PSB3441
The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, which required warning labels to be placed on cigarette packages, originally took effect in
1966
LSD use in the United States began to decline in the ________ and did not increase again until the ________.
1970s; 1990s
When were the personal feelings and values of participants a key focus of prevention programs?
1980s
The roots of psychopharmacology began in the __________ century.
19th
How long does it take to develop the first signs of nicotine tolerance?
1st time
How much does alcohol abuse cost the U.S. economy each year?
200 billion
How long can alcohol be detected in the system by using a drug test?
24 hr
The average adult would reach alcohol's LD 50 by drinking __________ standard drinks an hour.
25
What proportion of 12-year-old children regularly consume energy drinks?
25%
Physical dependence to caffeine can develop
3 consecutive days of use
How many groups are involved in the balanced placebo design?
4
According to research, what percentage of U.S. adults with one mental disorder also met criteria for at least one other disorder?
45
A longitudinal research study found that the death rate for heroin addicts is at least ________ times higher than the death rate for the general population.
50
According to the Anti-Drug Abuse Acts passed in the late 1980s, what is the minimum amount of powdered cocaine a person must sell to trigger the five-year minimum prison sentence?
500 g
A difference between LSD and MDMA is that
MDMA doesn't produce visual hallucinations
Which of the following is true of PCP? It has been associated with psychotic reactions. Correct! All of these are correct. It was developed as an anesthetic. It produces hallucinations and tactile distortions.
all
Which of the following would likely make you "feel better" if you took a patent medicine? morphine cocaine opium
all
is a self-help group for alcohol abusers that was founded by Dr. Bob and Bill W.
aa
Which of the following is a method used to administer barbiturates? rectal subcutaneous oral all of these intramuscular
all
Which of the following is true of GHB? At one time, it was legally available. It was first used as an anesthetic. Correct! All of these are true. It is linked with numerous overdose deaths.
all
Which of the following is not a symptom associated with heroin withdrawal? Correct! All of these are heroin withdrawal symptoms. runny nose goose bumps spontaneous orgasm
all are
Which of the following is not an opiate? demerol percodan Correct! All of these are opiates. methadone heroin
all are opiates
Which of the following people is most likely to have smoked cigarettes in the past month? Maura, a 32-year-old Black woman Correct! Brad, a 24-year-old White man Estella, a 16-year-old Hispanic woman Carter, a 19-year-old Black man
brad
A specified dose of a drug administered to a man and a woman on average will have greater effects on the woman. This is because of differences in
body fat
Which of the following processes are responsible for removing neurotransmitters from the synapse? enzyme breakdown spontaneous disintegration enzyme breakdown and reuptake reuptake
breakdown and reuptake
Which of the following contains the highest concentration of caffeine? brewed tea Coca-Cola Red Bull Correct! brewed coffee
brewed coffee
is a partial opiate agonist that is becoming popular as an alternative to methadone in the treatment of opiate addiction.
buprepinorphane
A medication intended to increase respiratory stimulation in premature infants would be most likely to include
caffeine
With blackouts, the individual
cannot recall events that occurred during a drinking occasion
facilitates many disease processes associated with smoking because of its advantage over oxygen in binding to hemoglobin
carbon monoxide
According to cell adaptation theory, the cells of the ____________ become adapted to the presence of a drug with repeated exposure to it.
central nervous system
A drug's __________ name indicates the drug's structural formula.
chemical
The transmission of information at the synapse is:
chemical
The barbiturates are examples of a group of drugs that is classified by
chemical structure
Which of the following is the most efficient way to get a dose of nicotine? Correct! cigarette smoking pipe smoking using snuff intranasally using chewing tobacco cigarette or pipe smoking
cigarette smoking
are the most toxic way to smoke tobacco.
cigarettes
refers to an increase in the rate of the metabolism of a drug, so that the user must consume greater quantities of it in order to maintain a certain level of the drug in his or her body.
dispositional tolerance
Raising the price of alcohol relative to disposable income is an example of a prevention strategy following the ___________ model.
distribution of consumption
Which of the following drugs is used to treat people with alcohol dependence by interfering with their ability to metabolize alcohol?
disulfiram
Which of the following is an alcohol-sensitizing drug?
disulfiram
According to critics, applying the sociocultural model of prevention in the United States is unrealistic due to which of the following issues?
diversity
According to the predominant theory regarding the action of antipsychotics, psychosis is induced by increased levels of __________ activity.
dompaminargic
Which of the following correctly pairs a monoamine neurotransmitter with its related area of function? GABA - pain norepinephrine - sleep Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the pathways that regulate coordinated motor movements. dopamine - movement serotonin - hunger
dopamine movement
Marijuana's effects on psychomotor activity and performance appear to be related to
dosage
refers to the experimental method in which neither the experimenter nor the subject knows which experimental condition the subject is in.
double blind
One advantage to the sale of prescription drugs on the Internet is that it is easy for officials to track these sales.
false
One problem with the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 is that the so-called "designer drugs" are still unclassifiable.
false
Prevalence refers to the number of first-time occurrences of some event during some time period.
false
Recent Supreme Court decisions have placed in doubt the constitutionality of random drug testing in the nation's schools.
false
The Drug Policy Alliance is an advocacy group seeking to prevent the legalization of medical marijuana.
false
The safest of the three methods of injecting drugs is the intravenous method.
false
The sublingual route of drug administration is slower and less efficient than oral administration.
false
The term "drug abuse" refers to any use of drugs that are illegal in a particular society.
false
The transdermal route of drug administration is an effective one for most drugs.
false
Which of the following drugs is the most potent pain reliever? codeine heroin morphine Correct! fentanyl
fentanyl
Which of the following is 100 times more potent than morphine? Correct! fentanyl heroin codeine methadone
fentanyl
Which popular soft drink contains the highest concentration of caffeine? Pepsi-Cola Coca-Cola Dr. Pepper Correct! Mountain Dew
mt dew
One of the active chemicals in the fly agaric mushroom is
muscimole
is an opiate antagonist that may help in recovery from alcohol dependence.
naltrexone
Residents of __________ are the world's top coffee consumers.
netherlands
In medicine, a number of symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific illness or disease is known as a
syndrome
Which of the following is true of a comparison between depressant drugs (like alcohol) and opiate drugs (like heroin)? Correct! They show additive effects or synergy. There is cross-tolerance between them. Alcohol suppresses opiate withdrawal symptoms.
synergy
A disadvantage to employers of workplace substance abuse prevention is its cost.
t
A general desire to try new and different experiences plays a role in adolescent smoking.
t
Acetaminophen lacks the anti-inflammatory action of aspirin.
t
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is released at the neuromuscular junction.
t
Americans drank more alcohol per capita in 1830 than they drink today.
t
Among the side effects encountered with MAOI use are impaired sexual functioning and dizziness.
t
Anticholinergic hallucinogens are characterized by a loss of memory for the experience.
t
At higher doses, nicotine's effects tend to be more depressant than stimulatory.
t
Barbiturates decrease heart rate and blood pressure at higher doses.
t
Birth control pills are associated with increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
t
Cocaine influences dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin activity.
t
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the pathways that regulate coordinated motor movements.
t
Drugs with little or no abuse or dependence potential are not classified in the 1970 Controlled Substances Act.
t
Emil Kraepelin believed that in order to effectively treat mental illnesses they first needed to be classified.
t
Findings suggest that there is a genetic predisposition to some types of alcohol dependence.
t
Heavy use of cocaine can cause a person to become manic before experiencing the "crash."
t
Lung cancer is the leading major cancer-related cause of death among women.
t
Mephedrone, one of the stimulant drugs known as "bath salts," has been used as a means of insect control.
t
Mescaline comes from the peyote cactus.
t
Monoamines are strongly associated with mood.
t
Morphine is named after the god of dreams.
t
Most neurotransmitters bind to several different receptor subtypes.
t
Naloxone can revive people from a heroin overdose due to its antagonistic properties.
t
New neurons continue to develop in the human brain even after a person reaches adulthood.
t
North America has the highest prevalence of marijuana use among other regions of the world.
t
Over-the-counter cold preparations often contain guaifenesin.
t
Over-the-counter medications of the late 19th century frequently contained opiates such as heroin.
t
People generally learn how to feel high from smoking marijuana.
t
Prolonged use of cocaine or amphetamine can lead to a form of psychosis.
t
Recent research suggests that marijuana use increases risk for psychotic behavior.
t
Sensation seekers enjoy change and complexity.
t
Six of every seven pounds of tobacco grown in the U.S. are used for cigarettes.
t
Smoking crack produces a more intense effect than other routes of cocaine administration.
t
Soldiers who used heroin in Vietnam were usually able to give up their habit upon return to the United States.
t
Teeth grinding is a common side effect of using Ecstasy.
t
The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls balance.
t
The failure rate for birth control pills can be as high as 9 percent.
t
The first major epidemic of cocaine abuse was in the 1880s.
t
The goals of tertiary prevention are to avoid further deterioration of individuals' functioning.
t
The majority of DSM-5 criteria outlining substance use disorder describe aspects of addiction.
t
The set of ethical guidelines for biomedical research is known as the Nuremburg code.
t
The short-term memory impairment associated with marijuana use can occur with fairly low doses.
t
The term "withdrawal" refers to a definable illness that occurs with a cessation or decrease in use of a drug.
t
Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug, but not to others.
t
Valium is an example of a drug that can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier because it is highly fat soluble.
t
When a drug is fat soluble, sniffing is a rapid and effective way to absorb it.
t
Salvia is inactive when
taken orally
How was cannabis sativa used in ancient China??
tea
Ayahuasca is thought by some native South American tribes to produce
telepathic effects
Which of the following makes "sense" of what we take in through our senses?
thalamus
is an example of a drug that was approved too early, before potential side effects could adequately be explored.
thalidomide
Benzodiazepines are thought to act through _
the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex
Opium was first used by
the Sumerians and Assyrians
Which of the following correctly lists adults' concerns over threats to the well-being of adolescents, in descending order of concern?
tobacco, drugs, alcohol
If ___________ to a drug develops, the individual must consume increasing amounts of it to achieve a desired drug effect.
tolerance
Researchers noted that MAOIs produced an antidepressive effect during their earlier use to treat
tuberculosis
are the most frequently used vehicles for mass media prevention efforts.
tv and radio
A person who is sensitive to the effects of caffeine would be advised to take which of the following medications for a sinus headache? Excedrin Correct! Tylenol Anacin Vanquish
tylenol
Which of the following is a brand name for a drug? tylenol acetaminophen aspirin naproxen sodium
tylenol
What is the main drawback to the medical use of cannabis and THC synthetics?
uncomfortable and disorienting side effects
Subjects in Phase 1 of clinical trials on humans during new drug development typically include
up to 50 normal volunteers
Nicotine is eliminated from the body primarily in
urine
Which of the following is used as a sleeping aid? Correct! Valerian Ma Huang (Ephedra) All of these are correct. Ginkgo biloba St. John's wort
valerian
is a drug developed specifically for the treatment of smoking and works by competing with nicotine in binding to nicotine receptors in the brain.
varencline
Neurotransmitters are stored in packages known as
vesicles
Heroin use was a significant concern in which war?
vietnam
When you have a headache, you take an aspirin. When early Native Americans had a headache, they used
willow bark
Which of the following drugs has been associated with long-term deficits in serotonin activity?
MDMA
Which racial/ethnic group has the highest rate of smoking for those over 26 years old?
black
Kava is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the pineal gland.
f
LSD comes from a cactus.
f
Marijuana is the most frequently used recreational drug today.
f
Neural transmission is said to be electrical at the synapse.
f
Of great concern is the dramatic recent increase in the prevalence of meth use among high school seniors.
f
One advantage of the sociocultural model is that it is applicable to every part of the world.
f
One limitation of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is that it is appropriate only for those holding Judeo-Christian beliefs.
f
One problem with alcohol education programs is that they focus on children when they are too young to form attitudes about alcohol.
f
PPA is a widely used over-the-counter sleeping medication.
f
Prior to the 20th century, drug use was heavily restricted.
f
Recent research has shown that acamprosate in combination with behavioral treatment produces better outcomes than the same behavioral treatment paired with a placebo.
f
Recent research suggests that focusing prevention efforts on marijuana use will not have an effect on the prevalence of use of harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin.
f
Research has shown that lithium and the benzodiazepines are safe to take during pregnancy.
f
Switzerland has the largest per capita consumption of cocoa in the world.
f
The amount of time that marijuana smoke is held in the lungs does not significantly affect absorption.
f
The birth control pill contains anabolic steroids.
f
The body's euphoric response to opiate drugs causes spontaneous ejaculation in men.
f
The field of behavioral pharmacology operates under the guiding principle that drug use is an innate personality characteristic.
f
The hypothalamus is involved with the storage of memories.
f
The latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, DSM-5, does not contain any significant changes to diagnoses of substance abuse or dependence.
f
The minimum prison sentence for selling a few grams of crack is now five years.
f
The mission of the Amethyst Initiative is to raise the legal drinking age in an effort to decrease social problems related to the behavior.
f
The more restrictive a drug law is, the more effective it is likely to be in the long run.
f
The most promising aspect of the new antipsychotic, Clozaril, is the absence of reported side effects.
f
The nicotine patch appears to be much more effective than nicotine gum.
f
Worldwide, women and men are equally likely to die from alcohol-related causes.
f
A diagnosis of substance use disorder in DSM-5 requires that tolerance and withdrawal be observed.
false
Drugs that are more soluble in lipids (fats) are less readily absorbed than other drugs.
false
is a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone.
suboxone
At what blood alcohol level do all states consider an individual to be legally intoxicated?
.08
At what BAC does an individual typically experience major impairment in gross motor functions like standing and walking?
0.15
Withdrawal from caffeine lasts about
1 week
The distribution half-life of nicotine is
10-20 minutes
A blood alcohol concentration number is based on the amount of alcohol in what unit of blood?
100 mL
What is the ratio of potency between LSD and psilocybin?
100:1
How many countries use some type of visual warning on cigarettes to help prevent people from smoking or to encourage smokers to quit?
105
Based on research of athletes who regularly used anabolic steroids, how many developed symptoms of psychosis?
12
Respondents in the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health are
12 or older
Respondents in the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health are
12+
A beverage that is 60% alcohol by volume is __________ proof.
120
Peak levels of caffeine after taking a dose occur in
15-45 minutes
The highest rates of current cigarette use are among _
18-25
When did coca "become" cocaine?
1850s
Which of the following correctly pairs a decade with the primary therapeutic use of amphetamines during the period? 1930s - weight loss 1950s - anxiety 1940s - energy 1960 - depression
1940s energy
The first report of solvent abuse was in
1951
When was the peak of smoking among Americans?
1963
The principal psychoactive agent in cannabis was isolated in
1964
Based on data from the World Mental Health Survey, how does the cannabis usage rate in the United States compare to the usage rate in Asian countries?
8x higher
Which of the following correctly lists the chronological progression of initial historic marijuana use?
Asia > Middle East > North Africa > Europe
The University of Washington's _____ program uses a harm-reduction philosophy.
BASICS
Which of the following is not an example of a "social norms approach" information dissemination strategy used by college campuses? web sites Correct! DARE programs orientation programs campus posters
DARE
Which of the following is true of multiple drug use?
It can involve taking different drugs in sequence in order to move from one drug experience to another It can result in dangerous interaction effects. It can involve the use of alcohol and one or more other drugs
Which of the following is true regarding a drug's generic name? It is the most useful name for chemists. None of these are true. It is the name most people would know. It is a shortened version of a drug's chemical name.
It is a shortened version of a drug's chemical name.
All night parties or raves have become associated with which of the following drugs?
MDMA
Which of the following accurately describes the influence that age has on drug effects? Susceptibility to a drug's effects increases over the life span. Children and the elderly are more susceptible to a drug's effects. Susceptibility to a drug's effects declines over the life span. Age has no effect on susceptibility to drug effects.
Susceptibility to a drug's effects increases over the life span.
Tea contains ________ as well as caffeine.
Theophylline
Why have some students used stimulants as study aids? They speed up performance of cognitive tasks. They increase resistance to fatigue and boredom. They improve one's ability to learn complex tasks.
a & c
Which of the following is not an advantage of injecting drugs intravenously? absorption rate can be controlled by using different solutions effects can be immediate doses can be precisely adjusted drugs that irritate tissue can be taken
absorption rate can be controlled by using different solutions
The "Asian flushing response" brought about by alcohol use is due to a build-up of
acetylaldehyde
Alcohol effects receptors for all of the following neurotransmitters except ________. You Answered serotonin dopamine GABA Correct Answer acetylcholine
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter that is active at the neuromuscular junction is
acetylcholine
The electrical activity along the axon that occurs when a neuron fires is called:
action potential
Which of the following is a pattern of behavior characterized by compulsive drug use as evidenced by overwhelming involvement with the use of a drug, obtaining an adequate supply of it, and a strong tendency in resuming use of it after stopping for a period?
addiction
The explanation for caffeine's acute effects that is most accepted now is the __________ hypothesis.
adenosine
Drugs are believed to act on the nervous system by
affecting the deactivation and mimicking the effects of neurotransmitters
Which of the following is true of generic drugs? You Answered They are chemical copies of brand name drugs. Correct Answer They can be sold after a brand name drug has been on the market for 20 years. They are less effective than brand name drugs. They cost the same as brand name drugs, but are more readily available.
after 20+
According to the stress response dampening model, people who are ________ are more likely to be sensitive to alcohol's stress-reducing effects.
aggressive
The effects of barbiturates are similar to those of
alcohol
Which of the following produces more economic costs to society?
alcohol abuse, by billions of dollars
Which of the following is true about drug use and crime? You Answered Drug use causes crime. Crimes committed by heroin addicts are typically violent and are brought about because of the effects of the drug. Correct Answer Most crimes associated with alcohol are assaultive With regard to all drug use, the use of hallucinogens shows the strongest association with crime.
alcohol assaultative
Coffee consumption may help prevent __________. liver disease Parkinson's disease type 2 diabetes mellitus
all
Followers of emperor Shen Nung at around 2800 B.C. used marijuana for __________. its psychoactive effects its sedative properties Correct! All of these are correct. to counter the influence of evil spirits
all
Following cannabis ingestion, marked concentrations of THC can be found in the ________ even when blood levels of THC are zero. liver brain lungs Correct! all of these kidneys
all
In the 1800s, cocaine was used to treat _________. depressed mood? pain? opiate addiction depressed mood or pain
all
In the 1800s, cocaine was used to treat _________. opiate addiction depressed mood? pain? depressed mood or pain
all
Korsakoff's syndrome __________. Correct! All of these are correct. often includes considerable confusion and confabulation involves damage to the brain structure produces serious impairments in short-term memory is most directly due to alcohol abuse
all
Setting factors are particularly important in the effects of __________. hallucinogens alcohol and marijuana only alcohol marijuana
all
The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act __________. increased the number of addicts in the United States allowed physicians to prescribe narcotics only in the course of their professional practice did not prohibit the legal supply of the opiates classified cocaine as a narcotic
all
What accounts for the calming effects of nicotine use? It relaxes skeletal muscles. its biphasic action and at higher doses, its effects are more depressant the individual's beliefs about nicotine's effects
all
What is a physiological effect of cocaine? increase in heart rate increase in blood pressure pupil dilation
all
Which of the following affect drug distribution? fat solubility of the drug diffusibility of membranes all of these blood flow
all
Which of the following are criticisms of the distribution of consumption model? It does not recognize that normal drinkers and heavy drinkers may react differently to reductions in alcohol availability. It provides no insights as to why people drink. It may increase bootlegging.
all
Which of the following are side effects of methamphetamine abuse? reduction in dopamine activity deterioration of the teeth All of these are correct. depression
all
Which of the following does not contribute to alcohol and drug abuse costs as measured in cost of illness studies? You Answered crime-related costs medical expenses Correct Answer All of these contribute to these figures motor vehicle crashes individuals born with fetal alcohol syndrome
all
Which of the following is a common site for intramuscular drug injection? buttocks Correct! all of these deltoid thigh
all
Which statement is true for all hallucinogens? They are likely to cause dependence. They produce no noticeable physiological effects. Correct! They alter perception and states of consciousness. They produce sympathetic nervous system arousal.
alter perception and states of conciousness
The __________ model is the foundation for Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).
american disease
One difference between cocaine and the amphetamines is that
amphetamines are synthetic
Which of the following drugs has FDA approval for treatment of alcohol-use disorders?
antabuse
A compound that occupies a receptor but does not activate the neuron is known as a
antagonist
One side effect of benzodiazepine use is
anterograde amnesia
drugs account for a small fraction of psychotherapeutic prescriptions.
antipsychotic
Individuals who suffer from ___________ should be careful when using caffeine.
anxiety
Which of the following pairs indicate the lowest and highest effects of depressant drugs as dosage increases? sedation; general anesthesia Correct! anxiety relief; death intoxication; mood elevation mania; sleep
anxiety relief, death
A drug that reduces anxiety is called a(n) __________ drug.
anxiolytic
Which of the following produces antipyretic effects?
aspirin
What is typically the first step in the substance abuse treatment process?
assessing the client
Which of the following is found in plants such as Jimson weed, deadly nightshade, and mandrake?
atropine
In which of the following countries would you find the highest per capita rate of marijuana use? Mexico Great Britain Vietnam Correct! Australia
australia
Neurotransmitters are released from the
axon terminals
To increase the potential for successful outcomes, many believe that treatment of polysubstance abusers must address which of the following?
behavior patterns
Mixing alcohol and __________ is a common method of intended and unintended suicides.
benzodiazepines
is the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action.
bioavailability
Which of the following is a regulatory issue potentially limiting research into medical applications of marijuana? inconsistency of state laws regarding the drug ethical restrictions on the use of psychotropic drugs funding cuts for the National Institutes for Health Correct! classification of the drug as a Class I substance
classification
What drug is contained in crack?
cocaine
In the United States, caffeine is most often consumed in the form of
coffee
Which of the following physiological symptoms reflect a person who is on heroin? orgasm dilated pupils yawning Correct! constipation fever
constipation
Which term best reflects the action of synthetic marijuana relative to natural marijuana?
copy
An early use for heroin was as a treatment for
coughs
In __________ tolerance, a person's tolerance to one drug may extend to other closely related drugs.
cross
Cocaine and the amphetamines cause _____. All of these are correct. decreased body temperature pupil constriction decreased appetite increased blood flow to the extremities
decreased appetite
The presence of food in the stomach __________ absorption and __________ the maximum drug level achieved for orally administered drugs.
delays decreases
has the highest per capita consumption of cocoa.
denmark
How does caffeine affect the rapidity and accuracy of motor skills?
depends on dosage
Which of the following has not been identified as a possible explanation for marijuana's effect on short-term memory? Drug action interferes with the neurochemical processes operative in memory. Correct! Marijuana use destroys neural connections in the hippocampus. Marijuana users are not motivated to attend to or retrieve material. Marijuana decreases the user's ability to concentrate.
destroys neural connections
is an ingredient in cough suppressants that can produce hallucinogenic effects in high doses.
dextromethorphan
When Eliza visited a shaman, she drank a "magic" mushroom tea that made her see colors and visions - and she got so much clarity on her life's journey. A week later, Eliza read that the shaman was arrested for fraud and that the whole experience was a sham, including the normal grocery store tea that she drank. What caused Eliza's visions when she was with the shaman?
drug expectancy
When did China first recognize problems related to the use of opium?
early 1700a
Marijuana's effects on speech (i.e., rapid or slurred speech, circumstantial talk, and loquaciousness) occur in
early stages of use
Which of the following describes workplace strategies? Correct! Their effectiveness is rarely measured. Most programs focus on primary rather than secondary prevention. They are widespread.
effectiveness rarely measured
is a disease in which the lung's air spaces are abnormally diluted and the lungs walls are distended.
emphysema
Which of the following is not a monoamine? Correct Answer endorphin serotonin dopamine You Answered norepinephrine
endorphin
Which of the following is considered a type of endogenous morphine?
enkaphalin
What type of alcohol is used in the production of alcoholic beverages?
ethanol
Which of the following are typical effects of MDMA (ecstasy)? vivid visual hallucinations Correct! mild euphoria and increased emotional warmth mild euphoria increased emotional warmth
euphoria and increased warmth
"Downregulation" refers to a process where repeated exposure to a drug increases the number of receptor sites on neurons that the drug activates.
f
A diagnosis of substance use disorder in DSM-5 requires that tolerance and withdrawal be observed.
f
A person who takes disulfram and then has an alcoholic drink will soon experience life-threatening symptoms such as an excessively rapid heartbeat.
f
A problem with nicotine gum is that many patients become dependent on it.
f
According to the opponent process theory, the individual's self-efficacy to cope with high-risk situations determines whether or not they will relapse.
f
Activation of the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor is thought to be the key factor in producing auditory hallucinations.
f
All neurotransmitters that do not lock into receptors are broken down by an enzymatic process.
f
Although illicit drugs have often been used for medicinal purposes, it is very rare for drugs that are developed for medical reasons to be used in nonmedicinal ways.
f
Although tea and cocoa have been used for centuries, coffee made its first appearance in the 17th century.
f
Children whose parents have taken LSD are more likely to suffer from birth defects.
f
Cocaine enhances sexual performance in males.
f
Controlled laboratory studies have provided strong support for the disinhibition theory of alcohol and aggression.
f
Differences in drug use patterns between demographic groups are thought to reflect innate, biological differences.
f
European explorers in the 15th century were responsible for the introduction of caffeine into North America.
f
In order to be cost effective, a person with a substance use disorder must remain in outpatient treatment for at least three months.
f
In the context of substance abuse prevention efforts, what is being prevented is universal.
f
Instant coffee contains more caffeine per serving than brewed coffee.
f
A sudden reoccurrence of a hallucinogenic experience is
flashback
developed the process that separated morphine from opium in 1803.
fw serturner
are specialized molecules released by metabotropic receptors that may open ion channels and may initiate the synthesis of second messengers.
g proteins
The brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitter is
gaba
Which of the following will exert the strongest inhibitory action in the brain? acetylcholine norepinephrine Correct Answer GABA
gaba
Reduction of pain by rendering the patient unconscious is called
general anaesthesia
Animal drug studies offer value in human applications when the results of the studies are
generalizable
Which of the following has become associated with date rape?
ghb
What herbal preparation may be useful in treating Alzheimer's disease?
ginkgo biloba
Which of the following is not true about self-help groups? Participants both give and receive help. Group members share the same identified problem. Correct! They are led by group leaders who have recovered. Professional treatment programs use them as part of aftercare.
group leaders have recovered
The consensus definition of drug abuse arrived at by Rinaldi et al. centers on
harmful consequences of drug use behavior
The federal law that prohibited nonmedical use of opiates was the
harrison act
What is the key process used in distillation?
heating
An unintended consequence of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 was that, in the years since its passage, the law served to shift opium addicts to
heroin
How does dessert wine differ from regular red wine?
higher alcohol %
Research has demonstrated a link between depression and atrophy and cell loss in the
hippocampus
Which of the following people is most likely to have used an illicit drug in the past month?
hispanic male
Use of inhalants is often called
huffing
The brain structure that controls primary drives like hunger and thirst is the
hypothalamus
Moderate amounts of alcoholic beverages can offer which health benefit to older adults?
improving digestion
Which of the following results has not been demonstrated in needle exchange programs? an increase in IV drug use improved needle cleaning practices all of these have resulted from needle exchange programs less needle sharing
increase in IV
How has the rate of prescriptions for stimulants to treat ADHD changed since 1990?
increased five fold
Alcohol inhibits the secretion of antidiuretic hormone. This causes
increased urination
are structures in the midbrain that form part of the auditory system.
inferior colliculi
The myelin on a neuron acts as
insulation
regulate the number of charged molecules inside and outside a neuron.
ion channels
The concept of tobacco as therapeutic agent took a serious blow when Posselt and Reimann
isolated nicotine
The stimulants known as "bath salts" are synthetic analogues of a compound found in the _____ plant.
khat
is the most important organ for excretion of drugs and their metabolites.
kidneys
Which of the following herbal substances has opiate-like qualities?
kratom
Which of the following is used to treat Parkinson's disease?
l dopa
People who have anhedonia after ending long-time use of cocaine are experiencing which of the following?
lack of pleasure
The __________, published in 1944 and created at the request of the mayor of New York, concluded that marijuana use was not particularly harmful to the user or to society at large.
laguardia commission report
When did treatment of substance use disorders shift from applying a "one size fits all" strategy?
late 1980s
Most of the cocaine that enters the United States comes from
latin america
Recent brain imaging research suggests that drug craving is associated with activity in the
limbic areas
The effects of antipsychotic medications on the __________ serve to moderate or blunt emotional arousal.
limbic system
Over 90% of the alcohol that is absorbed is metabolized by the body mainly in the
liver
A recent study indicates that an ingredient in coffee appears to protect against
liver cirrhosis
The major current medical use for cocaine is as a
local anaesthetic
Degradation of the ________ causes Parkinson's disease.
substantia nigra
Which of the following drugs produce pupil dilation? Correct! LSD All of these are correct. barbiturates heroin
lsd
A common street term for injecting a drug intravenously is
mainlining
Users of __________ must avoid most cheeses and some alcoholic beverages in their diets.
maois
A major thrust of the early Federal Bureau of Narcotics was its attempt to eradicate the use of
marijuana
According to the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, ___________ is the most commonly used illicit drug.
marijuana
__________ is the leafy top portion of the Cannabis sativa plant, while __________ is the resin produced by the plant to protect it from the sun.
marijuana; hashish
What criminal organization first controlled the smuggling of cocaine into the United States?
medellin cartel
Which of the following is a hormone-based product that can be used as a sleep aid?
melatonin
Which of the following would a person not be likely to feel after drinking a couple cups of coffee? Correct! mellow efficient creative confident
mellow
Which of the following is true regarding the smoking-related mortality rates of men and women in the United States? Men are more likely to die of smoking-related causes than women. Women are more likely to die of smoking-related causes than men. Correct! The smoking-related risk of death for men and women is almost identical. Not enough research has been conducted on women smokers to draw any conclusions.
men and women almost identical
According to the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,
men were more likely than women to report illicit drug use in the past month
The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste is known as
metabolism
In the _________ model, individuals are seen as personally responsible for problems they incur from their drug and alcohol use.
moral
In the 1800s, a person who was experiencing delirium tremens would likely be treated with which of the following?
morphine
Which of the following is true about drug use and crime? Crimes committed by heroin addicts are typically violent and are brought about because of the effects of the drug. Most crimes associated with alcohol are assaultive With regard to all drug use, the use of hallucinogens shows the strongest association with crime. Drug use causes crime.
most crimes associated with alcohol are assuaultive
For which of the following conditions does current medical research support administration of marijuana? Correct! multiple sclerosis glaucoma epilepsy irritable bowel syndrome
ms
Research has clearly shown that marijuana use results in irreversible, long-term damage to the _________. cardiovascular system reproductive system Correct! None of these are correct. immune system
none
How do most smokers quit?
on their own
Which of the following is not true of AA? Correct! The program is only appropriate for those who accept Western religious beliefs. It advocates making direct amends to people harmed by an individual's drinking. Nonalcoholics may not attend closed meetings. It advocates relinquishing control to a higher power.
only appropriate for western
is a drug that was designed for treatment of severe pain and involves a time-release of high doses of painkiller.
opana
Calling morphine an opiate is an example of classification by
origin
The rise in illegal use of prescription opiates in the first few years of this century was largely related to what drug?
oxycontin
Progressive deterioration of motor control is a key symptom of:
parkinsons
Which of the following is true of opiate withdrawal? Symptoms can be treated with alcohol. Appetite increases significantly. All of these are true. Correct! Symptoms peak in about 48-72 hours.
peak at 48-72 hours
Which of the following is not a focus of temperament-based prevention programs? thrill seeking anxiety impulsiveness Correct! peer pressure
peer pressure
Which of the following techniques involves injecting radioactive isotopes into the brain?
pet scan
is a hallucinogenic drug derived from the cactus plant.
peyote
is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
pharmacodynamics
is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs.
pharmokinetics
Which of the following was a factor leading to increased use of opioids in the 1990s?
physicians' idea that pain patients resisted addiction
Which term best reflects overall activities intended to treat substance use disorders?
planned
___________ refers to the general occurrence of an event, usually expressed in terms of percentage of some population.
prevalence
The combination birth control pill acts by
preventing ovulation
A TV spot emphasizing the need not to let friends drive drunk would be an example of ____________ prevention.
primary
The "Just Say No" advertising campaign is an example of __________ prevention.
primary
Which of the following is not true of mass media prevention strategies? Correct Answer They produce significant changes in attitudes. They raise knowledge levels. You Answered Most campaigns regarding alcohol abuse in recent years have focused on decreasing the incidence of driving under the influence. Most involve short slogan-type messages.
produce significant change in attitude
Emergency contraceptives, such as Plan B, deliver high doses of
progestin
The Prohibition era in the United States followed the _________ model.
proscriptive
Because of __________ tolerance, an individual must drink greater amounts of alcohol to achieve a mood change that was once achieved with less alcohol.
protracted
Which of the following is a type of functional tolerance? Correct Answer protracted tolerance You Answered dispositional tolerance reverse tolerance behavioral tolerance
protracted
Which of the following is no longer found in over-the-counter cold remedies?
pseudoephederine
The term __________ is used to describe those drugs which have a special or unique effect on the mind or mental functioning.
psychotheraputic
Which of the following is not an advantage of the oral route of drug administration? it is safe it has the quickest rate of absorption it is economical it is convenient
quickest
The French custom of drinking 1-2 glasses of __________ per day appears to be related to a lowered risk of coronary heart disease.
red wine
Drug use prevention activities are highly effective as a first defense because they help people avoid the influence of
reinforcement
A __________ is a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that it will occur in the future.
reinforcer
Almost all marijuana smokers eventually enter a stage of
relaxation
A person who has vivid dreams after they stop taking barbiturates to help them sleep is likely experiencing which of the following?
rem rebound
tolerance to a drug occurs when there is increased sensitivity to the effects of the drug with repeated use.
reverse
A common name for flunitrazepam is
roofies
is a hallucinogenic, historically used by the Mazatec Indians in Mexico, that has seen a recent problematic rise in use in the United States
salvia
Marijuana is a __________ drug.
schedule 1
In workplace programs, __________ prevention often involves identifying substance abusers and arranging for treatment.
secondary
The ________ hypothesis is that one result of repeated use of a drug in interaction with environmental factors is changes in the brain neural pathways that may heighten the reward value of the drug.
sensitization
LSD is thought to act in the brain by influencing
serotonin
Which of the following is not true of school education strategies? In the past, teachers often were not trained in alcohol education. Students increase drug use in the short run. Students increase their knowledge about substances. Correct! Education significantly changes drug use patterns.
significantly changes patterns
After consumption, the concentration of caffeine is
similar throughout body
reflects the amount of latitude there is in a drug dose before a stronger effect is reached.
slope
One characteristic of the subcutaneous route of injection is its associated __________ and __________ absorption rate.
slow constant
When drugs are swallowed, they pass through the stomach and are absorbed in the
small intestine
is an approach in which a person's withdrawal is monitored by professional staff in a treatment setting, but no drugs are administered.
social detox
In the early years after the Europeans were first introduced to tobacco use, which country held a monopoly on the world market?
spain
is one of the last steps in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and involves a stable one-to-one relationship between a member with more sobriety and one with less.
sponsorship
refers to the resolution of a problem without the use of formal treatment.
spontaneous remission
The concept of ________ learning refers to a person performing better on a test when under the effects of a drug if they studied for the test while on the same drug.
state-dependent
Which of the following correctly lists the methylxanthines in order from least to most active as a CNS stimulant?
theobromine, theophylline, caffeine
When classified by ___________, amphetamines are known as appetite-suppressant drugs.
therapeutic use
A biphasic drug effect occurs when a drug effect first goes in one direction as drug dose increases, but the effect changes direction as drug dose continues to increase.
true
Marijuana was used as an all-purpose medicine in the 1800s.
true
Studies have shown that different ethnic groups may show differences in responsiveness to certain prescription drugs.
true
The effects of a drug may vary among users due to expectations in their psychological set.
true