PSY 1010

Amplitude of light waves is responsible for our perception of this:

color intensity

Hallucinogens do this to neural signals:

confuse them

We have a blind spot because there are no photoreceptors where the optic nerve intersects with the retina. This blind-spot area is called:

optic disk

Jane and Valerie are hiking. Jane has a 70 lb. pack on her back. Valerie is just carrying a water bottle. According to the concept of embodied cognition, Jane is more likely than Valerie to feel that: (select all that apply)

-the trail is steeper -the trail is longer

The reason that we taste sweetness is to motivate us to eat:

carbohydrates

Using made-up words, this early memory pioneer mapped out the learning curve and forgetting curve:

Hermann Ebbinghaus

The theory that we see all colors as a combination of red, green and blue is known as __________ theory.

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic

The primary purpose of the incus, malleus, and stapes is:

amplify sound waves

After a stroke, Peggy is cannot move the left side of her body properly. However, in her honest opinion, there is nothing wrong with her, though it is obvious to everybody else. This lack of awareness of an impairment is known as:

anosognosia

A person that people admire that is a negative influence is a/an ________ model.

antisocial

Pranavi has been practicing her golf swing for some time and has become very skilled. Which area of the brain is laying down her procedural (muscle) memory?

basal ganglia

When the ___________ membrane is agitated, hairs move triggering neural impulses which travel to the brain where they are interpreted as hearing.

basilar

Subliminal means:

below threshold

These brain waves are observed during one's active, awakened state:

beta

The teacher asks Tim a question but he is not listening. He automatically responds "what?" but almost immediately realizes what was asked. This phenomenon of short-term hearing memory that lasts a few seconds is known as ______________memory.

echoic

If someone asks you remember a detail, but you did not pay sufficient attention to put it into memory, you won't have a memory of it to recall. The problem of putting down memories in the first place, due to inattention, is known as:

encoding failure

Remembering details about one's birthday party that took place last year is an example of this kind of memory:

episodic

The receptors in the olfactory epithelium trigger neural impulses that help us:

experience smells

After conditioning, the loss of the conditioned response due to a lack of association over time:

extinction

Elizabeth Loftus has made very important discoveries about this aspect of memory:

false memories

To get a treat, a pigeon must peck the screen and wait 14 seconds. In the future the pigeon pecks and the wait is exactly 14 seconds every time to get the reward. This is an example of a _____________ learning schedule.

fixed-interval

To get a treat, a pigeon must peck the screen 24 times. In the future the requirement remains exactly 24 pecks to get the reward. This is an example of a _____________ learning schedule.

fixed-ratio

Angie witnessed a terrible accident a few years back. The extreme emotion caused the memory of the event to skip her short-term memory and go straight to her long-term memory. This is an example of:

flashbulb memory

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the unconditioned stimulus (US) was:

food

Each time a person goes into REM in a single night's sleep, the REM session:

increases in time

In the case of visual form agnosia, a person is unable to identify consciously the orientation of the slot cut into the circle. However, the person is able to do this very accurately because it requires less conscious awareness:

insert an item into the slot

A man is trying to figure out how to get his son's kite out of a tree. His neighbor comes over and without any previous experience with this type of situation, quickly comes up with a solution that gets the kite down. The neighbor's ability to do this demonstrates:

insight learning

Giselle waits until the night before the CE Psychology exam and then studies for 4 hours. This type of studying called ________________ may help her through the exam, but it is unlikely to help her retain the information for long after.

massed practice

Which of the following drugs creates only psychological dependence?

methamphetamines

These frontal lobe neurons may play a part in our tendency to mimic others' behavior, though there is considerable debate about their role in human behavior at this point:

mirror neurons

Using a trick such as GEMDAS to remember mathematical order of operations is an example of:

mnemonic device

Sam is really feeling down today. Even though last week went very well for him, he can't stop thinking about one small negative conversation with one of his teachers. This is an example of:

mood-congruent memory

The sleep condition characterized by uncontrolled sleep attacks that are often brought on by excitement is called:

narcolepsy

Nociception is the ability to sense this:

pain

Resistance to extinction is greatest with this type of reinforcement:

partial reinforcement

Weber's law states that the ability to detect minimal differences is a matter of this:

percentage

Despite the changes in incoming sensation, perceiving that a door is still the same shape when open or closed and that an airplane in the sky isn't miniature is due to:

perceptual constancy

Kendra cleaned her room, and as promised, her mother gave her a treat afterward as a reward. Kendra's mother is using this to get her daughter to clean her room:

positive reinforcement

Permanent (or nearly permanent memories) are likely the result of a process of sequential neuron firing that has primed the synapses to make future firing easier. This is known as long-term _________________.

potentiation

Showing a quick glance of a negative word often causes a more negative reaction to a photo shown after. This phenomenon that shows evidence for unconscious processing which later affects conscious judgments is called:

priming

Natalie already knew how to conjugate verbs into present tense in Spanish. Then the class works hard to learn the two past tense conjugations. She works so hard on this that she starts having problems with her previously well-learned present tense verbs. This type of interference where new information causes problems with older similar information is called:

retroactive

Forgetting previously established memories up to a specific time is called_________ amnesia.

retrograde

The brain's and/or body's unexpected need for less of a drug which may turn a "normal" dose into an overdose is called:

reverse tolerance

These photoreceptors that work well in dim light are located away from the fovea and help us see black, white, and gray.

rods

Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words:

semantic

Trey is trying to count by sevens up to 200. As he is counting, his daughter is practicing her multiplication table loud enough that Trey can clearly hear her. Hearing other numbers while trying to keep track of where he is may interfere with Trey's ________________.

short-term memory

Studying using Quizlet or having somebody quiz you, which forces you to search your memory for answers, is a more effective way of studying than to simply read over your notes. The higher effectiveness of this study method is known as:

testing effect

As Bernard looks at the potato plants in a large field, he notices that the details are much sharper for the plants that are close to him and as they get further away, they get fuzzier. This is an example of which of the following monocular cues for depth/distance?

texture gradients

The sense of cold and warm temperatures on the skin is called:

thermoreception

Albert Bandura's so-called "Bobo doll experiment" gave early evidence for observational learning as he saw that kids were more likely to act violently toward the doll when:

they had witnessed a frustrated adult acting violent with it

A rat presses a lever and waits 10 seconds to get a food pellet. The next time it has to wait 12 seconds and the time after that, 19 seconds. This is an example of a _____________ learning schedule.

variable-interval

This learning schedule is the most likely to result in superstitious behaviors:

variable-interval

A rat presses a lever 5 times to get a food pellet. The next time it has to push the lever 13 times and the time after that, 9 times. This is an example of a _____________ learning schedule.

variable-ratio

The current theory that short-term memory collaborates with experiences and knowledge from long-term memory to solve problems is called:

working memory

A person that people admire that is a positive influence is a/an ________ model.

prosocial

Umami refers to taste receptors that motivate us to eat this:

protein

Taking a course of action in an attempt to weaken a response:

punishment

After not sleeping for many days straight, which of the following effects were observed in the case studies from class? (Select all that apply)

reasoning problems delusions

Fill-in-the-blank questions on a test require the following type of retrieval to be answered correctly:

recall

Which of the following are true regarding peripheral vision? (Select all that apply)

-It is important for detecting motion -We do not see color very well

Which of the following would be examples of primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply)

-food -love

In some cases a stroke may leave a person with spatial neglect. Despite having no visual problems, which of the following issues may be present if the stroke took place in the right parietal lobe? (Select all that apply)

-inability to recall the left side of things in memory -failure to attend to things on the left side of the visual field

Which of the following scenarios are mostly likely to result in REM rebound? (Select all that apply)

-not sleeping for three days -heavy alcohol use

Which of the following are true of NREM-3 sleep? (Select all that apply)

-sleepwalking may take place -night terrors may take place -growth hormone is released

According to our class discussion, these are the following advantages that consciousness gives us: (Select all that apply)

-the ability to act intentionally -long-term explicit memory

Which of the following are part of the parallel processing that gives us a visual image? (Select all that apply)

form motion shape depth

Hypnagogic sensations (like the feeling of falling) most often take place during this sleep stage:

NREM-1

Spikes, called spindles, can be seen in brainwave activity during this stage of sleep:

NREM-2

As we age, this stage of sleep decreases:

NREM-3

The McGurk effect explains that while seeing a syllable mouthed and hearing another that is somewhat similar, a person will likely perceive:

a mixture of the syllables

Brain waves in the relaxed, awakened state are called:

alpha

Which of the following are true of REM sleep? (Select all that apply)

beta-like brain waves are observed we are paralyzed dreaming is vivid nightmares may take place

Sensory information coming through the afferent neurons is also known as:

bottom-up

Which of the following is the best example of continuous reinforcement:

buying from a vending machine

Conditioned memories are laid down by this brain region:

cerebellum

A drop in blood pressure around 3:00 AM for most people is due to:

circadian rythms

John B. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment lent evidence that this type of learning can take place in humans as well as animals:

classical conditioning

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs? (Select all that apply)

cocaine caffeine alcohol heroin

As Ashley looks at a very close object, her eyes both move inward to stay focused on the item. Her brain perceives that the object is very close based on the muscle tension from both eyes. The binocular cue described in this example is:

convergence

Slow brain waves observed in NREM-3 are called:

delta

The so-called visual cliff has been used to demonstrate this in small children and animals:

depth perception

Bill got sick after eating peanut butter and now cannot stand the idea of eating it ever again. Bill's dislike for peanut butter is an example of:

flavor aversion learning

The ability to identify objects by touch is due to this:

haptics

Posthypnotic suggestions might be somewhat useful for this:

helping with chronic pain

H.M. lost his ability to put down explicit memories because of a surgery in which this was removed from both sides of his brain:

hippocampus

When an item partially blocks another in our view, we sense that it is closer than the one it is blocking. This monocular cue for judging depth/distance is called:

interposition

Freud believed that we dream because of this in our unconscious:

latent content

Learning without our conscious awareness that it is taking place is called (like learning the streets of a city):

latent learning

"Rewarded behavior is likely to recur" and "punished behavior is less likely to recur" describes Thorndike's ______________.

law of effect

Accommodation is the process of changing the shape of this, which helps an image focus on the retina:

lens

A set of railroad tracks appears to converge as it gets further away from a person. This monocular cue called ______________ gives the viewer a sense of distance.

linear perspective

The chance of getting schizophrenia is increased by use of this drug:

marijuana

A man constantly nags his kids about getting their homework done. The kids' motivation to act in order to stop the nagging is an example of:

negative reinforcement

Which of the following is the scientific theory that states that random impulses come from the brainstem and trigger dreaming:

neural activation

The brain's adjusting to a drug which causes tolerance (need for more and more) is called:

neuroadaptation

A toddler who tries to play the piano while her older sister is playing is an example of this type of learning:

observational learning

B.F. Skinner's invented this from which he discovered learning schedules from the behavior of animals:

operant chamber

Which of the following are depressants? (Select all that apply)

opiates/opioids alcohol tranquilizers

Nancy cannot remember her new email password because she remembers her previous one too well. This is an example of ______________________ interference.

proactive

Each time a memory is accessed, it may be altered slightly which can lead to considerable changes over time. This is called:

reconsolidation

From the inside of a building, the perception of depth can be seen as things above one's line of sight (ceiling, etc.) appear to drop slightly as they get further away and those below the line of sight (floor, etc.) appear to rise in the same manner. This monocular cue for depth perception and distance is called:

relative height

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, this was the unconditioned response (UR) before conditioning, and after conditioning it was the conditioned response (CR):

salivation

Our brains are only able to consciously focus on a few relevant stimuli at once. So at any given time you are not aware of the pressure that your shoes are exerting on your feet (until someone points it out). This is called:

selective attention

Our vestibular sense, or sense of balance, is a combination of information coming from signals telling us where our body parts are and from the position of fluid in these inner-ear structures:

semicircular canals

Jamie enters a room with a strange smell. At first it bothers her, but because it is not dangerous or otherwise relevant, her brain quickly switches off her awareness of the smell and she doesn't notice it anymore. This is an example of:

sensory adaptation

In addition to the potential for a fatal overdose, use of Ecstasy can lead to damage to the ability to produce this neurotransmitter, leaving the user permanently depressed:

serotonin

Chris remembers a very traumatic injury he received during his early childhood. However, he isn't sure if he remembers the actual event or if he just heard about it from his parents. This is an example of:

source amnesia

Which of the following taste sensations helps protect us from consuming spoiled foods?

sourness

Rosalie uses a strategy that she learned in psychology called distributed practice by studying a difficult chapter in her medical anatomy class for a half hour each day for a week. Her friend Ben waits until the night before the quiz and studies for three and half hours. Though they may both end up with a score that reflects their knowledge, Rosalie will likely remember the materials longer than Ben. This is due to:

spacing effect

After losing the conditioned response (CR) of salivating to a tone, a dog hears a tone and suddenly salivates despite there being no food. This sudden reappearance of the lost conditioned response is called:

spontaneous recovery

Viktor knows that a sound is coming from behind him and to the left. This can be explained by ________

stereophonic hearing

Which of the following types of psychoactive drugs can be fatal in an overdose situation?

stimulants and depressants

After conditioning, Little Albert not only feared white rats but also white rabbits. This phenomenon is known as:

stimulus generalization

Mixing up of senses, such as experiencing colors when hearing tones is called:

synesthesia

The sense of pressure being applied to the skin is called:

tactile sense

A piano and a violin play the exact same note, but they still have a different quality to their sound. This difference in the amplitude of the overtones of the piano's and violin's notes that provides this distinction between the sounds of the instruments is called:

timbre

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the neutral stimulus (NS) was:

tone

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, this was the conditioned stimulus (CS):

tone