Prostate
% of central zone
25
avg size and volume of normal prostate
4x3x2 and up to 30cc
% of transition zone
5
% of peripheral zone
70
More than what% of prostate cancers diagnosed in men over age 65
70
indications for a prostate scan
Abnormal prostate specific antigen (PSA) lab test (higer value = more risk of malignancy, monitored when levels exceed 4 ng/mL) Dysuria, nocturia or urinary hesitancy/retention Ejaculatory or perineal pain Hematospermia Used in conjunction with digital rectal exam Guidance for prostate biopsy
define Prostatitis
Acute inflammation of the prostate gland, usually occuring in the peripheral zone May be acute or chronic
which race has a greater risk of prostate cancer
African American
Most common cause of prostate enlargement is...
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
clinical findings of prostate cancer
Elevated PSA Abnormal rectal exam Bladder outlet obstruction Weight loss Bone pain
acute prostatitis clinical findings
Fever, low back pain, perineal pain Bacteruria Digital exam reveals hard, swollen, tender gland
sono findings of BPH
Gland appears more rounded instead of cresent-shaped Transition portion of gland enlarges AP Increasing heterogeneity of gland Distorted bladder wall Will see defect after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
sono findings acute prostatitis
May be normal Hyperechogenicity of peripheral zone Hypervascularity Possible abscess
most prostate cancers occurs in which zone
Most cancers occur in peripheral zone of prostate typically by the apex *know this*
Chronic prostatitis Clinical Findings
Penis, scrotum and perineal discomfort Issues voiding Relapsing urinary tract infections Infertility
Most common cancer in American men
Prostate Cancer
age range for BPH
Rarely seen in men under 30 years old, affects up to 50% of men by age 60
sono findings of chronic prostatitis
Scattered focal masses Calcifications Capsular thickening and/or irregularity
the prostate secreate what type of fluid? what does it do?
Secretes alkaline fluid that provides a mode of transport for sperm
where do the seminal vesicles arise from
Seminal vesicles arise obliquely from superior prostate, posteroinferior to bladder
sono findings of prostate cancer
Small, hypoechoic nodules in peripheral zone Most malignant masses occur close to apex and in close contact with capsule Asymmetric enlargement of prostate Hypervascularity with low RI Overdistended bladder Bladder wall irregularity
Sector displayed inverted what does trans and sag show?
Transverse: Right lobe on left side of screen Sagittal: Base on left side of screen
clincial findings of BPH
Urinary symptoms (hesitancy, retention, nocturia) due to constriction of prostatic urethra Rectal exam reveals soft, boggy, nodular prostate
prostate is inferior to
bladder
the anterior 1/3 is
fibromuscular stroma
the posterior 2/3 is
glandular tissue
% of periurethral zone
less than 1
the glandular tissue of the prostate produces what
prostate specific antigen
prostate surrounds
proximal urethra
Prostate is anterior to
rectum
the more caudal portion is what
the apex
more cephalic portion is what
the base
Seminal vesicles produce what?
the majority of the fluid volume of ejaculate
BPH nodules from within which zone
transition zone
anomalies of the prostate structure are associated with what?
unilateral renal agenesis
glandular tissue is divided into
zones
