PSY 302- Exam 2

Demandingness- Control

--How much control over decisions lies with parents

instrumental or relational aggression

-a type of aggressive behavior in which the aggressor pre-plans the way in which he or she will perform an aggressive behavior towards another. These aggressive behaviors are thought-out before they occur. -intentional and planned out before --Ex. Hiring a hit man to take out your competition --Girls are more likely to display relational aggression (causing harm to someone's relationships or social status)

Two dimensions of parenting

1) Parental Acceptance- Responsiveness 2) Demandingness- Control

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled:

A crowd

Adolescents report an increase in their mood during what part of the week?

As the weekend approaches

Secondary School

Education beyond the elementary years; usually inclusive of 6th to 12th grades, or junior and senior high school

Age Grading

Grouping students by age in school

Tracking

Using academic ability to separate students into different classrooms within the same school or ability grouping

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

age grading

A theoretical framework which says that families are interconnected units in which every member influences one another is called:

family systems theory

Today, people go through ______ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in _____ puberty longer

puberty; school

Adolescents and parents are likely to agree more often on matters concerning ______ and less likely to agree on matters concerning ______.

religion; clothing

Which style of parenting is adult-centered, rigid, exhibits strict rules and expectations, expects complete obedience, with little warmth or communication?

Authoritarian

Self-fulling prophecy

having an expectation about people or circumstances in which the feedback between beliefs and behavior will lead to the belief becoming true.

Perceived Popularity

status, could belong to many clubs, could be popular for the wrong reasons -a type of popularity which refers to the status of an individual

Trends in the U.S.

-There are more single-parent families now than at any time in our history. -Many parents are unmarried (40.2%). -About 40 - 50% of all marriages end in divorce. -There has been a decline in the rate of marriages. -The age at which males and females have chosen to enter marriage has also gone up. --More postponed marriages: •1960: 20 Women; 23 Men •1980: 22 Women; 25 Men •2011: 26 Women; 29 Men •2015: 27 Women; 29 Men --Fewer children --More working mothers •1950: 12% •2011: 64%

Sociometric Methods

A method of research in which every member of a group evaluates every other member of the group

Mainstreamed

Integration of unique students into regular classrooms

The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of:

the Industrial Revolution

Classroom Climate

The feeling imparted by the elements of a classroom which can include the interaction between students and the teacher, the way that time is used, and the orientation and setup of the room.

Immigration

The movement of people from one country to reside in another country in which they do not have citizenship

Hostile attribution bias

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile -occurs when a person attributes negative emotions or meanings to interactions which did not have a hostile intent. --Ex. Walking down a busy hallway

Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25- year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood", which is characterized by all but which of the following?

the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:

the youth culture

Sociometric Popularity

well-liked by many -a type of popularity which refers to how much people are well liked by others

In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?

whether they owned property

During the industrial revolution, child protectionist argued that:

young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good

The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called:

social redefinition

Authoritarian parents stress the importance of:

Obedience and respect for authority

Changes in social definition will likely have profound effects on developments in the domains of:

intimacy, autonomy, achievement, and identity

Authoritative Parents

A parenting style in which the parents include the children in making decisions, have high expectations, yet are supportive and loving

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents.

more; than

What theoretical framework do researchers use to study families?

--Adolescence is a period of change and reorganization in family relationships --Family systems theory -Family change is most dramatic during times when family members or the family's circumstances are changing, because the family's equilibrium is upset.

The Elongation of Adolescence

--Adolescence lasts longer today than ever before --Starts puberty earlier and enter into adult roles of work and family later --Experts define adolescences as beginning in biology and ending in marriage, culturally defined concept --To measure whether adolescence has actually gotten longer: menstruation to marriage (easy to track dates) -Mid-1800s: 5 years between menarche and marriage (15-20) -1900s: 7 years (15-22) -1950s: 7 years (13-20) -2010s: 15 years (about 11-26)

Child Protectionists

--Argued that adolescents should be kept out of the labor forces --Formal schooling is lengthened. New terminology: Teenager (appeared 70 years ago), Youth (18-22), Emerging Adulthood (18-25) -Two factors worked together to get adolescents out of factory labor jobs: 1. Child protectionist workers argued that factory labor conditions were unsafe for adolescents and they should be kept out of the labor force. 2. Many argued that adolescents could be kept out of these working conditions by making secondary school mandatory. -With the birth of secondary school, society began to change in many ways. Media and culture began to focus their attention on this newly created sub-population.

Adolescents' Relationships with Siblings

--As children mature from childhood to early adolescence sibling conflict increases. --Over the course of adolescence, sibling relationships become: more equal, more distant, less emotionally intense. --Quality of sibling relationships are affected by quality of parent-child relationship. --Quality of adolescent-sibling relationship affect adolescent's relationships with peers --Adolescents behave in a more egalitarian way towards siblings; (a belief that all humans are equal; believing that your siblings are equal to you).

Mood Across the Weeks

--As the weekend approaches, adolescents anticipate spending more time with their friends -The activities that these adolescents engage in together rarely involve adults. --Mood rises as the weekend approaches. What are other factors that may contribute to rising mood?

Siblings

--Behavioral genetics asks to what extent a given trait is genetically vs. environmentally determined. --Interaction between genes and environments --Sibling and twin studies are often conducted in order to address these types of questions. --Contributions of three factors to individual differences: -Genes -Shared Environmental Experiences -Common experiences that make them similar -Non-shared environmental experiences -Experiences unique to the individual, not shared by others in family - It is important to keep in mind that even in the shared environmental experience example, the siblings cannot have the exact same memory of the event. Their perceptions of the event will be different. Thus, these three factors help to explain how siblings can seem to be so different, even if they are raised in the same home.

Consequences of Rejection

--Being unpopular has negative consequences for an adolescent's mental health and psychological development: -Depression -Behavior Problems -Academic Difficulties --Consequences might differ for rejected youth who are aggressive versus those who are withdrawn. --Those who are both aggressive and withdrawn are at the greatest risk. -The few times that these adolescents interact with others is in an aggressive manner (otherwise they are withdrawn)

Aggression and Social Status

--Boys are more likely to engage in physical aggression --Both types of aggression can affect popularity

Permissive Parenting

--Child-centered; relatively few rules and make relatively few demands; rarely exert control over their behaviors --Indulgent (give kids what they want), encourages children to express their feelings and impulses; no limits or restraints -High in acceptance, support, and warmth, and but low in control and how many demands are made of their children. These parents do not have many expectations of their children's behaviors, and they rarely punish behaviors that seem inappropriate to them or to others.

Popularity and Rejection in Adolescent Peer Groups

--Determinants of popularity and rejection -Popular adolescents are more socially skilled then unpopular peers. -In order to gather data on popularity, a researcher might ask students in a classroom about sociometric popularity. --Two forms of popularity: -Sociometric Popularity refers to how well-like someone is -Perceived Popularity refers to how much status, or prestige, someone has. --This does not mean well liked.

The Family as a System within Systems

--Difficult to define family to describe across all cultures and eras. Proponents of family systems theory conceptualize family as a system --Family Systems Theory: Every person affects the other people

Changing Social Networks

--Dunphy: how peer-group structures change during adolescence -Late childhood: same-sex groups -Boy and girl cliques begin to interact -By age 11 or 12: popular boys and girls form mixed-sex cliques --Clique: small, core groups of friends (fewer than 10) -Crowds then form --Crowd: larger than a clique; mix of members of other cliques. -Late high school: crowds lessen as couples form -Throughout most of childhood, same sex groups of children will play together. As middle school approaches, it becomes more common to find that boys and girls will begin to spend time in cliques with one another.

The Origins of Adolescent Peer Groups in Contemporary Society

--Educational origins peer groups: --Age grading in public schools→ huge impact on social life of adolescents. --Grouping students by age in school --Changes in size of youth population --Baby Boom (1946-64) created an "adolescent boom" in 1960s and 1970s --Adolescents→ 10% of U.S. population (1975) --Today, 1 in 7 people→ adolescent (13%)

Emerging Adulthood: A New Stage of Life or a Luxury of the Middle Class?

--Emerging Adulthood if Jeffery Arnett's term for ages 18-25, caught between adolescence and adulthood, characterized by: -Exploration of identities before making enduring choices -Instability in work, romantic relationships, and living arrangements -A focus on independent functioning -Feeling caught between adolescences and adulthood -The sense that life holds many possibilities -Individuals in the group emerging adulthood may find that they have not made a committed decision to work, life, or family roles. They may be struggling to find their niche in life but may also feel that there are many possibilities for them as they move forward. --Emerging adulthood does not exist in all cultures. --Emerging adulthood can be found in these developed countries (U.S., Canada, Japan)

Has the youth culture harmed adolescents?

--Even though society becomes increasingly age segregated, rates of adolescent problem behaviors fluctuate over the past three decades. --But, age segregation not the true cause. --How do we know? Because as age segregation increases, youth problems have gone down. --Adolescents exert both + and - influences on each other.

Parental Acceptance- Responsiveness

--Extent to which parents are warm, supportive, sensitive to their children needs

Socioeconomic Circumstances or Status

A person's socioeconomic status consists of their level of income, the family's education levels and occupation status, as well as a measure of the family's social status relative to others.

Authoritative Parenting

--Flexible; demanding and exert control; sensitive to their children --Consistent; explain rules; involves kids in family decisions; communicate respect for child -High in demands and expectations, and are also high in warmth, support, and love. -They do not set impossible goals for their children. These parents also recognize that children may need guidance to accomplish goals, however, they do not do the work for the child. Instead, these parents recognize that working towards a goal is an opportunity for a child to learn and to gain new skills.

Friendships

--Friendships change with age -Early childhood -Enjoyment of common activities --Late childhood -Mutual loyalty and caring --Adolescence -Intimacy and self-disclosure

Peer groups

--Groups of people who are roughly the same age --Intro of formal schooling; both parents working; adolescents spend more time with peers --Modernization has led to more age segregation (people of the same age spending more time together) --Over half of American adolescents' waking hours are spent with peers. --15% of waking hours are spend with adults (13% parents). --Adolescents' moods are most positive when they are with friends.

Neglectful Parenting

--Hostile and rejecting or indifferent --Little affection; fail to set limits on behavior; often ignores all behavior -Low in warmth, support, and acceptance, and also low in the amount of control that they exert over their child's behavior. -These parents often show indifference toward any of their child's behavior, whether the behavior is acceptable or not. These parents are often so focused on their own issues, that they do not notice the child.

Once social redefinition occurs, a person may experience change in:

--Identity: attainment of adult status causes adolescents to feel more mature and to think more seriously about future work and family roles --Autonomy: adult status leads to shifts in responsibility, independence, and freedom --Intimacy, dating, and marriage: need for new decisions about sexual activity --Achievement: becoming a full-time employee; leave school of their own volition

Changes in Peer Groups

--Intermingling of boys' and girls' peer groups increases during early adolescence, but it starts first among physically attractive adolescents, who often are clique leaders. -Number of interactions with other- sex peer groups. -Good looking adolescents were more likely to integrate with the opposite sex; probably because those ranked as attractive hold high status amongst peer/confidence. --One reason that some adolescents might begin to break free from their same-sex cliques and venture out to socialize with adolescents of the opposite sex, could be because of their attractiveness rating.

Social Reform: Past and Present

--No Child Left Behind -No Child Left Behind: Mandates all states ensure that all students, regardless of economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency on standardized annual tests. -Schools that repeatedly fail face losing funding, being forced to close --Addresses problems of social promotion: moving a student up a grade even if they aren't able to perform at that level academically -Advancing students regardless of their academic competence or performance

Problems with No Child Left Behind

--Not enough resources --Teaching to the test -Subjects not on the test at risk for being cut --Because a subject isn't on the test (current events, critical thinking), teachers don't want to waste valuable time on it that -No common set of standards --"Gaming the system" -Encouraging poor-performing students to be absent on testing days -Reporting school-wide average scores without revealing the huge gaps between low- and high- performing students -Pushing low-achieving students out of school --If you teach the high achieving students to make sure they pull the scores up, the low-achieving kids will eventually drop out or change schools.

No Child Left Behind Today

--Obama administration attempted to fix many of the initial problems, -Stressed the need to have high standards for all students. -Stressed the need for a common set of standards across all 50 states -"Race to the Top" -Schools encouraged to develop better ways of evaluating teachers, helping teachers to improve their classroom skills, and replacing poor teachers with better ones --Race to the Top: Schools were encouraged to experiment with teaching techniques in order to raise student achievement

Authoritarian Parenting

--Parents impose many rules; expect strict obedience --Rarely explain why the child should follow rules, often use physical punishment -High in demandingness and control, and low in warmth and support. Parents who fall into this parenting style often used physical punishment as a means to attempt to control their child's behavior. -"Do it because I said so!" -Do not show much warmth, and also have high expectations for behavior.

The Adolescent's Parents at Midlife

--Parents of adolescents --Increased concern about bodies, physical attractiveness, and sexual appeal --Midlife crisis (most are in 40s) --Nearly 2/3 of mothers and fathers describe adolescence as the most difficult stage of parenting --Empty nest: parents react more positively than negatively to children leaving --Fewer roles and responsibilities --Less strain and stress -Opportunity to focus on their marital relationship --Evidence they have done their job as parents -The adolescent's parents may be also undergoing a transition in life while the adolescent is experiencing a transition from childhood into emerging adulthood. For the parents of the adolescents, their adolescent's transition may coincide with concerns about their own bodies, including physical attractiveness and sexual appeal. At the same time in life that adolescents are labeled by society as the most attractive, the parents of the adolescent may be feeling that their own attractiveness is slipping away.

Is There a Separate Youth Culture?

--Some believe age segregation has led to a separate youth culture. -Starts in school --Popularity is based on: -Physical attractiveness -Athletic ability -Money -Tension among crowds in school based on ethnicity & social class. --Negative effects on adolescents --Young people maintain attitudes/values different from society --Age segregation→ adolescents being alienated from adult values. --Others believe that industrialization and modernization have more peer groups more important. --Adults alone no longer adequately prepare youth for the future. --Peer groups are vital socializing agents.

Secondary Education (High School)

--The proportion of male and female adolescents in selected countries who are enrolled in secondary school. --The proportion of the 14- to 17- year-old population enrolled in school increased dramatically between 1910 and 1940, continued to increased until 1970, and then leveled off. -1900: only 10% of individuals are in school -95%

Changes in the Size of the Youth Population

--The proportion of the population that is adolescent varies around the world- highest in developing countries, and lowest in highly industrialized countries, like Japan. --One reason the proportion...

The Origins of Secondary Education

--The rise in secondary education in America was the result of several historical and social trends that converged at the turn of the twentieth century: -Industrialization (Machines needed to be operated by adults) -Urbanization (Education was seen as a way to improve the lives --Immigration (Americanization: foreign-born immigrants could be socialized in the American way of life) -These three factors influenced the rise of secondary education, and the course of adolescent development in our country. -Before compulsory secondary education, high schools were for the elite. --By 1920s, educators called for curricular reform to match changes in social composition of schools. -Focus on intellectual training- training students for life in our modern society. -New focus on preparing youth for life in modern society (roles of work and citizenship) --Comprehensive high school -General education, college preparation, and vocational education all housed under one roof. --1920s & currently; other countries separate college-bound from non-college-bound

Change in adolescence

--The term "adolescence" was not used until the 19th century --Before this, the distinction between child and adult was whether or not you owned land --The change from agrarian society: to an industrial society required that people gain different knowledge --Machines were replacing workers; shortages of jobs; adolescents compete with adults for jobs; remove adolescents from labor forces by making them students

Victimization and Harassment

--Unpopular youth may lack the social skills and social understanding necessary to be popular with peers. -Easy targets for bullying -Creates a cycle of teasing, feeling less socially adept, leading to more bullying -Blame themselves for their victimization --Victimization can lead to lower earnings as an adult because of the cyclical nature of bullying. --Peer harassment can be experienced -Directly (as a victim) -Indirectly (witnessing someone else be victimized) --These two different experiences of victimization can have similar and dissimilar effects. --Adolescents who come from less affluent families are more likely to be bullied. --Prevalence of bullying is higher in schools and countries with greater income inequality. --Bullying is more prevalent in countries with greater income inequality. -It is more acceptable for the strong to victimize the weak in countries where having a wide gap between the economically "strong" and "weak" is also more widely tolerated. --Cyberbullying (bullying that occurs over the Internet or via cell phpones): -Less common than in-person harassment -Approximately 15% of adolescents have participated in or have experienced cyberbullying. --Types of bullying are correlated -Victims of traditional bullying -Perpetrators of traditional bullying also engage in cyberbullying.

Is conflict between adolescents and parents inevitable?

--Very little emotional distance between parent and adolescents (unlike stereotypes) --Most teens: feel close to parents, respect parents' judgment, feel loved by parents, respect parents as individuals -When adolescents and parents argue, they have conflicts over mundane issues such as the adolescent's preference for music, the kind of clothing that the adolescent is wearing, and the way the adolescent is spending his or her time. -Parents and adolescents are less likely to argue about big issues, such as religion, careers, moral choices, or education. This is likely because parents have passed their own beliefs on to their children. Adolescents are more likely to disagree with their peers on matters concerning moral issues. --Popular advice for parents of teens: emphasizes non-normative development, stereotypes of strained relationships; these types of popular media reinforce the idea of adolescence being a time of difficulty. --Conflicts is more frequent in White families than in ethnic minority families. --Topics are the SAME, but the frequency of arguments is higher in white families.

Social Reform

--Who influences what is being taught in schools? --Adults. Adults want adolescents to change -Politicians decide that schools should offer more science and math because US lost its scientific edge to Soviet Union -Adults make policies for what will be taught in schools. Politicians make these policies often based on what the goals are for the country. -One example of school reform policy based on the goals of the country can be found in the race to space between the Soviet Union and the United States. This occurred in the 1950s when the United States wanted to gain a scientific edge over the Soviet Union in order to have the first man to land on the moon. -As a result, policy makers in the United States felt that we needed to spend more time teaching math and science in our schools so that we could raise generations of people who would be more prepared to take on such challenges as getting to the moon. School reform included an emphasis on science and math, and curriculum that centered around the events that were occurring in the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Middle Class vs. Upper Class Parents

--Working-class parents tend to stress obedience and respect for authority --Explanations for different parenting styles: --Financial stress (lack of money creates stress which leads to strained relationships) --Resource Investment (Low SES parents have fewer resources to invest in their kids' development) --Socialization goals (High SES--> foster initiative because this counts for business execs; low SES foster obedience to authority) -In families with a high socioeconomic status, parents tend to encourage creativity and resourcefulness. This may be because these parents, value these behaviors themselves. -In families that have a low socioeconomic status, obedience to authority is valued. These parents often themselves hold jobs where they have a superior overseeing their work and have learned to work under an authority figure.

Family Systems Theory

-A theoretical framework which says that families are interconnected units in which every member influences one another --Dynamic --Self-organizing system that adapts itself to change --Embedded in and interacts with larger social systems neighborhood, community --In the past, researchers did not examine the entire family system. They focused on the mother-child relationship. The assumption was that this relationship was the only interesting one when considering the development of the child. - In this theory, no single member operates on its own, rather, each member influences every other member. When one member is experiencing a crisis, the stress that is felt by that family member will be felt by the other family members as well.

No Child Left Behind

A school reform policy enacted by President Bush in 2002, which mandated that students should achieve a specified standardized test level or schools would face closure

Social Redefinition

-A way in which society designates people into categories -Each time that you reach a milestone in your life, society redefines you into a new category. --The process through which an individual's position or status is redefined by society --Adolescence is a period of social transition -The individual comes to be recognized as an adult --Ex) 16- Drive; 21- Drink; Bat Mitzvah; Quinceanera; Coming out parties

Inventionists

-Believe that adolescence is a result of the views of society. -Argue that adolescence exists because society imposes certain boundaries on this group of individuals. -A person who argues that the period of life called "adolescence" is the result of the way society treats individuals, and not a result of biological change --Argue that adolescence, as a period of the life cycle, is mainly a social invention --Adolescence is defined primarily by the ways in which society recognizes (or does not recognize) the period as distinct from childhood to adulthood --Problems experienced during adolescence may be due to society's definition of adolescence, not cognitive and biological changes --Contradicts G. Stanley Hall's view on adolescent development (driven by puberty) --The fact that we created boundaries (age to vote) created adolescents

When Students Drop Out

-Dropout rates across the United States varies according to state. By region, the highest amount of dropout rates is in the southern states. In fact, this region is often called the "Southern dropout Belt". -Some reasons that students report dropping out of school are that they do not feel a sense of belonging to their school. A sense of belonging can be achieved by helping a child to feel a sense of comradery with their school mates and a sense of responsibility to the groups in which they belong in the school.

How do we encourage students to feel a sense of belonging and responsibility to their schools?

-It is difficult to impart a feeling of belonging in schools that are very large. In schools that have over 900 students, the students can often feel like observers rather than participants in the school's activities. -Some schools with a student population higher than 900 have administrators who have created subdivisions within the schools. These subdivisions are smaller "schools" within the larger school. -In small schools (fewer than 600 students), the amount and variation of resources that are available to larger schools are not considerations fro schools with small populations. However, in small schools, student achievement can be higher because of the intimate feeling that can be created between the teachers and the students. Another positive aspect of small schools is that there is a higher probability of a student being involved in extracurricular activities.

Students at the extremes: gifted and disabled

-Students who are highly gifted include those that have an IQ of 130 or higher on standardized intelligence tests. Students who are learning disabled are those who have difficulties with some aspect of academics, but the problem is not due to an emotional problem. When considering whether tracking is beneficial for gifted and disabled students, parents of gifted students tend to support tracking, while parents of students who are learning disabled tend to oppose tracking. The support or lack of support from parents rests on the idea that there seem to be more positive effects with tracking for students who are gifted than students who are learning disabled.

Tracking or Ability Grouping

-Tracking, or ability grouping is a method which is sometimes employed in schools in order to keep students of similar academic abilities grouped together. -Proponents of this method argue that keeping students of similar abilities in the same classroom allows the teachers to specialize the lessons to fit the students' specific needs; whether it be extra help with a portion of the lessons that the students are struggling with in the case of low-achieving students, or developing lessons to challenge especially bright students who are at the upper end of the learning spectrum.

What about antisocial adolescents?

-When adolescents are identified as antisocial, sometimes adults want to help them by creating support groups for them. These support groups, often include intervention methods which are meant to help adolescents function in society in a more typical manner. --Group-based interventions for antisocial teens --Iatrogenic Effects- undesirable consequences of well-intentioned treatments (consequence we do not intent) -Ex) Group-based interventions allowing antisocial teens to get ideas about delinquency from other antisocial teens (teach each other to be effective delinquents).

The Organization of Schools

-While some studies find that the number of children in a classroom does matter for student achievement, many others find that there is no relationship between the number of students in a classroom and student achievement scores. -Policy makers who interpret the studies that have been conducted on this topic concluded that the number of students must always be kept to a minimum in order to achieve the highest learning outcomes for all grades. -For the elementary grades, the fewer the students in the classroom, the better the students performed. For secondary school, the number of students in the classroom was not predictive of the student's learning outcome. -Effective classroom time usage should concentrate on spending more time on feedback and praise, and less time on discipline and setting up equipment such as is needed for videos.

Reactive Aggression

-a type of aggressive behavior in which one person impulsively behaves in an aggressive way towards another person. -automatically reacting aggressively to any perceived provocation

Why Are Siblings So Different?

-siblings may have very different family experiences: treated differently by parents, perceive similar experiences in different ways -unequal treatment often creates conflict among siblings, but most (75%) treatment is not differential -if all siblings are treated well, research shows that differential treatment can actually be a good thing: leads to siblings getting along better, less sibling rivalry -sibling deidentification: trying to distinguish self from sibling can also diminish feelings of competition

Race to the Top

A school reform policy enacted by President Obama in which schools were challenged to set higher standards and meet standardized testing goals

Types of Schools

1. Charter School- a school that is funded by public funds, but is different from a regular public school because it is given more freedom in how it is operated in exchange for the promise of higher performance outcomes from the teachers and students. These schools often have a specialty "track" (a science emphasis or an arts emphasis) at the school in which the students complete extra course work in the specific specialty. 2. Private School- these schools are not publicly funded. Instead, they receive their funds privately, from donors or from tuition and fees. These schools may follow a curriculum which emphasizes a specific religious belief or academic talent.

3 Types of Unpopular Adolescents

1.Those who have problems controlling aggression ("reactive" aggression) --Fights with other students, bullies other 2.Withdrawn --Exceedingly shy, anxious, and inhibited --Victims of bullying 3.Aggressive and withdrawn --Hostile, but nervous about initiating friendships

About what percentage of an adolescent's waking hours are spent with their parents?

13-15%

Common Core

A set of standards in English language arts and mathematics that schools across the country would be expected to use to evaluate whether their students were learning what they ought to learn in each grade -Controversial because not all states have signed on to this plan

Urbanization

A shift in society in which the people live in more populated areas as opposed to rural areas

Cliques

A small group of individuals, usually fewer than 10, who spend time together sharing a common activity

Agrarian Society

A society in which farming is the primary source of income and sustenance

Industrial Society

A society in which the production of goods is the major source of revenue for the people

Emerging Adulthood

A term that social scientist Jeffrey Arnett used to describe people in the 18-25 year age range who are in between adolescence and adulthood

Industrialization

A transformation of a society from an agrarian (farming) society into one which is focused on manufacturing, factories, and industry.

Iatrogenic Effects

Ab unintended condition that occurs as the result of a treatment

Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true?

Adolescence is mainly a social invention

Parents who give rules without explanations, use punishment, and have high expectations but show little warmth are which parenting style?

Authoritarian

A classroom with a positive climate includes a teacher who has this type of parenting style:

Authoritative

____________parents strive to raise a child who is self-reliant, with a strong sense of initiative.

Authoritative

Sleeper Effects

Effects which may not manifest in a child's development until time has passed after a divorce

One reason that parents may behave according to one parenting style over another is because parents may have careers in which they must use their own ingenuity to be leaders of their chosen careers. In this case, these parents are likely to:

Encourage creativity and resourcefulness in their children

Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use.

Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades.

Shared Environmental Experiences

Experiences that are common, or experiences by both individuals, and are considered to contribute to making the siblings similar

Non-Shared Environmental Experiences

Experiences that are not common, or are not experienced by anyone else in the family, and contribute to making the sibling dissimilar

A theoretical framework which says that families are interconnected units in which every member influences one another is called:

Family system theory

In chapter 5 of the ebook, we read that divorce "interrupts the primary bonds with the parents." What was one example of interruption in the primary bonds between Gil and his parents from chapter 3 of David Schel's "Without a Chair"?

Gil's father left the house and went to live with his new family. Gil's father neglected to spend time with him.

School Vouchers

Government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuitions

Permissive Parents:

Have no limits or restraints on children's behavior, are indulgent, and have few rules.

The number of single-parent households in American has _______ in recent years.

Increased

Three events that contribute to the increase in popularity of secondary education at the beginning of the twentieth century are:

Industrialization, immigration, urbanization

The Bat Mitzvah, the confirmation, and the quinceanera are all examples of:

Initiation ceremonies

A social reform policy enacted by President Bush in 2002, which mandated that students should achieve a specified standardized test level or schools would face close is called:

No Child Left Behind

Which style of parenting is child-centered, the parents are over-involved, few rules or expectations, and few guidelines?

Permissive

Who decides what is taught in schools?

Politicians

Why is it a popular belief that parents and adolescents do not get along?

Popular media often reinforces the idea that communication with adolescents is difficult

Why is it a popular belief that parents and adolescents do not get along?

Popular media often reinforces the idea that communication with adolescents is difficult.

Charter Schools

Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices

A school reform policy enacted by President Obama in which schools were challenged to set higher standards and meet standardized testing goals is called:

Race to the Top

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what?

Relational Aggression

Which of the following is NOT one of the topics about which parents and adolescents tend to argue?

Religion

Parental _______________ is the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner.

Responsiveness

Comprehensive Schools

Schools which offer not only general education, but also vocational training, and no college prep courses

Mr. Han is anxious about his 10-yr-old daughter becoming an adolescent. He is convinced that adolescence will be turbulent and that his daughter will be difficult to raise. Mr. Han's beliefs are an example of ________:

Self-fulling prophecy

Age Segregation

Separating people into groups according to their age

Effects of a divorce, which are observed several years after a child's parents have gone through the divorce and manifest as problem behaviors are called:

Sleeper Effects

Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen

Social Redefinition

By the early 1920s, educators thought that there should be a focus on training students for life in our modern society. One result was:

The development of comprehensive schools

The term which refers to using academic ability to separate students into different classrooms within the same school is:

Tracking

Some commentators have proposed that today's youth are so age segregated that problems such as youth unemployment, teenage suicide, juvenile delinquency, and drug and alcohol use have resulted because adolescents:

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults

Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, he insisted that Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this?

hostile attributional bias