecting the direction of work.

Participative

_________ groups are groups from which ethics are derived.

Reference

_________ decisions are long-range decisions that affect the operation of the total organization.

Strategic

Good managers are decisive. __________ decision making involves a set of step-by-step actions that lead to carefully considered decisions.

Systematic

________ decisions are decisions that support and make strategic decisions a reality.

Tactical

_________ skills are those concerned with the knowledge and skills of performing a specific task.

Technical

McGregor says that _________ managers assume employees are naturally lazy, irresponsible, and work only for pay and that they must be motivated by prodding, special rewards, and fear.

Theory-X

McGregor says that __________ managers see work as a natural human activity and believe that properly trained and encouraged employees seek responsibility, want to contribute to their organization, prefer challenges to idleness, and control their own behavior.

Theory-Y

____-level managers are often concerned with long-range decisions that affect their entire organization.

Top

___________ is the inability to decide between alternative courses of action.

Vacillation

Without ________________, there is no way for others in an organization to understand what is being accomplished, what problems exist, and how well supervisors are performing.

accountability

Forces in the manager, employees, and conditions of work determine _____________ management approaches.

appropriate

Most operational decisions are directly related to employee _____________, equipment utilization, supplies, schedules, priorities, and methods of improving work.

assignments

Any action that employees perceived as __________ from management seemed to improve both morale and productivity.

attention

Those activities or areas of concern that are not meeting expectations receive the greatest amount of __________.

attention

Traditional, hierarchal organizational structures tend to have __________ leaders, who do not usually involve others in decision making.

autocratic

A _______ _ ________ means that orders, information, etc. do not go straight from the top executive to the front line worker-- they go down through consecutively lower managers until the worker's supervisor relays the order or information.

chain of command

In a world that is far more _____________ than any before, it is essential that managers in the United States seek constant improvement.

competitive

Effectiveness means doing things __________ and correctly.

completely

Other _________ accept nudity as natural and unrelated to moral behavior.

cultures

The second step of The Problem-solving Method is to collect and analyze the ____.

data

The _____ _ ____ planning required to make work flow smoothly is referred to as operational planning.

day-to-day

The first step of The Problem-solving Method is to ______ the problem.

define

Procrastination means to _____ or postpone.

delay

As businesses continue to shift towards a teamwork-based environment, more and more companies are adopting either ___________ or laissez-faire leadership styles to guide them.

democratic

An objective is the ________ result of a decision and the actions that follow. A common error is the incorrect definition of a problem.

desired

An incorrect __________ may mean that a symptom and not the problem gets solved. How the problem is stated determines all else that follows.

diagnosis

Programmed decisions are those ________ by policies, procedures, or established practices.

dictated

Good managers stress continuous improvement. Creative __________ is the concept that perfection is never reached in organizations.

discontent

Management _______________ is strongly influenced by decision-making skills.

effectiveness

Not only must supervisors be human relations specialists, coaches, technical advisors, disciplinarians, evaluators, motivational experts, team builders, record keepers, and cost specialists, but they must also constantly strive for effectiveness and ___________ in their organizational units.

efficiency

Supervisors are responsible for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the work of _________.

employees

Executive management includes chief executive officers, boards of directors, and executive committees that make key organizational decisions and formulate polices that affect the _______ organization.

entire

Develop and ________ alternatives is the third step of The Problem-solving Method.

evaluate

Management by _________ means to put more energy and time into those aspects of the organization that have problems than those that are meeting levels of performance.

exception

At the highest or top level is _________ management.

executive

Fear of ________ is a strong reason for procrastination.

failure

A component of fully accepting responsibility, accountability involves reporting achievements and ________ to higher levels of management.

failures

Effective managers recognize that part of their job is to take some risks and that there will be occasional _________.

failures

Supervisors are the ______ _____ of management.

first line

Although his 1917 text on general principles of industrial administration were not translated into English until 1930, his work became the ___________ for much of the language of management.

foundation

These types of skills require visualizing _______ events, speculating on the consequences of a decision, analyzing data and drawing logical conclusions, planning both long and short-range actions, organizing work and people, deciding on the direction of an organization, and formulating guiding policies.

future

Approach-avoidance conflicts occur when the results of decisions are either uncertain or potentially _______.

harmful

The ______ _________ movement began with Elton Mayo, who found that productivity increased when employees believed management was concerned with their welfare.

human relations

An _____ is the highest motivation we aspire to.

ideal

The information at the supervisor's disposal is often ___________.

incomplete

Values __________ every facet of life.

influence

Coordination means _________ others what, when, where, how, and why work must be accomplished.

informing

Most organizations have shifted away from autocratic leadership, since it does little to empower employees or encourage ___________.

innovation

Middle management __________ top-level policies in terms of its own areas of specialization.

interprets

Whether in sales, accounting, or manufacturing, supervisors are required to train, recognize when work is not being performed adequately, know procedures and equipment, and analyze methods for performance improvement. All of these require job __________.

knowledge

Sometimes referred to as free-rein leadership, the ________ _____ style of leading leaves the actual decision making up to the employees, while the leader encourages employees' ideas, and offers insights or opinions when asked.

laissez faire

The ____ step of the Problem-solving Method is to do a follow up.

last

To some extent, authority is always ________.

limited

In Weber's framework, a bureaucracy was an organization that depended on formal rules and regulations, selection of personnel based on ______, and a well-defined chain of command.

merit

In very large organizations, there may be several layers of __________ managers.

mid-level

First-line managers, or supervisors, report to _______ management.

middle

Thus, follow-up allows supervisors to profit from past _________ and to perfect their techniques.

mistakes

Any choice appears to be a bad one. Avoidance-avoidance conflicts are the ______ __________ for most people to resolve.

most difficult

Contingency based management recognizes that there is ___ ____ ____ way to manage.

no one best

Responsibility is the __________ to perform necessary job requirements both effectively and efficiently.

obligation

Frederick Taylor was convinced, based on his observations, that there was ____ _____ way to do every job.

one best

Scientific management was founded by Frederick Taylor and was dedicated to the use of scientific methods to find the ___ _____ way to perform every job.

one best

By developing a complete list of ________ supervisors can improve their chances of having alternatives that will solve the problem.

options

Objectives are the aims and goals of individuals, groups, and total _____________.

organizations

Assumptions are ________ on which our thoughts, perceptions, and acts are based.

premises

Most decisions are relatively routine and are made on the basis of experience, well-known procedures, or directives from higher-level management. Ideally most routine decisions are largely __________ ____________.

programmed decisions

Involving employees as well as managers in decision making is relatively _____ in the United States, but is gaining support in some areas.

rare

Managers must _______ effectively to other employees, other managers, customers, union leadership, vendors, government agencies, and others.

relate

The decision-making stage of the problem-solving process means that we consciously consider the various alternatives. How do they _____ to solving the problem?

relate

Morals stem from personal beliefs that usually have a _________ or cultural basis.

religious

First-line managers have the primary ________________ for ensuring that processes work properly and that outputs meet organizational objectives.

responsibility

Systematic decision making means a well-thought-out sequence of steps that are more likely to achieve desired ________ than a random, off the cuff solution.

results

Coordination ensures that the ______ actions are taken at the correct time.

right

To do otherwise would be irresponsible. In a less formal sense, responsibility also means doing what we know is ______ even though it may not be part of a regular job assignment.

right

In a restaurant, the menu may list a number of choices that are well liked by the customer. Any choice will be ______________, although the person may spend some time deciding.

satisfactory

The fourth step of The Problem-solving Method involves _________ a course of action.

selecting

Supervisors may have ________ reference groups, all with slightly different interpretations of what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

several

Approach-approach conflicts delay decisions because choices are _______ and any choice will likely be satisfactory.

similar

Ethics may also be based on accepted _________ standards.

societal

Tactical decisions are the ______ __ ______ actions that make strategic decisions possible.

step-by-step

For instance, if a manager sees the subordinate of a supervisor doing something inappropriate, he would tell the ___________, not the subordinate directly.

supervisor

Operational decisions are the day-to-day decisions made by ___________.

supervisors

Decisions go unmade because the decision maker is __________ to make a clear definite choice.

unwilling

Ethics is concerned with adhering to societal ______ of honesty, fairness, and concern for the welfare of others.

values

Ideals are closely related to _______.

values