PSY 1513 Exam 2 Chapter 5-8 McMillian

The three basic types of learning are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and: A. Continual reinforcement B. Observational learning C. Stimulus response D. Instinctual learning

B. Observational learning

The two primary types of conditioning discussed in the textbook are _____ and _____. A. Conditioned; Unconditioned B. Operant; Classical C. Simulus; Response D. Positive; Negative

B. Operant; Classical

Even though Leon has memorized his parent's new phone number, he accidentally calls his parent's old number. This is an example of: A. Retroactive interference. B. Proactive interference. C. Suppression. D. Repression.

B. Proactive interference.

Which is NOT an example of a mental image? A. Text messaging on one's phone. B. Tasting a cup of coffee. C. Smelling a rose. D. Feeling a cold compress against one's skin.

A. Text messaging on one's phone.

Which would be the MOST accurate statement about Abraham Maslow's needs hierarchy? A. The idea of having to satisfy a need at one level before moving to the next has not stood up. B. It was based on large samples. C. The idea of satisfying a need at one level before moving to the next has stood up. D. It was based on empirical, validated research conducted by Abraham Maslow.

A. The idea of having to satisfy a need at one level before moving to the next has not stood up.

The textbook discusses the role of "entertainment" violence in aggressive behavior. Research in this area indicates that: A. The more a person is exposed to media violence, the greater the likelihood that the person will behave aggressively. B. Exposure to violent TV among children can reduce aggressive behavior. C. Exposure to violence does not impact aggressive behavior. D. Aggression is not punished in 90 percent of the violent scenes shown on television.

A. The more a person is exposed to media violence, the greater the likelihood that the person will behave aggressively.

Jamal has recently noticed that he does not have very much energy. At the clinic visit, the doctor tells Jamal that their blood sugar, or _____, is low. A. Insulin B. Glucose C. Leptin D. BMR

B. Glucose

The phenomenon in which behaviors are conditioned only some of the time, thus causing them to be more resistant to extinction, is known as: A. The partial reinforcement effect. B. The continuous reinforcement effect. C. Shaping. D. Discrimination.

A. The partial reinforcement effect

The heritability estimate, which would be used to analyze data collected on identical twins, fraternal twins, siblings, and unrelated individuals, involves calculating: A. The variation within each group that is due to heredity. B. The percentage of an individual's IQ score that is due to heredity. C. The percentage of an individual's IQ score that is due to the environment. D. The variation between groups that is due to heredity.

A. The variation within each group that is due to heredity.

The unpredictable nature of _____ produces high, steady rates of responding, but with few pauses between reinforcers. A. Variable-ratio schedules B. Fixed-interval schedules C. Continuous schedules D. Fixed-ratio schedules

A. Variable-ratio schedules

Which part of working memory helps you use your long-term memory of your house? A. Visuospatial sketchpad B. Phonological loop C. Central executive D. Short-term memory

A. Visuospatial sketchpad

Who would be MOST likely to propose that a person cut off from feeling physiological changes would NOT experience true emotions? A. William James B. Walter Cannon C. Charles Darwin D. Paul Ekman

A. William James

The reason people gain weight if their calorie intake exceeds the energy they are expending is that the size and number of body fat cells making up the _____ increase. A. Adipose tissue B. Glucose C. Insulin D. Ghrelin

A. Adipose tissue

_____ was the French psychologist who, along with French psychiatrist Théodore Simon, developed the first widely used intelligence test. A. Alfred Binet B. Charles Spearman C. David Wechsler D. Lewis Terman

A. Alfred Binet

The concept that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and certain responses is referred to in learning theory as: A. Biological preparedness. B. Learned helplessness. C. Learning styles. D. Higher order conditioning.

A. Biological preparedness

The desire to direct one's behavior toward demonstrations of ability and exercise of control in a situation is known as _____ motivation. A. Competence B Achievement C. Intrinsic D. Extrinsic

A. Competence

The _____ is the tendency to remember uncommon events that seem to confirm our beliefs and to forget events that disconfirm our beliefs. A. Fallacy of positive instances B. Overestimation effect C. Confirmation bias D. Belief-bias effect

A. Fallacy of positive instances

In a 10-year, longitudinal study, 3,000 participants were asked to describe how they learned of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001. Within the first year after the attack, participants rapidly forgot details but remained very confident about the accuracy of their memory. This pattern of forgetting accompanied by high levels of confidence in a memory's accuracy is typical of: A. Flashbulb memories. B. Procedural memories. C. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve. D. Implicit memories.

A. Flashbulb memories.

The three major categories of information stored in _____ memory are procedural, episodic, and semantic memory. A. Long-term B. Sensory C. Short-term D. Working

A. Long-term

Which of these is NOT a factor contributing to false memories? A. Long-term potentiation B. The misinformation effect C. Schema distortion D. Imagination inflation

A. Long-term potentiation

A(n) _____ refers to the brain changes associated with a particular stored memory. A. Memory trace B. Semantic network model C. Tip-of-the-tongue experience D. Episodic memory

A. Memory trace

The nonprofit group Population Communications International, basing its programming objectives on Bandura's observational learning paradigm, has developed "entertainment-education programs" designed to model better attitudes and behavior for youngsters. These highly popular dramas are likely designed to help the viewer do all of these EXCEPT: A. Reduce the likelihood of carrying out the behavior being modeled. B. Remember the modeled messages. C. Become involved and pay attention. D. Be motivated to change in line with the modeled behaviors.

A. Reduce the likelihood of carrying out the behavior being modeled.

Richard frequently forgot the password he needed to log into his computer. He posted a sticky note on the computer with a "clue" to his password so that he would remember it. Eventually, he could remember the password by simply thinking of the "clue." Now he no longer needs the sticky note. This is an example of a(n) _____ behavior. A. Observational B. Learned C. Unconditioned D. Reinforced

B. Learned

As Maria was putting down her purse after entering a dinner party, she was greeted by several people, so she wasn't paying attention to exactly where she put the purse down. Her divided attention at the time she set the purse down resulted in a cause of encoding failure called _____, which led to her not being able to find her purse a little later. A. False memory B. Absentmindedness C. Source amnesia D. Inattentional blindness

B. Absentmindedness

As part of his overall vocational assessment, Shankar took a test that measured his level of knowledge, skills, and accomplishments in particular areas, such as mathematics and writing ability. Shankar took a(n): A. Aptitude test. B. Achievement test. C. Intelligence test. D. Stanford-Binet intelligence test.

B. Achievement test.

Your brother enthusiastically tells you that he has decided to enter a marathon. To prepare, he has decided to run every morning. This initiation or production of behavior associated with motivation is also known as: A. Intensity. B. Activation. C. Drive. D. Persistence.

B. Activation.

The psychologist who coined the term stereotype threat is: A. Alfred Binet. B. Claude Steele. C. Howard Gardner. D. David Wechsler.

B. Claude Steele.

A _____ is a mental category of objects or ideas based on properties that they share. A. Cognition B. Concept C. Mental image D. Prototype

B. Concept

The tendency to search for information that validates a belief while making little to no effort to search for information that might disprove that belief is called: A. The belief-bias effect. B. Confirmation bias. C. The representativeness heuristic. D. The availability heuristic.

B. Confirmation bias.

The _____ effect is the tendency to remember information more easily when retrieval occurs in the same setting in which you originally learned the information. A. Mood congruence B. Context C. Serial Recall D. Serial position

B. Context

It is nearly noon, and Jan is very hungry. She takes out her sandwich and eats until she is no longer hungry. Which theory would support that Jan's eating is motivated by her desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs? A. Incentive theory B. Drive theory C. Sensation seeking theory D. Arousal theory

B. Drive theory

Which type of memory involves a brief but intense feeling of familiarity in a new situation? A. Suppression B. Déjà vu C. Repression D. Decay

B. Déjà vu

The reason students may perceive an essay test as being "more difficult" than a multiple-choice test is probably that an essay relies on the ability to use _____ without any retrieval cues, while the multiple-choice test measures _____. A. Implicit memory; explicit memory B. Recall; recognition C. Recognition; recall D. Explicit memory; implicit memory

B. Recall; recognition

Which statement is TRUE, according to the Focus on Neuroscience box? A. Most memories are simplistic and involve basic sensory information. B. Retrieving a memory activates a subset of the same brain areas that are involved in perceiving a sensory stimulus. C. Memories usually only involve emotions rather than sensory details. D. A large body of evidence explains how neural records are bound together to form memories.

B. Retrieving a memory activates a subset of the same brain areas that are involved in perceiving a sensory stimulus.

Eugene believes that, at this point in his life, he is fully using his talents, capacities, and potentialities. According to Abraham Maslow, Eugene is at the level of: A. Esteem needs. B. Self-actualization. C. Belongingness and love needs. D. Safety.

B. Self-actualization

Rhea feels comfortable speaking in front of others, so when her biology lab team asks her to represent their findings to the class, Rhea quickly says "Yes." Her confidence in her ability to effectively present their findings to the class is what Bandura calls: A. Self-actualization. B. Self-efficacy. C. Self-determination. D. Self-esteem.

B. Self-efficacy.

According to the Science Versus Pseudoscience box, which statement is TRUE regarding theories of learning styles? A. Evidence shows that students learn more when educational content is presented in their identified learning styles. B. Students differ in their learning preferences and cognitive abilities. C. Learning styles help students avoid self-limiting behaviors. D. Identifying learning preferences helps teachers diversify their instructional efforts.

B. Students differ in their learning preferences and cognitive abilities.

At what age do infants generally begin to "coo" and repeat vowel sounds? A. One month B. Two months C. Five months D. Six months

B. Two months

There have been numerous attempts to disprove the James-Lange theory. One of these, the theory proposed by _____, pointed out that body reactions are similar for many emotions, yet our subjective experience of various emotions is very different. A. Charles Darwin B. Walter Cannon C. Edward Deci D. Paul Ekman

B. Walter Cannon

According to Paul Ekman, who has studied the range of facial expressions in humans, the human face is capable of creating approximately _____ different expressions. A. 500 B. 2,000 C. 7,000 D. 20,000

C. 7,000

_____ developed a model of human motivation that proposed that people are motivated to satisfy their needs first at the physiological level, and then emerge up into "higher" psychological needs. A. William James B. Charles Darwin C. Abraham Maslow D. Richard Ryan

C. Abraham Maslow

David McClelland and his colleagues were best known for their contributions to _____ motivation theory. A. Intrinsic B. Extrinsic C. Achievement D. Competence

C. Achievement

The desire to direct one's behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task is known as _____ motivation. A. Competence B. Intrinsic C. Achievement D. Extrinsic

C. Achievement

While hiking, Shiloh comes across a rattlesnake in her path. Startled, Shiloh lets out an involuntary scream as she backs to safety. It is likely that the _____ has been activated in her brain, given its role in the emotional response of fear in humans. A. Cerebral cortex B. Thalamus C. Amygdala D. Visual cortex

C. Amygdala

Camilla is three years old. She is asked which letter of the alphabet comes before G. In order to answer the question, she recites the alphabet from the beginning until she arrives at the solution. Camilla is using _____ to solve the problem. A. Trial and error B. Insight C. An algorithm D. A heuristic

C. An algorithm

Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll experiment" revealed that behaviors: A. Are not influenced by observation as much as they were once thought to be. B. Are mostly acquired through operant conditioning. C. Can be acquired simply by observing someone else perform those behaviors. D. Are mostly acquired through classical conditioning.

C. Can be acquired simply by observing someone else perform those behaviors.

Habitual coffee drinkers often acquire a classically conditioned response to the smell, sight, or taste of coffee. Even after drinking a cup or two of decaffeinated coffee, which is obviously missing the active ingredient of caffeine, they experience increased arousal and alertness. In this example, the smell, taste, and sight of the decaffeinated coffee is the _____, and the response to it is called _____. A. Unconditioned stimulus; a placebo response B. Conditioned stimulus; stimulus generalization C. Conditioned stimulus; a conditioned response D. Unconditioned stimulus; stimulus generalization

C. Conditioned stimulus; conditioned response.

Which statement can be made about the representativeness heuristic? A. It almost always leads to accurate estimates. B. It is not contingent on one's prototype of an event. C. It can lead to faulty estimates and judgments. D. It is most likely to be used when a person relies on the information held in short-term memory.

C. It can lead to faulty estimates and judgments.

As a result of the research conducted by Robert Rescorla and his colleagues, the modern understanding of how learning occurs in classical conditioning differs from that developed by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson in its emphasis on the role of the conditioned stimulus in _____ the unconditioned stimulus. A. Consistently following B. Resembling C. Reliably predicting D. Repeating

C. Reliable predicting

The inability to remember some or all of one's past is to _____ as the inability to form new memories is to _____. A. Memory decay; memory consolidation B. Memory consolidation; memory decay C. Retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia D. Anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia

C. Retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia

People who have a high level of _____ have a need for varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences. A. Incentive B. Motivation C. Sensation seeking D. Arousal

C. Sensation seeking

Zina enjoys reading in her spare time and is an avid runner. In general, she is orderly, neat, quiet, and shy. Given this description, most people would think that she is a librarian rather than a real estate agent. This tendency to classify Zina as a librarian illustrates the influence of: A. The availability heuristic. B. Belief bias. C. The representativeness heuristic. D. The elimination-by-aspects strategy.

C. The representativeness heuristic.

Education-entertainment programs are designed to: A. Meet a variety of learning needs for many different learning styles. B. Fulfill optimal conditions for observational learning to occur. C. Thwart the effects of violence in other media. D. Gamify emotionally intense or complex content.

C. Thwart the effect of violence in other media

Psychologist Robert A. Rescorla's contribution to the study of classical conditioning involved his insight that for learning to occur, the _____ stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the presentations of the _____ stimulus. A. Punished; reinforced B. Reinforced; punished C. Unconditioned; conditioned D. Conditioned; unconditioned

D. Conditioned; Unconditioned

When Adrian took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) test, one aspect of his general cognitive ability that is NOT likely to have been measured is his: A. Linguistic ability. B. Problem-solving ability. C. General knowledge. D. Creativity.

D. Creativity

Researchers Melissa Kearney and Phillip Levine (2014) documented _____ in areas where viewership of 16 and Pregnant was highest. A. Increased teen birth rates B. Increased acceptance of teen births C. Decreased acceptance of teen births D. Decreased teen birth rates

D. Decreased teen birth rates.

During your phone conversation with a friend, she tells you about an experience she had with her supervisor at work. She says, "I was so angry, but I didn't let it show on my face." Your friend has abided by the social regulations governing emotional expression, which are called: A. Basic emotional rules. B. Interpersonal engagements. C. Anthropomorphisms. D. Display rules.

D. Display rules.

According to work by _____ on the validity of eyewitness testimony, the details of eyewitness memories are prone to errors and distortions. A. Suzanne Corkin B. Hermann Ebbinghaus C. Karl Lashley D. Elizabeth Loftus

D. Elizabeth Loftus

Ivan used classical conditioning to train his pet beagle, Watson, to drool every time the doorbell rang. After a few weeks, he got tired of mopping up the puddle of drool by his front door, so he repeatedly rang the doorbell without pairing the sound with food. Eventually, the process of _____ occurred, and Watson stopped drooling every time the doorbell rang. A. Learned helplessness B. Stimulus discrimination C. Instinctive drift D. Extinction

D. Extinction

The notion that one aspect of intelligence is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability is also known as: A. Spatial intelligence. B The intelligence quotient (IQ). C. Mental age. D. General intelligence (g factor).

D. General intelligence (g factor).

Food, water, and other biological necessities are considered: A. Punishment. B. Conditioned reinforcers. C. Positive punishment. D. Primary reinforcers.

D. Primary reinforcers.

An organized cluster of information about a particular topic is known as a(n): A. Interference. B. Memory distortion. C. False memory. D. Schema.

D. Schema.

The "workshop" of memory is also known as _____ memory. A. Long-term B. Semantic C. Sensory D. Short-term

D. Short-term

According to your text, which statement reflects the research on the relationship between the dopamine reward system and obesity? A. Researchers have only found such a relationship in animals. B. Researchers are not interested in the relationship between the dopamine reward system and obesity. C. There is no relationship between the dopamine reward system and obesity. D. There is a relationship between the dopamine reward system and obesity.

D. There is a relationship between the dopamine reward system and obesity.

To keep her young daughter Clare from touching a hot stove, Felicia startles Clare by clapping aloud every time Clare comes near the stove. Now, every time Clare notices she is too near the stove, she quickly moves away. According to the classical conditioning paradigm, the neutral stimulus in this scenario is the _____, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____, and the conditioned response is the _____. A. stove; moving away from the stove; loud hand clap B. loud hand clap; moving away from the stove; stove C. moving away from the stove; stove; loud hand clap D. stove; loud hand clap; moving away from the stove

D. stove; loud hand clap; moving away from the stove.