PSY 308 final
dominant gene
A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present
Neuroscience
The study of the nervous system, especially the brain
Positivity bias
The tendency to focus heavily on a person's positive attributes when forming a perception
Implicit cognition
any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness
pragmatic development
conversations, proto-'s, private speech
12 Crossword puzzle completion is an index of crystallized intelligence. configurative intelligence. fluid intelligence. optimized intelligence.
crystallized intelligence.
display rules
culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display
Developing and Maintaining Social Bonds (types) *CCCS*
cute cling cry smile
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
• Family structure (types)
how the family is organized -focus on siblings, working parents, divorce e.g. nuclear, extended
Extended sense of self
how we progress on an autobiographic timeline (connection between past, present, and future)
Interpersonal sense of self
how we relate to ppl
coordinating secondary circular reactions
involve applying new schemes to external objects, not just the infants own body
secondary circular reactions
involve applying new schemes to external objects, not just the infants own body
motor milestones
lift head lift chest and arms roll over sit stand with help pull self to stand stand unsupported walk on own
Disorganized attachment
vary rare, later in life usually develop pyshcopatholoy, mental health issues
• Fast Mapping (and things that support it)
mutual exclusivity, pragmatic cues
superego
part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience
developmental periods
prenatal(0) infancy(0-1.5) preschool(1.5-4) school age(young and old)(5-7,8-12) adolescence(13-20) adulthood (young, middle, late)(21-20,31-60,60+)
visual flow fields
the different visual patterns we see when we move at different speeds visual patterns of motion that give feedback about the speed and direction of movement when an illusory visual flow field is created, it can knock down infants
critical perios
time periods in which specific experiences are necessary for typical development to occur
systactic bootstrapping
using the grammaRcal structure of whole sentences to figure out novel word meanings
Self-esteem (stages)
valenced and self evaluative preschool years early school years middle childhood adolscence
What schools do
values, socialization, and culture
Within Subjects
An experimental design in which the same group of subjects serves in more than one treatment
Self-efficacy
An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
homoxzygous
An organism that has two same alleles for a trait
phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. hair
Secure attachemnt
associated with appropriate resonses to childs distress
Visually Evoked Potential
attaching electrodes to the babys scalp to measure brain activity and to determine at what point of the changing striped patterns that the infant is watching on screen no longer cause corresponding changes in the brains electrical activity Measure brain response to visual sNmulus •Rapidly alternate between gray background and stripes •When stripes are easy to see, the brain will differenNate stripes from gray •VEP finds higher levels of visual acuity than other methods - what could that mean?
Paula is 8 weeks old. She has just begun to use signals such as smiling to focus on specific people. According to Bowlby, Paula is in which phase? clear-cut attachment phase preattachment phase reciprocal relationships attachment-in-the-making phase
attachment-in-the-making phase
Optokinetic Nystagmus
attend to the jumping of the eyes as they track as continuous succession of objects that stream by
Cognitive structures devoted to filtering information to help children focus on some information and ignore other distracting information are called echoic schemas. attentional schemas. orienting schemas. iconic schemas.
attentional schemas.
social learning theory
bobo doll study
"pre term"
born 3+ weeks early typicall weigh less than 5.5 lbs 1. can disrupt patterns of neural growth that occur int he last few months before birth 2. problem that may have triggered premature birth infection can damage brain
Bowlby's Ethological Theory of Attachment
bowlby was first to call parent-child bond "attachment" -infant wants to be proximal to caregiver -focus on evolutionary role ofattachment -ensures that parents care for their child -distinc from dependency (reliance for sustenance)
Memory for conscious, verbal information, and memory for more automatic, unconscious information are respectively termed ______ and ______ memory. working and sensory echoic and iconic implicit and explicit explicit and implicit
explicit and implicit
Abel asks for a treat by saying "cookie," and his mother answers with, "what do you say?" He responds by saying, "peez." Abel's appraisal and response have demonstrated implicit cognition. explicit cognition. allocentric representation. egocentric representation.
explicit cognition
Irene thinks of her past accomplishments and what she believes she can attain in the future. This illustrates her __________ self. extended temporal conceptual ideal
extended
Semantic memory
facts/knowledge
prereaching
failed attempts to touch objects (out of reach)
a-not-b error
fails at invisible displacement (switching bowls very slowly and baby cant track to new location)
True or False: All infants crawl in exactly the same way.
false
True or False: When infants play with their caregiver throughout the first year of life, they strongly prefer to look at their social partner's face instead of at objects that they are playing with.
false
Pablo is teaching his son to ride a bike. At first he offers a great deal of support. As his son starts to master bike riding, he lessens the amount of support he provides. This is an example of what Vygotsky referred to as scaffolding. guided support. compensation.
scaffolding.
Naina participates in the Strange Situation with her mother. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns, Naina stops crying and rushes to hug her mother. Naina would most likely be classified as demonstrating a/an insecure/avoidant attachment. secure attachment. disorganized attachment. insecure/resistant attachment.
secure attachment.
Alden's mother takes him to visit a new friend's home. Alden is excitedly playing with toys but upon hearing a loud noise grows scared and crawls back to his mother. Ethological theorists would say Alden is using his mother as a/an shielding presence. protective center. safe harbor. secure base.
secure base.
A psychologist studying phenomena from the evolutionary perspective would do all of the following EXCEPT wait to see how a phenomenon changes over several years. use a variety of techniques to study the brain's growth. see how a trait emerged through natural selection. see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement.
see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement.
True or False: Some infants go straight to walking, and skip crawling altogether.
true
True or false: •The association between media violence and aggression is larger than the association between lead exposure and intelligence. A. TRUE B. FALSE
true
id
unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.
Seriation
understand that things come in an order
Validity is the degree to which two observers agree on their data. a study is consistent. what you measure is what you intend to measure. what you score now is close to what you scored before.
what you measure is what you intend to measure.
replicability
when a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators
deviancy training
when one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms
• How kids learn to read, do math (top-down)
"Whole language" first -Whole language curricula emphasize many rich opportunities to experience written language (e.g., stories, song)•So learning to read does not need to depend on kids being good decoders
"full term"
37 weeks
Prereading
-Recognize some words; know what a book is • know that printed words and spoken language are related
Three-link social influence
-Three links = your friend's friend's friend •Lifestyle pajerns are related to social networks -Obesity, happiness, smoking, exercise
Nativism
-born who we are -nature
fetal period
9weeks -birth
machiavellian emotions
-manipulative emotions-expressed but not felt
motor deprivation
-or impaired deprivation, -babies with less motor experience still develop normally only extreme motor deprivation causes motor impairment and this is often reversible
Optimization
. Trying to choose the best feasible option, given the available information
5. Glenn and Shawn are both European-American fathers. Glenn uses color-blind language when discussing individuals of different racial backgrounds with his children. Shawn also uses color-blind language but has many more non-European-American friends than Glenn. Which of the following is most likely? Shawn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Glenn's children. Glenn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Shawn's children. Both Glenn and Shawn's children will demonstrate high racial bias. Both Glenn and Shawn's children will demonstrate low racial bias.
...Shawn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Glenn's children.
Insecure/Resistant attachment
10% less likely to explore overall, most distressed when mom leaves, stays close to mom when returns (may act angry) weaker social skills, more withdrawn
jargoning
12 months babbling with intonation patterns (pragmatics)
Postconventional
12+ social contract orientation principle conscience drive orientation
Clear-cut attachment
18 months-2 years
Early signs and when autism can be reliably diagnosed?
2-3 years poor eye contact, poor response to name, poor joint attention, in own world, get stuck doing same thing, repeatedly lines objects up or puts them in specific order, delayed language repetitive speech need for sameness restricted intense iterest abnormal sensory reactivity(hyper/hypo reactivity)
Piaget's Preoperational Periods
2-7 years children can use symbols to mentally represent objects but they fail to use mental operations that enable them to see the quasi logical relations governing phenomena
Insecure/Avoidant attachment
20% explore with mom, is not distressed when she leaves, avoid mom when she returns weaker social skills, more withdrawn throughtout life
conceptual sense of self
4+ most influence by others and culture social roles)gender, fam) able to articulate who we are relative to others
• Rates and gender balance in autism spectrum disorder
5:1 male to female ratio in diagnosis
Attachment-in-the-making stage
6 weeks - 6/8 months
Concrete Operational Periods
7-12 years children can apply quasi-logical operations to concrete info but they fail to think abstractly or in hyopthetical terms
Strange Situation
8 stage process used to asses attachment baby in unfamiliar room, people coming and going, in the room, researcher coding reactions through one way mirror
• Comorbidities with autism spectrum disorder
83% have another dev disorder 10% have a psychiatric disorder 10% have genetic/chromosomal disorder down syndrome,f ragile X, emilepsy, ADHD depression, anxiety, OCD
dna
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
9. Which of the following is correct about a public health perspective on media violence and aggression? A public health perspective asks whether, in a population as a whole, there will be more violent events as a result of violent programming. Any given child in the sample, when exposed to media violence, will show a measurable increase in behavior problems densitization makes it less likely that violence will result from violent media exposure Media violence and aggression is a weaker association than major public health issues like condom use and sexually transmitted HIV
A public health perspective asks whether, in a population as a whole, there will be more violent events as a result of violent programming.
social information processing model
A repeating cycle that can lead a child to have a hostile attributional style and to be a rejected child or to have a more positive attributional style and be a popular child
Which of the following is true of the formal operational period? A significant number of people never attain formal operational thought. Almost all children throughout the world attain formal operational thought. A small number of people never attain formal operational thought.
A significant number of people never attain formal operational thought.
10
A. Secure Attachment
2 Which of the following is FALSE according to Piaget's primary circular reactions? • A. They occur in very young infants (1-4 months old) • B. They build on exis9ng reflexes • C. They are body directed • D. They are directed toward objects
A. an existing structure grows in magnitude
reliability
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings
Plasticity
Ability of brain tissue to modify itself and take on new functions.
Metacognition
Ability to think about one's own thoughts •Illusion of knowing -Overestimate level of knowledge, control over thought •Evaluating others' knowledge -Underestimate how much thinking people do -Don't understand diversity of thoughts -AbsoluHsm (only one right answer)
Delay of Gratification
Ability to wait in order to delay both an ac2on and that ac2on's reward
Secure base
According to John Bowlby, the relationship in which the child feels safe and protected
Scaffolding
Adults and older children help younger children to progress to the next zone of proximal development
genome
All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.
Reactive aggression
Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive
aging and practice
Aging and practice with a task can interact in at least two ways -Optimization by selecting a goal and practicing a skill toward that goal, a person can allocate resources toward improvement, leading to "success" at older ages. -Compensation: changing behavior to make up for losses in cognitive skill.
The majority of infants in all cultures demonstrate secure attachments with their parents; however, sometimes infant behaviors may differ by culture. For example, Japanese infants may appear to exhibit higher rates of ________ attachment than American infants. Disorganized Avoidant Anxious Disoriented
Anxious
Neural dissociations in language
Aphasia: Language impaired after a stroke. WIlliams Syndrome: Cognitive Impairment and high language skills Approach to understanding: Cross species / comparative approach Chimps are not always a good cross species to use because they have different rates of development and lack in some cognitive areas in the long run.
Overregularization
Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms.
Learning Theory
Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning
5
B Overregularization
4
B dishabituiation
A newborn is given a bumpy pacifier to suck on while she is shown both a bumpy and smooth pacifier. Which is most likely? • A. She will look at the smooth one • B. She will look at the bumpy one • C. She will look at both equally • D. She will ignore both
B she will look at the bumpy one
7
B. Teratogens
Neglectful/Uninvolved parenting style
BAD low warmth low control
Authoritarian parenting style
BAD low warmth high control
8
C. Authoritative
9
C. Functionalist
12
C. formal operational period
10 All of the following statements are true about cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) EXCEPT: CBT requires active engagement and effort on the part of the client. CBT always involves medication as part of the therapy. CBT tries to make the client aware of automatic thought patterns that are maladaptive. CBT is now used to treat a wide range of disorders.
CBT always involves medication as part of the therapy.
Gender identity
Categorizing oneself as male or female
meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
video deficit
Children learn better from real people than from a TV
2. All of the following statements about video games are true EXCEPT: The content of video games is critical to whether they have a positive or negative effect. The effects of video games can be more negative than the effects of television. The effects of video games can be more positive than the effects of television. Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games.
Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games.
All of the following statements about video games are true EXCEPT: The content of video games is critical to whether they have a positive or negative effect. Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games. The effects of video games can be more negative than the effects of television. The effects of video games can be more positive than the effects of television.
Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games.
Interpersonal relationships
Communication between people
________ theory argues that as families get larger, their overall intellectual climate drops. Ecological systems Resource Confluence Divergence
Confluence
homophily
Conformity = homophily = similarity, the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others who are similar or "like" themselves
____________ is a binocular cue that relies on the way the two eyes move—becoming increasingly cross-eyed in order to focus on closer and closer objects. Binocular parallax Motion parallax Interposition Convergence
Convergence
6
D. infantile amnesia
1 Which of the following is FALSE according to Piaget's primary circular reactions? A. They occur in very young infants (1-4 months old) • B. They build on exis9ng reflexes • C. They are body directed • D. They are directed toward objects
D. they are directed toward objects
telomeres
DNA at the tips of chromosomes
Matt is the youngest child in his family, Sam is the middle child, and David is the oldest child. Studies of birth order suggest There will be no differences as a function of birth order. David will likely have the highest intelligence score. Matt will likely have the highest intelligence score. Sam will likely have the highest intelligence score.
David will likely have the highest intelligence score.
• Cognitive changes in aging
Decline in visual and auditory systems Decline in other senses (but not as rapidly) Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, demen4a, sleep disorders •Aging "well" is predicted by both genetic and lifestyle factors
• How kids learn to read, do math: bottom-up
Decoding first (lePers à words à phrases à sentences à etc.) -Emphasizes "word-aPack skills" and phonemic analysis..
Explicit cognition
Deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning
infantile amnesia: Cueing hypothesis
Differences in the types of cues that trigger memory retrieval limit later recollection
Between Subjects
Each participant is tested in only one level of the IV
10. Which of the following is NOT true of educational children's programming such as Blues Clues and Sesame Street? Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning. The content can promote positive depictions of diversity in others. If the content has a well-designed educational mission, it can have a positive effect. The content can have a positive effect on prosocial behavior and understanding emotions.
Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning.
Which of the following is NOT true of educational children's programming such as Blues Clues and Sesame Street? The content can have a positive effect on prosocial behavior and understanding emotions. If the content has a well-designed educational mission, it can have a positive effect. The content can promote positive depictions of diversity in others. Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning.
Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning.
Piaget's three mountains task shows that ________ influences young children's understanding of spatial relations Centration Egocentrism Identity Vitalism
Egocentrism
Social comparison
Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others
phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
Intermodal Perception
Formation of a single perception of a stimulus that is based on information from two or more senses
Francis is a mother in a family characterized as high socioeconomic status, and Jane is a mother in a working-class family. What is the most likely outcome? The women are not likely to differ in their parenting styles. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritative parenting. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritarian parenting. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use permissive parenting.
Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritative parenting.
• Cliques vs Crowds
Friendships = 2 people • Cliques = 5-7 good friends -Like an alternative "family" • Crowds = larger group of many cliques -Jocks, nerds, stoners,
childhood friendships
Friendships are: -Ongoing -Reciprocal -positive •Friends share more •But they also fight more! •Gender differences in friendships -Type of play and bonding -Type of aggression and fighEng
recessive gene
Gene that is hidden when the dominant gene is present
All of the following statements are true of Head Start EXCEPT: Some studies suggest a link between participation in Head Start and higher levels of school readiness. Head Start teaches parenting skills to lower-income, disadvantaged parents. An Early Head Start program focuses on children between birth and 3 years. Head Start seems to be more effective for European-American parents compared with African-American parents.
Head Start seems to be more effective for European-American parents compared with African-American parents.
17 All of the following statements about imaginary companions are true EXCEPT: Imaginary companions can take a variety of roles including playmates, older mentors, and animals. Some estimates suggest that more than half of children have had an imaginary companion at some point Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students. Imaginary companions can be invisible or partially embodied in a doll or stuffed animal
Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students.
All of the following statements about imaginary companions are true EXCEPT: Imaginary companions can take a variety of roles including playmates, older mentors, and animals. Some estimates suggest that more than half of children have had an imaginary companion at some point Imaginary companions can be invisible or partially embodied in a doll or stuffed animal Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students.
Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students.
phonemes
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Ethological theory
Infants wants to be proximal to caregiver. Focus on evolutionary role of attachment. Ensures that parent care for their children
Romantic relationships
Intimate relationships that comprise love, involvement, sharing, openness, connectedness, and so on
Hostile attribution bias
Jared bumps into Dan in the hallway. Rather than thinking this was accidental, Dan gets really mad and quickly assumes Jared did this on purpose. This illustrates
Jason is an 8-year-old boy whose parents would be classified as authoritarian parents. What is the most likely outcome for Jason? Jason will show more hostility than his peers. Jason will be self-reliant and self-controlled. Jason will set lower goals for achievement. Jason will show immature behavior.
Jason will show more hostility than his peers.
Adolescent Friendships (11+)
Jealousy •Self-disclosure •Refine social skills •Buffer stress •Co-ruminaEon •Quality majers!
• Hearing and Categorical Perception of Speech
Just like with color, babies perceive speech sounds categorically.
• Declarative memory
Knowing "what" Hard to assess declaraHve memories in preverbal children, but probably present by 20 months
Source monitoring refers to A strategy children use to remember recently presented items A strategy children use to remember items presented in the past Knowing where a particular memory originated Knowing which type of memory a given skill represents
Knowing where a particular memory originated
Huan is a 13-year-old girl growing up in China, and Madison is a 13-year-old girl growing up in the United States. Both girls have mothers who demonstrate what would be considered an authoritarian parenting style. What is the most likely outcome? Madison is more likely than Huan to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive. Both girls will interpret this parenting style as one concerned with training. Huan is more likely than Madison to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive. Both girls will interpret this parenting style as one that is overbearing and intrusive.
Madison is more likely than Huan to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive.
Magda grew up in a Romanian orphanage under conditions of severe social deprivation. Which of the following is most likely? The deprivation will only influence Magda's social development. The deprivation will only influence Magda's cognitive development. Magda will demonstrate normal social and cognitive functioning. Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development.
Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development.
Manuel is 5 years old ,and his brother, Ricardo, is 11 years old. According to Piaget's stage theory of moral reasoning, which of the following is most likely to best describe the brothers' reasoning about rules? Both boys see rules as human agreements that can be changed if all parties consent. Manuel is more likely than Ricardo to see rules as unchanging and external. Both boys see rules as unchanging and external. Ricardo is more likely than Manuel to see rules as unchanging and external.
Manuel is more likely than Ricardo to see rules as unchanging and external.
• Sex, Violence on TV
Media is arguably the #1 "sex educator" •Sexually sugges>ve and unrealis>c •Teenagers who are exposed to more media (TV, music, etc.) may: -Overes>mate # of peers having sex -Feel more pressure to have sex -Be more likely to have sex/get pregnant 70% of tv programs kids watch include at least one violent event (cartoons the most)
The reflex that involves a pronounced startle response in the infant is the stepping reflex. Moro reflex. rooting reflex. patellar reflex.
Moro reflex.
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: Diagnoses of autism are often made in association with language delays. Autistic children may not connect well socially with their caregivers in infancy. Most individuals with autism are diagnosed at or before 12 months of age. The low incidence of autism makes it challenging to study symptoms in the first month of life.
Most individuals with autism are diagnosed at or before 12 months of age.
• Mastery vs performance orientation
Motivated to learn, try hard, and improve •More likely to: -Have long-range academic success -Use more advanced learning strategies -Relate current learning tasks to relevant prior knowledge
Reciprocity
Mutual exchange
Dimensional approach
NOT CATEGORIES BUT SCALES classifying mental disorders that quantifies a person's symptoms or other characteristics of interest and represents them with numerical values on one or more scales or continuums, rather than assigning them to a mental disorder category Rothbart: surgency/extroversion, negative affectivity, effortful control)
Eight-month-old Nadine is participating in Gibson's visual cliff study. What would you predict about her performance? Nadine will only cross the visual cliff to receive her favorite toy. Correct! Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is hesitant to do so. Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is too young to crawl. Nadine will only cross the visual cliff if her mother induces her across.
Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is hesitant to do so.
Rousseau believed that children are pure in heart and mind and would always behave in morally appropriate ways if not for the corrupting influences of society. This view is more in line with ______ theoretical approaches. Empiricist Functionalist Cross-cultural Nativist
Nativist
3. Veronica is 3, Neetha is 5, and Sondra is 10 years old. Who is most likely to insist that nurses can only be women, even if they have seen male nurses? Veronica Sondra Neetha
Neetha
Veronica is 3, Neetha is 5, and Sondra is 10 years old. Who is most likely to insist that nurses can only be women, even if they have seen male nurses? Neetha Veronica Sondra All three girls are equally likely to do so.
Neetha
Internet effects
Negative side: mature content, cyberbullying-Positive side: communication, identity exploration
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuronal migration? Most migration happens before birth or around the time of birth. Nerve cells appear to migrate by following the paths laid down by certain radial glial cells that serve as guides. New nerve cells develop at the outer regions of the brain. Some migration occurs in adult human brains.
New nerve cells develop at the outer regions of the brain.
Which of the following statements is true? Newborns show clear preferences for being around particular people. Newborns show extreme distress if the parent leaves. Newborns do not seem to have specific bonds.
Newborns do not seem to have specific bonds.
Clarence just turned 3 and his sister, Marie, just turned 5. Both participate in the false belief task and are presented with a box of chocolate. When they open it, they find a pencil. The researcher asks each of them what another child seeing the box for the first time would think was inside it. What is the most likely outcome? Both children will say the new person would think there was chocolate inside. Only Clarence will say the new person would think there were pencils inside. Only Marie will say the new person would think there were pencils inside. Both children will say the new person would think there were pencils inside.
Only Clarence will say the new person would think there were pencils inside.
18 Glenda shows the following symptoms: difficulty walking, shaky hands, slow movements, and impaired memory. She likely has Parkinson's disease. macular degeneration. essential tremor disease. Alzheimer's disease.
Parkinson's disease.
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: Peer influence is especially critical in early childhood as compared to other periods. Preschoolers show genuine instances of sharing and have some sense of reciprocity. Cross-sex interactions become increasingly important during the period of adolescence. Infants' interactions are simple and may include the experience of joint arousal.
Peer influence is especially critical in early childhood as compared to other periods.
Physical changes in aging
Physical decline from mid-20s •Strength declines rapidly •Endurance declines less rapidly •People get shorter; lose brain mass •Menopause
Phases of Attachment (bowlby)
Preattachment o Attachment-in-the-making (6w-6m) o Clear-cut attachment (6m-2yrs) o Reciprocal relationship
Gender roles
Preferences, appearances, and actions that are correlated with particular gender identities
Perceptual Narrowing
Progressive reduction in attentional focus
11 Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory? Prospective memory is often preserved into very old age. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginning in adolescence. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginnings around age 60. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginning in middle adulthood.
Prospective memory is often preserved into very old age.
Piaget's theory posits that children progress through four stages of development characterized by different ways of thinking and understanding the world. This progression illustrates: Chronologic change Qualitative change Quantitative change Passive change
Qualitative change
The memory format theory of infantile amnesia is primary a failure of Encoding Storage Retrieval Attention
Retrieval
When Jerry answers a clicker question, he has a better memory for the last few slides in the lecture. This is consistent with a: Production deficit Utilization deficit Primary effect Recency effect
Recency effect
Experience-expectant plasticity
The integration of environmental stimuli into the normal patterns of development
Prospective memory
Remembering to do things in the future
Autonomous
Self-governing, independent
Behavioral inhibition
Shyness
Simple vs Complex reaction times
Simple: time to respond to a stimuli speeds up (infancy~young adulthood). Longer response time (gradual late 20s-> more drastically 70-80s) (e.g. tennis) Complex: diff responses depending on various spatial/temporal configurations of stimuli. Tend to slow down w age after 20s, but this depends on task. With novel stimuli, standard U-shaped curve. With high expertise stimuli, reaction time is constant or even faster (e.g. telegraph operator)
lee Vygotsky
Sociocultural approach to development • Children are social beings, not little scientists • Change is continuous, not stage like• Language and thought are integrally related Vygotsky's view Zones of proximal development -The next level of a skill -The next step in cogni9ve development •Scaffolding -Adults and older children help younger children to progress to the next zone of proximal development Scaffolding Adults and older children help younger children to progress to the next zone of proximal development
infantile amnesia: Neural change hypothesis
The late maturation of certain brain structures (for example, hippocampus) limit early storage
• Successful vs Pathological Aging
Successful aging -Thriving for a long time Pathological aging -Sharp decline around mid-60s
Summer is pregnant and is expecting her first child. She is able to accurately perceive negative emotional states in her husband, mother, and father. Her sister, Amber, is also pregnant and expecting her first child. Amber is not accurate in perceiving negative emotional states in others. It is likely that Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show a secure attachment. Amber's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Summer's infant. Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show an insecure attachment. Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.
Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.
• Cartoons/non-educational TV and effects
TV can perpetuate stereotypes about gender and ethnicity •Most common portrayals of... Strong, positive characters: White males -Weak characters: females -Negative characters: poor/ minorities highly violent, cartoons the most, doesnt show real consequences, sex
television viewing rates
TV set is on 6+ hrs/dayin average U.S. home, •Young children (0-6) about 2 hrs / day•Older children (8+) about 4 hrs / day
All of the following statements are true about changes in the family EXCEPT: The age of marriage has risen dramatically since the 1960s, which in part is related to a return from a drop in the age of marriage that occurred after World War II. Teen pregnancy and birth rates have steadily increased for the last four decades in the United States. Over the past four decades, the mean age of mothers at the time of the birth of their first child has greatly increased in North America, Europe, and Japan. There has been a substantial increase in the number of single-parent homes in the United States.
Teen pregnancy and birth rates have steadily increased for the last four decades in the United States.
temperament
Tendency toward par/cular emo/onal and behavioral responses to a context •Used to describe infants (personality is used to describe adults)
Literacy
The ability to read and write
Theory of Mind
The ability to think about and reason about other people's beliefs and desires Required to make inferences about what people are doing and why they are doing it •Their mental state might be related to the beliefs, desires, emotions, and knowledge states of another person
Delay of gratification
The ability to wait until later to get something desirable
Phonological development in deaf infants
The acquisiRon of knowledge about the sound system of a language Sounds are hard to learn to produce and discriminate 1-3 mos: "cooing" •AIer 4 mos: babbling •Congenitally deaf infants: -Vocal = late, limited -Manual/signed = similar to typical babies •12 mos: "jargoning"
Individual Differences
The aspects of people's personalities that make them different from other people
Separation Anxiety
The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
Hayflick limit
The estimate that human cells can double only 50 times, plus or minus 10, and then will die.
Internal working model
The first bond between the primary carer and child acts like a template for future relationships.
Latency period
The fourth psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses lie dormant. ages 7-12
ontogeny
The history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime.
Experience-dependent plasticity
The mechanism through which the structure of the brain is changed by experience
A young rhesus monkey is put in a cage with a choice between a wire-frame "mother" and a mother covered in furry terry cloth. Which is most likely to occur? The monkey will prefer the wire-frame "mother." The monkey will prefer the terry-cloth "mother." The monkey will ignore both "mothers" as they are not real. The monkey will show no preference and cling to both the wire-frame and terry-cloth mothers.
The monkey will prefer the terry-cloth "mother."
Given that Molly and Maddy are fraternal twins, which of the following statements is FALSE? Molly and Maddy are as genetically similar on average as any two non-twin siblings. Molly and Maddy have half their genes in common. Their conceptions involved genetically different sperms and eggs. Their twinning was the result of the fertilized egg splitting into two separate cells.
Their twinning was the result of the fertilized egg splitting into two separate cells.
Social learning theory
Theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Which of the following is NOT associated with delaying the childbearing years until the late 30s or 40s? There is greater economic security for the family. Older parents tend to interact more with their children in verbally sophisticated ways and be less reactive. Older parents tend to have more stable marriages and developed social support networks. There is less psychological distance between parents and child.
There is less psychological distance between parents and child.
8. Which of the following is a disadvantage of single session laboratory experiments testing the association of media violence and aggression/desensitization? They do not allow for estimates of the magnitude of the effect. They do not allow for tests of gender differences in reactions to media violence. They do not test for cumulative exposure over time in a large population. They are correlational only and they do not allow for tests of causation.
They do not test for cumulative exposure over time in a large population.
Episodic memory
Things that happened supported by source monitoring
classification approach
Thomas & Chess: easy, difficult, slow to warm up
Tracy is the oldest child in her family. She has a younger brother and a younger sister. What is the most likely outcome? Tracy will only have more influence on her sister's gender role qualities as compared to her parents' influence. Tracy will have less influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents. Tracy will have more influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents. Tracy will only have more influence on her brother's gender role qualities as compared to her parents' influence.
Tracy will have more influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents.
fixed-trait (entity) theories of intelligence
Traits are unchangeable "You passed the test because you're smart!" "You failed the test because you're dumb!"
43. True or False: Infants can learn to segment words from continuous speech based on experience hearing speech.
True
Preferential Looking
Two objects presented together, longer looking time to different one.
Mary-Lou is a newborn who cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than other babies. Mary-Lou will be more likely to be classified later as having a _______ attachment. Type A: insecure/avoidant Type D: disorganized Type B: secure Type C: insecure/resistant
Type C: insecure/resistant
Face Perception (two systems?
U-shaped developmental curve initial ability goes up then goes downduring transition between systems then back up when system is replaced with new system and so on infants learn face perception then it declines then replaced by more sophisticated system
• How kids learn to read, do math (decoding)
Understand letter-sound correspondence; can decode a word
Numeracy
Understanding of the meaning of numbers
genes
Units of heredity made up of DNA.
Gender segregation(what age and what its like)
Universal in early childhood (by age 3) •Girls talk, nurture; boys play, run around
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
• TV and obesity
Watching TV is strongly correlated with obesity in childhood and adolescence -Each hour = 2% increase in prevalence •Why? -Replaces being physically ac>ve -Increases snacking behavior -Lowest energy burner (reading book or res>ng quietly is higher!)
rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple
patellar reflex
a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon
10. At what age do infants typically search correctly in an A-not-B hiding task?: a)12 months. b)8 months c)2 months d)18 months
a) 12 months.
134. ________ refers to modification of cognitive structures to fit what the child has learned about the environment. a) Accommodation b) Assimilation c) Compensation d) Reversibility
a) Accommodation
120. Which of the following is not considered a self-conscious emotion? a) Anger b) Envy c) Empathy d) Pride
a) Anger
To test whether babies have learned something, experimenters present a "test phase" that involves two kinds of stimuli: Familiar stimuli and Novel stimuli. Which of the following pattern of results would support the conclusion that infants learned something from the previous "familiarization phase". Select 2 are true: a) Babies look/listen longer to the familiar stimuli. b) Babies look/listen longer to the novel stimuli. c) Babies look/listen the same amount to each kind of stimuli. d) Babies cry the whole way through the test phase.
a) Babies look/listen longer to the familiar stimuli. b) Babies look/listen longer to the novel stimuli.
8. Which theorist would be more interested in the following question: What everyday activities support infants' ability to avoid perseverative reaches in an A-not-B task? a) Dynamic systems b) Piagetian c) No cognitive development theorist would ever be interested in that. d) Behaviorist Theorist
a) Dynamic systems
145. The memory format theory of infantile amnesia is primary a failure of: a) Encoding b) Storage c) Retrieval d) Attention
a) Encoding
The idea that many factors influence behavior is known as: a) Multicausality b) Multifinality
a) Multicausality
121. Joanna understands that her partner is using irony: she is showing a awareness of what: a) Pragmatic language. b) Metacognition c) Cultural Norms d) None of the above
a) Pragmatic language
71. Programs and policies that focus on radically altering children's developmental trajectories during the first 3 years have largely been disappointing because of a failure to: a) accurately incorporate the complexity of neuroscience and development. b) distort the complexity of findings from neuroscience and development. c) focus on the importance of object concept during infancy. d) focus on the importance of Piaget's theory during infancy.
a) accurately incorporate the complexity of neuroscience and development.
67. One reason infants are suspected of having a biological "module" for understanding causation is that infants: a) can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults. b) notice emerging temporal contingencies. c) notice emerging spatial contingencies. d) have a very different understanding of physical causality compared to adults.
a) can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults.
32. Which of the following is NOT seen in mitosis? a) crossing-over b) segregation into single chromosomes c) duplicated chromosomes d) DNA replication
a) crossing-over
22. A cross-section study examines changes in: a) different groups for an extended period of time. b) one group at one point in time. c) different groups at one point in time. d) one group for an extended period of time.
a) different groups for an extended period of time.
94. Natalia spent her first year in a Romanian orphanage before being adopted into a Canadian home. Her parents are worried because Natalia is sometimes overly friendly with strangers and other times she is inappropriately unfriendly. Natalia is demonstrating: a) disinhibited attachment b) resistant attachment c) ambivalent attachment d) anxious attachment
a) disinhibited attachment
151. Doreen is thrilled that she won a race. She attempts to suppress her joy because she learned her best friend did not finish the race and is very upset. Doreen is engaged in: a) emotional regulation b) positivity bias modulation. c) emotional contagion. d) response modification.
a) emotional regulation?
150. Which of these emotions appears to emerge later than the others during development? a) fear b) anger c) sadness d) contentment
a) fear?
11. A comparative perspective involves a psychologist looking at questions across a) species. b) stages of development. c) cultures d) the lifespan.
a) species.
36. The blastocyst's innermost layer, the endoderm, will develop into structures including: a) the thyroid gland. b) the skeleton. c) the muscles. d) the nervous system.
a) the thyroid gland.
96. Danielle knows that Adrienne did better than Berta on their exam and that Berta did better than Carrie. Therefore, she can conclude that Adrienne did better than Carrie through her use of: a) transitive reasoning b) class- inclusion inferences c) order relations inferences d) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
a) transitive reasoning
Mason is considered to be a difficult baby. Which of these descriptors is unlikelyto describe Mason? a)adjusts well to new situations b)irregular eating patterns c)irregular sleeping patterns d)often unhappy
a)adjusts well to new situations
Doreen is thrilled that she won a race. She attempts to suppress her joy because she learned her best friend did not finish the race and is very upset. Doreen is engaged in: a)emotional regulation b)positivity bias modulation. c)emotional contagion. d)response modification.
a)emotional regulation
As an infant Tanya was considered to have a high energy level, display positive affect, and was uninhibited. As an adult Tanya is likely to be high on a)extroversion .b)agreeableness. c)openness to experience. d)conscientiousness.
a)extroversion
Which of these emotions appears to emerge later than the others during development? a)fear b)anger c)sadness d)contentment
a)fear
Dr. Joy believes that feeling anger can get you to channel your resources in a different direction as well as warn others not to get in the way. Dr. Joy's beliefs are in line with the ______ approach to emotion. a)functionalist b)structuralist c)complex d)basic
a)functionalist
lexicons.12.Alden told his father that he "goed" to the park after school. This is an example of: a)overregularization. b)recasting. c)underextension. d)underregularization.
a)overregularization.
Equilibration refers to the process whereby a child uses _____ to create a better fit between cognition and experience. implicit cognition only accommodation only explicit and implicit cognition accommodation and assimilation
accommodation and assimilation
Kathy refers to all large, four-legged farm animals as cows. She comes to realize a horse is different than a cow, and changes her cognitive structures to fit what she has learned. This illustrates accommodation. reversibility. assimilation. compensation.
accommodation.
Heteronomous
acting in accordance with one's desires rather than reason or moral duty.
antisocial behavior
actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person
situation modification
active efforts to directly modify the situation so as to alter its emotional impact
social referencing
actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information modify previous schema in response to experience into new schema ex. going from breastfeeding to botle creates new schema for eating b/c they are diff and need to accomodate
Newborns as young as 2-3 weeks can already imitate sentences. already imitate words. already imitate mouth movements. not yet imitate as their vision is too poor.
already imitate mouth movements.
grasping reflex
an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand
Janice has named her bike "Joey." Janice tells her mother that she needs to take Joey to the park or he will be sad. This is an illustration of egocentrism. animism. compensation. vitalism.
animism.
Van is a 15-year-old girl who is self-reliant and seems to have good self-control. She does well in school and often takes initiative. These characteristics are often associated with which of the following parenting styles? authoritative authoritarian permissive involved
authoritative
parenting styles
authoritative(high high) authoritarian(low warmth high control) permissive(high warmth low control) neglectful/uninvolved
1 Difficulties with theory of mind tasks are associated with which condition? autism depression social anxiety schizophrenia
autism
Gia engages in echolaic speech (echolalia). This may be an indication that Gia has depression. psychopathy. autism. schizophrenia.
autism.
93. Magda grew up in a Romanian orphanage under conditions of severe social deprivation. Which of the following is most likely?: a) The deprivation will only influence Magda's social development. b) Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development. c) Magda will demonstrate normal social and cognitive functioning. d) The deprivation will only influence Magda's cognitive development.
b) Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development.
89. Nandan participates in the Strange Situation with his father. He plays with lots of toys while his dad is in the room. Nandan keeps playing and does not seem upset when his father leaves. Nandan ignores his father when he returns and scurries off to play with another toy. Nandan would most likely be classified as showing: a) disorganized attachment. b) insecure/avoidant attachment. c) secure attachment d) insecure/resistant attachment
b) insecure/avoidant attachment.
63. You decide to train your cat to do tricks. You give her a treat every time she correctly performs a trick. Given this description, you are using: a) classical conditioning. b) instrumental conditioning. c) reflexive conditioning. d) imprinting.
b) instrumental conditioning.
If you were testing for whether a 10-month-old baby knew the difference between animals and people, which empirical method would most likely yield results that suggest that the baby does know the difference between these categories? a) sequential touching task b) object examining task c) neither task, 10-month-olds don't know anything about categories d) both tasks would be equally likely to suggest that 10-month-olds know these categories
b) object examining task
66. The idea that rigid or hard objects cannot pass through other similar objects is termed: a) object continuity. b) object solidity. c) object concept. d) object permanence.
b) object solidity.
15. A psychologist studying phenomena from the evolutionary perspective would do all of the following EXCEPT: a) wait to see how a phenomenon changes over several years. b) see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement. c) use a variety of techniques to study the brain's growth. d) see how a trait emerged through natural selection.
b) see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement.
Max, a 10-month-old, sees his mother react in a fearful manner to a new toy. Max will likely: a)be unable to detect his mother's fear. b)avoid the toy. c)grab the toy without fear. d)cautiously approach the to
b)avoid the toy.
All of the following are considered basic emotions EXCEPT :a)sadness b)empathy c)anger d)surprise
b)empathy
Dr. Eccles believes that infants are born with a language acquisition device that enables them to recognize patterns common to all language. What approach to language does Dr. Eccles endorse? a)connectionist approach b)nativist approach c)behaviorist approach d)statistical learning approach
b)nativist approach
11.Rat and hat are words that differ in their initial sounds. The "r" and "h" represent different: a)universal constraints. b)phonemes. c)holophrases. d)lexicons.
b)phonemes.
13.John, a toddler, says "Juice. Cup." instead of saying "I would like more juice in my cup." This is an example of: a)underextension. b)telegraphic speech. c)referential communication. d)poverty of the stimulus.
b)telegraphic speech.
Which of the following statements about imaginary companions is true? • a.Having an imaginary companion is extremely unusual.• b.Have an imaginary companion is a sign of deviancy in children.• c.Children with imaginary companions are very lonely or shy.• d.Children with imaginary companions have vivid imaginaEons.
b.Have an imaginary companion is a sign of deviancy in children.•
affordances
baby can afford to take risk when they have experiences with it
equilibration
balance assimilation and accomidation as they work together somethings predicatable some are new
psychoanalytic
based on freuds work tends to emphasize early life experiences development occurs in a series of stages
Dr. Zap has made sure his study is ecologically valid. This means his study has used multiple dependent variables to be sure of his findings. strong controls in place to ensure scientific standards. been designed to approximate processes that would happen in the real world. used a longitudinal design to follow children across time.
been designed to approximate processes that would happen in the real world.
Infantile amnesia is the inability to recall memories following a traumatic event in childhood. prior to a traumatic event in childhood. from any time before the fifth year of life. before one is 2 or 3 years old.
before one is 2 or 3 years old.
Mark frequently checks in with his teenage son about what he is doing after school and encourages appropriate activities. This behavior suggests that Mark is high on enforced control. behavioral control. restrictive control. psychological control.
behavioral control.
A student who is interested in reinforcement, punishment, and shaping is taking the _____ perspective. comparative behaviorist evolutionary neuroscience
behaviorist
A treatment study that compares how children randomly assigned to undergo one of two different treatment options respond to their treatments by examining their post-treatment scores is using a/an _________ design. within-subjects between-subjects test-retest interrater
between-subjects
preattachment stage
birth-6weeks try to grab
Dispositional vs situational attributions
blame person blame sitatuion
Empiricism
blanke slate -nurture The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.
92. The majority of infants in all cultures demonstrate secure attachments with their parents; however, sometimes infant behaviors may differ by culture. For example, Japanese infants may appear to exhibit higher rates of ________ attachment than American infants.: a) Avoidant b) Disorganized c) Anxious d) Disoriented
c) Anxious
A newborn baby monkey demonstrates a timid and reactive temperament, just like her biological mother's. The newbornis raised by a relaxed foster-mother monkey. Which of the following is the least likely to occurwhen she is a juvenile (child) monkey? a) She will exhibit bold behaviors in familiar environments b) When separated from her foster mother she will exhibit stressed behaviors and vocalize c) She will cling to her relaxed foster mother just as much as timid babies raised by timid mothers d) She will accept the foster-mother as her primary attachment figure
c) She will cling to her relaxed foster mother just as much as timid babies raised by timid mothers
99. Kathy refers to all large, four-legged farm animals as cows. She comes to realize a horse is different than a cow, and changes her cognitive structures to fit what she has learned. This illustrates: a) compensation. b) assimilation. c) accommodation. d) Reversibility.
c) accommodation.
82. Paula is 8 weeks old. She has just begun to use signals such as smiling to focus on specific people. According to Bowlby, Paula is in which phase?: a) clear-cut attachment phase b) pre-attachment phase c) attachment-in-the-making phase d) reciprocal relationships
c) attachment-in-the-making phase
41. Chickens that display the dominant frizzle gene have atypical feathers, greater metabolic rates, and improved digestive capacity. That one gene affects many traits is an example of: a) polygenic genes. b) homeobox genes. c) pleiotropic genes. d) heterozygous genes.
c) pleiotropic genes.
Envy is :a)a self-conscious emotion. b)a Machiavellian emotion. c)both a complex and self-conscious emotion. d)a complex emotion.
c)both a complex and self-conscious emotion.
11
c. understanding that wrongdoing violates personal values and
exercise and aging
can slow it down cog aging but cog functioning hold at all ages in all tasks types (executive, controlled, spatial, speed)
One reason infants are suspected of having a biological "module" for understanding causation is that infants have a very different understanding of physical causality compared to adults. can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults. notice emerging temporal contingencies.
can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults.
During gestation, which of the following developmental structures is highly sensitive to teratogen disruption for the greatest amount of time? teeth eyes arms central nervous system
central nervous system
Educational TV and its effects, how it works (Sesame Street, Blues Clues)
co-viewing literal, repetition, involves the child, paces out lessons does not stereotype and shows a variety of people/things
Joceyln has wavy hair. She has received one allele for curly hair and one allele for straight hair. There is a blending of both of these traits resulting in her wavy hair. This is an example of joint alleles. codominance. heterozygosity. polygenic inheritance.
codominance.
Dr. Campbell is interested in how infants represent, store, and use information. She likely identifies with the _________ perspective. evolutionary psychoanalytic behaviorist cognitive science
cognitive science
Cross-Sectional research design
compare developmental change of children at different ages
Jose was born blind. Imaging studies of Jose's brain reveal the brain area typically devoted to the processing of visual information has been repurposed to process auditory information. This is an example of synaptic pruning. resilient development. critical periods. compensation plasticity.
compensation plasticity.
Maria has had to use Post-it® notes to remember things as she has grown older. This illustrates a form of maximization. optimization. alleviation. compensation.
compensation.
dynamic systems theory
complex behaviors emerge out of complex interactions between the components necessary to execute a behavior ability to walk: -brain maturation -physical characteristics(weight, head size) -visual input-seeing others walk -environment
Nash and Carson are in the same day care class. Each receives a similar-sized piece of pizza for lunch. Nash says to cut his into more pieces than Carson's because he is really hungry. Nash has not yet mastered transitive reasoning. seriation. conservation. geometric information.
conservation.
Dr. Terrizzi believes that children are not intrinsically good or bad. This belief suggests that he is an evolutionary psychologist. could be either an evolutionary or cultural psychologist. is neither an evolutionary nor cultural psychologist. is a cultural psychologist.
could be either an evolutionary or cultural psychologist.
Accumulating evidence suggests that the earlier the patient receives the cochlear implant, the more normal will be her ability to distinguish different speech sounds. Some neural circuits may show permanent declines in auditory and speech-processing abilities if implants are not present before four years of age. This is an example of a(n) plastic period. acute period. critical period. decisive period.
critical period.
The study of how different people value traditions or traits would be consistent with the ___ perspective behaviorist neuroscience cross-cultural psychoanalytic
cross-cultural
Which of the following is NOT seen in mitosis? crossing-over segregation into single chromosomes duplicated chromosomes DNA replication
crossing-over
87. When is Separation distress typically first evident in infants? a) At birth. b) At 3 months. c) At 6 months. d) At 8 months.
d) At 8 months
90. Summer is pregnant and is expecting her first child. She is able to accurately perceive negative emotional states in her husband, mother, and father. Her sister, Amber, is also pregnant and expecting her first child. Amber is not accurate in perceiving negative emotional states in others. It is likely that: a) Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show an insecure attachment. b) Amber's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Summer's infant. c) Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show a secure attachment. d) Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.
d) Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.
91. Mary-Lou is a newborn who cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than other babies. Mary-Lou will be more likely to be classified later as having a _______ attachment. a) Type D: disorganized b) Type A: insecure/ avoidant c) Type B: secure d) Type C: insecure/ Resistant
d) Type C: insecure/ Resistant
85. Daniel looks at a ball on the floor and sees that his dad is also looking at the ball. This is an example of: a) social referencing b) visual triangulation c) social viewing d) joint attention
d) joint attention
64. When Manuel thinks about objects' permanence and solidity, he is able to use all of the following principles to guide his thought except: a) inertia b) gravity c) Continuity d) orientation
d) orientation
146. When Jerry answers a clicker question, he has a better memory for the last few slides in the lecture . This is consistent with a: a) production deficit b) utilization deficit c) primacy effect d) recency effect
d) recency effect
152. When Zoe is upset, she finds it helpful to relax her muscles and take deep breaths. This illustrates: a) positivity bias. b) situation modification. c) attentional deployment d) response modification.
d) response modification.
When Zoe is upset, she finds it helpful to relax her muscles and take deep breaths. This illustrates: a)positivity bias. b)situation modification. c)attentional deployment d)response modification.
d)response modification.
Dr. Grover is interested in the meanings of individual words and how words combine to convey larger meanings. Dr. Grover is focused on: a)syntax. b)pragmatics. c)phonology. d)semantics.
d)semantics.
_________ branch out from the cell body of neurons and have receptors that receive chemical signals from other neurons. Axon terminals Basal ganglia Dendrites Axons
dendrites
The ______ variable is the one that is measured to see if changes occurred. dependent independent experimental observational
dependent
8 Lauren has suffered a severe and sustained drop in positive affect. She has reported feelings of sadness and worthlessness and her appetite has diminished. These symptoms suggest that Lauren may have anxiety disorder. depression. amenorrhea. bulimia nervosa.
depression.
Vishnu has a genetic vulnerability for depression. This vulnerability may be referred to as a/an diathesis. antipathy. stress. proclivity.
diathesis.
lexicon
dictionary
allels
different forms of the same gene
A cross-section study examines changes in__________ different groups at one point in time. one group for an extended period of time. different groups for an extended period of time. one group at one point in time.
different groups at one point in time.
6. The catharsis hypothesis for television viewing has been: confirmed for educational and entertainment-oriented programming confirmed for only entertainment-oriented programming confirmed for only educational programming disconfirmed
disconfirmed
The catharsis hypothesis for television viewing has been: confirmed for only entertainment-oriented programming disconfirmed confirmed for educational and entertainment-oriented programming confirmed for only educational programming
disconfirmed
Natalia spent her first year in a Romanian orphanage before being adopted into a Canadian home. Her parents are worried because Natalia is sometimes overly friendly with strangers and other times she is inappropriately unfriendly. Natalia is demonstrating anxious attachment. resistant attachment. disinhibited attachment. ambivalent attachment.
disinhibited attachment
mitosis
division of the nucleus
private sense of self
dreams perspectives private thoughts
Learning theorists viewed all of the following as strong potential influences on the quality of attachment EXCEPT: age of weaning drives of oral gratification form of feeding (bottle vs. breast) feeding schedules
drives of oral gratification
Javier and Tomas are former friends who had a falling out. Both boys now immensely dislike one another. This pattern is described in the text as relational animosity. peer aversions. dyadic hostility. mutual antipathies.
dyadic hostility.
The work by the Gibsons and also by Bernstein led to an integrated account of motor development that was based on complex interactions between the brain, the environment, and action called maturational theory. dynamic systems theory. instrumental theory. imprinting theory.
dynamic systems theory.
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
cooing
early vowel-like sounds that babies produce
primate studies of temperament and parenting
easy temperament babies dont learn anxiety
Our ________ self is our sense of where we are as we move through the world using our perceptual and motor systems. ecological conceptual private extended
ecological
If an infant notes where an object is in space by where it is in relation to her body, she has engaged in allocentric representation. temporal representation. geometric representation. egocentric representation.
egocentric representation.
Marcy is downstairs and her brother is upstairs. Marcy calls up to her brother and asks if he likes the painting she just completed without realizing he is unable to see what she has painted. This illustrates vitalism. compensation. centration. egocentrism.
egocentrism.
Myelination
enclosing the axon in fatty insulating material
Memory depends on three broad processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. encoding, retrieval, and source monitoring. storage, retrieval, and source monitoring. encoding, storage, and source monitoring.
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
19 Rae is a 75-year-old who just completed her third marathon of the year. She is able to repetitively engage in the tasks associated with running over a long period of time. Rae shows muscle fortitude. power. strength. endurance.
endurance.
inimical relationships
enemies Preschoolers -Almost never have enemies •Elementary school -30 percent have enemies •Physical versus relaEonal aggression -Physical (more common in boys) -RelaEonal (more common in girls) 8B
Why do teratogens impact prenatal development in predictable ways?
environmental factors that can influence baby development (drugs alcohol, disease)
Peer-raised macaques show neurological differences from those macaques raised by adults; they have less developed neural networks using the neurotransmitter serotonin. This is an example of a/an repressible effect. epigenetic effect. inducible effect. constitutive effect.
epigenetic effect.
Dr. Love is interested in the functional role of attachment in the development of organisms. Dr. Love is a/an learning theorist. psychoanalytic theorist. ethological theorist. cognitive developmental theorist.
ethological theorist.
16 John is in his 60s and runs 5 miles every morning. In older adults, like John, exercise has the largest effect on performance on controlled tasks. spatial tasks. executive tasks. speed tasks.
executive tasks.
To examine whether young children can consider thoughts of others, investigators began studying the A-not-B error. contrary predictions. propositional thought. false beliefs.
false beliefs.
Fundamental attribution error
falsely blame person over situation
Bronfenbrenner's contexts of development (ecological systems)
family as an ecosystem each element must be interpreted in light of all other elements
emotinal preparedness
fear disgust
Joanna is in her second trimester of pregnancy. At this point, her developing child is referred to as a/an embryo. fetus. blastocyst. neonate.
fetus
Behaviorist
focus on behavior while (largely) ignoring mental processes -reward/reinforced vs punished/ ignored behaviors -can be especially
Peer pressure
focus on comformity and finding those lke us teens select similar others, friend socialize similar behaviors: deviance training, repsond positively to bad behavior but ability to resisit peer influence also increases
How kids learn to read, do math ( procedural knowledge)
follow a sequence of acHons to solve a problem count on fingers to solve "4 + 3"
True or False: The association between media violence and aggression is larger than the association between lead exposure and intelligence
galse
7 Phoebe is excessively worried about a wide range of situations from germs to speaking in front of her class. She likely has multipolar anxiety disorder. universal anxiety disorder. generalized anxiety disorder. phobia disorder.
generalized anxiety disorder.
causes of autism
genetic testosterone old age of parents prenatal infection diathesisis stress hypothesis (interaction of genetic vulnerability and environmental)
• Family members and risk - genetics for autism
genetic but not fully heritable more likely to have ASD if a fam has ASD 36-95% of identical twin has ASD 0-31% if non-identical twin has ASD
• Broader autism phenotype
genetic, autistic-like traits run in a family relatives of a ppl with autism often have mild autsim like characteristics including difficulty reading social cues, oscial anxiety, OCD
Circadian rhythms over lifespan
goes later then earlier 20's 2 am-11 am
Conventional
good child orientation law and order orientation law and order orientation 9+ age
A researcher presents 4-month-old Juan with images of red triangles, over and over again. Juan becomes bored and does not look at the tenth red triangle. According to researchers, Juan is experiencing dishabituation. habituation. sensory fatigue. visual preferences.
habituation.
basic emotions
happiness, sadness, anger,, fear, disgust, and surprise
Authoritative parenting style
high warmth high control GOOD
Permissive parenting style
high warmth low control
Phineas Gage was a railroad worker who experienced massive damage to his frontal lobes in an accident. This injury most notably seemed to affect his speech production. his mathematical abilities. his control over his impulses. his speech comprehension.
his control over his impulses.
Jared bumps into Dan in the hallway. Rather than thinking this was accidental, Dan gets really mad and quickly assumes Jared did this on purpose. This illustrates relational processing deficit. hostile attribution bias. hostile information processing deficit. social attribution bias.
hostile attribution bias.
Behavioral Genomics
how a species genome influence outcomes method: often molecular
According to Freud, the ________ appears first in development and represents basic desires and drives. superego id ego schadenfreude
id
Expertise and memory
ids who are experts at chess are better than other kids for locations of chess pieces (when meaningful)! •Not as good with random positions (same as non-experts) •ExperHse facilitates better strategies
After receiving a duck egg, it hatches. The duckling now follows you everywhere you go. The duckling is demonstrating operant conditioning. imprinting. insecure attachment. classical conditioning.
imprinting.
primary circular reactions
in Piaget's framework, the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body
grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Eight-month-old January looks for her doll where her mother has hidden it from her. Her mother hides it again in the same place, and January finds it again. When her mother hides it a third time in the same place, and then moves it, January will first look in the same place as the other two times. in the new place her mother moved it to. where there is a beacon to guide her spatial representation. where there is a landmark to guide her spatial representation.
in the same place as the other two times.
Infantile Amnesia
inability to remember anything before age of 3
Global Changes
increased ability to pay attention in middle childhood if you can pay attention than more likely to learn different things
quantitative developmental
incremental and ongoing
Amanda does quite poorly on her essay for English class. She thinks that she should have worked harder. Further, she thinks she can do quite well on her next paper if she gives herself enough time to complete the assignment. Amanda would be a/an incremental theorist. fixed-trait theorist. fundamental theorist. situational theorist.
incremental theorist.
The ______ variable is the one manipulated by an experimenter. independent cross-cultural dependent experimental
independent
Nandan participates in the Strange Situation with his father. He plays with lots of toys while his dad is in the room. Nandan keeps playing and does not seem upset when his father leaves. Nandan ignores his father when he returns and scurries off to play with another toy. Nandan would most likely be classified as showing insecure/resistant attachment. insecure/avoidant attachment. secure attachment. disorganized attachment.
insecure/avoidant attachment.
Sue is trying to open a cabinet while carrying several things. Her young 18 month old daughter, Millie, sees that her mother needs help in order to open the cabinet. Millie tries to help her mother even though there are no obvious benefits to her. This illustrates __________ helping, an early form of altruism. social intuitional constructivist instrumental empathetic
instrumental
Cognitive Science perspective
integrate multiple fields of study: psychology linguistics computer science neuroscience philosophy
• Social affiliations: how do they change with age (review Table 15.1) o Interactions o Relationships o Groups
interactions (0-2)-little recipracal, high conflict 2-5: sharing 5-11: peer group size increases, less supervision, more single sex interactions 11+: cros-sex interactions, peer interactions more influential and frequent relationshipL (0-2) sustained interactions but not friendhsips yet 2-5: find friends like themselves, prosocial and hostile 5-11: bullying, diverse freindships 11+ non exclusive, autonomy, less jealousy groups: 0-2 little group behavior 2-5: dominance hierarchies, less agression but little awareness of own hierarchy 5-11 stable cliques, popularity hierarchies, social comparison 11+ decrease importance of cliques, increased integration of sexwa
At what point in development do children shid markedly toward interacEng with peers of their own sex? •a.preschool• b.elementary school• c.middle school • d.high school
is consistent.
Reliability and validity are different because reliability is the extent to which a score on a test is consistent. is ecological. represents that phenomena. is actually measuring what the test is supposed to.
is consistent.
Comparisons of adult and child chess experts has shown that their expertise for chess is limited to realistic chess scenarios, but only in children. is attributable to their superior memory capacities. is limited to realistic chess scenarios. extends to a variety of memory tasks beyond chess.
is limited to realistic chess scenarios.
In infants, strong dishabituation to "action at a distance" is interpreted as an expectation that a launching event would not be required to move an object. is required for social beings to act on each other. would not be required for either social beings or objects to act on each other. is required for objects to act on each other.
is required for objects to act on each other.
Daniel looks at a ball on the floor and sees that his dad is also looking at the ball. This is an example of social referencing. social viewing. joint attention. visual triangulation.
joint attention.
Procedural memory
knowing "how" Hard to assess declarative memories in preverbal children, but probably present by 20 months
connectionist approach
language learning occurs through the construction of networks of associations
statistical approach
language learning occurs through tracking probabilities of sequences of linguistic events
In general, physical punishment is associated with all the following EXCEPT: less antisocial behavior poorer mental health more immediate compliance less internalization of morals
less antisocial behavior
chromosomes
made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
False-belief task Compare with false-photograph task
main task we use to asses theory of mind
5. Research suggests that autism has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT: high levels of fetal testosterone maternal disengagement and lack of warmth infections in early in infancy infections prenatally
maternal disengagement and lack of warmth
The theory that states motor development is dependent upon the increasing sophistication of the brain's motor skills is the dynamic systems account. motivational account. maturational account. operant account.
maturational account.
Jamie has decided that she learns best by making flash cards to study. She has engaged in metacognition. an illusion of knowing. dual representation. procedural fluency.
metacognition.
Having an awareness of one's own memory processes is called source monitoring. metamemory. encoding. metalinguistics.
metamemory.
It has been difficult for researchers to study the use of number in infants. One important reason has been that researchers frequently have to rely on an infant's verbal report of numerical differences. a parent's verbal report of the infant's choices. methodologies using blocks/cars passing behind screens. methodologies using habituation/dishabituation.
methodologies using habituation/dishabituation.
early imitaiton
mirror neurons
Motionese
modification in mothers infant-directed action
Sophie strongly believes that certain behaviors are right and wrong but is often unable to explain why. This illustrates moral intuition. moral dilemmas. moral dumbfounding.
moral dumbfounding
Local Changes
moral judgement increase at different rate than mathmatical reasoning
Preconventional
moral judgements are driven by a need to aboid punishment obedience and punishment orientation 2-10 years
maturational account
motor development depends on the development of the brains motor program if true then it couldnt be accelerated -twin stair training study -trianing on climbing stairs was not useful, one that tried and failed and the other that didnt try both started climbing at same time
Noah has autism. In viewing a face he is most likely to focus on the eyes. mouth. nose. forehead.
mouth.
Perspectives on developmental psychology
nativism empiricism
Mary enters her developmental psychology class believing that infants are born with many specialized abilities to perceive their world. Which theorists would Mary agree with? naturalists nativists empiricists environmentalists
nativists
Neisse's Five Senses of Self
o Ecological o Interpersonal o Extended o Private o Conceptual
Migration
new neurons develop int he center of the brain and move outward most happen prenatally
is there a link between autism and vaccines?
no
Child effects on parenting
no consensus on whether childs temperaments influence attachment babys behavior will influence parents behavior (colicky, irritable, happy)
• Parenting styles
o Authoritarian o Permissive o Authoritative o Neglectful/Uninvolved
• Theories on autism
o Cold Mother(outdated) o Genetic o Neuroscience Cognitive (theory of mind, extreme male brain, executive dysfunction, enhanced perceptual functioning, weak central coherence
Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
o Gender differences Focus on care rather than justice/rights
• Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning
o Moral Dilemmas o Preconventional o Conventional o Postconventional
• Stoichiometric statuses (define each, know the correlates, outcomes)
o Popular o Rejected o Controversial o Neglected o Average
Piaget's Stages of Moral Reasoning
o Premoral o Heteronomous Autonomous
• Atypical social communication and social interactions types
o Reciprocity o Nonverbal communication o Interpersonal relationships
Attachment styles
o Secure o Insecure/Avoidant o Insecure/Resistant o Disorganized o Indiscriminate/Disinhibited
• Atypical behavior and interest patterns
o Stereotyped/repetitive movements, object use, or speech (stimming, echolalia) o Need for sameness, inflexibility o Restricted, intense interests o Abnormal sensory reactivity
• Erikson's Stages
o Trust vs. mistrust o Autonomy vs. shame/doubt o Initiative vs. guilt o Industry vs. inferiority o Identity vs. role confusion o Intimacy vs. isolation o Generativist vs. stagnation o Integrity vs. despair
The idea that rigid or hard objects cannot pass through other similar objects is termed object concept. object continuity. object solidity. object permanence.
object solidity.
signs
objective observable information
Friendships across ages
ongoing, gendered, self disclosure/jelousy/redefine social skills/ quality matters bullying
15 Which trait shows relative stability across the lifespan? agreeableness openness to experience emotional stability conscientiousness
openness to experience
9 Samuel was diagnosed with conduct disorder. His teacher gives him a sticker whenever she sees that he is engaged in appropriate behavior. Behavioral therapists refer to this as the ______________ technique. punishment operant conditioning modeling psychodynamic
operant conditioning
When Manuel thinks about objects' permanence and solidity, he is able to use all of the following principles to guide his thought except orientation. inertia. continuity. gravity.
orientation.
Attention can be described as including three components that ultimately work together. These are inhibitory control, shifting, and executive functioning. orienting, shifting, and executive functioning. orienting, alerting, and executive functioning. inhibitory control, shifting, and working memory.
orienting, alerting, and executive functioning.
Phoneme Discrimination
over time babies ger WORSE at responding to all languages Establish baseline rate of sucking •Present one phoneme repeatedly •Switch to a new phoneme and sucking increases
Simon had shown intrinsic interest in drawing. He participated in a study and was asked to draw to receive a reward. After drawing to earn the reward, he seemed to discount his earlier, intrinsic motivation for drawing. This phenomenon is known as the fundamental attribution effect. expected reward effect. overjustification effect.
overjustification effect.
What hormone is known to produce increased feelings of trust and affection toward others? oxytocin dopamine
oxytocin
In Held and Hein's experiment with kittens, those kittens who had _________ experience had poorer perceptual-motor skills. active and passive active active or passive passive
passive
The reflex that involves the extension of the leg following a tap on the knee is the patellar reflex. Moro reflex. rooting reflex. stepping reflex.
patellar reflex.
mutual antipathies
pattern where former friends who had a falling out. Both now immensely dislike one another.
Newborns are more attentive to monkey sounds than to synthetic sounds created to resemble speech. Three-month-olds, however, do not demonstrate this preference and only prefer human speech sounds over the synthetic sounds. This is an example of concentrated plasticity. sensory tapering. perceptual narrowing. auditory focusing.
perceptual narrowing.
The earliest stage of development is actually the perinatal period. infancy period. prenatal period. preschool period.
perinatal period.
Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and low control? permissive accommodating authoritative lenient
permissive
Nadia resembles her mother physically. She is tall with dark hair and blue eyes. These directly observable characteristics are called phenotype. genotype. zygosity. autosomy.
phenotype.
Phonological development
phonemes, cooing, babbling, jargoning
Premoral
piagets moral reasoning up to age 4 no explicit awareness of rules, no use of moral principles or notions of justice
Chickens that display the dominant frizzle gene have atypical feathers, greater metabolic rates, and improved digestive capacity. That one gene affects many traits is an example of heterozygous genes. pleiotropic genes. homeobox genes. polygenic genes.
pleiotropic genes.
Primary intersubjectivity
ppl sharing subjective states
Proliferation (neurogenesis)
prenatally new neurons are created(neurogenesis) soem new neurones in specific brain regions (hippocampus memory structure) are produced after birth, most are produced prebirth
Hannah has extremely positive views of herself on all dimensions. Hannah is likely in middle school. early elementary school. preschool. late elementary school.
preschool.
Categorical Perception of Color (two systems?)
process of clustering wavelengths of light into familiar colors tendency to cluster stimuli that vary along a continuum into discrete categories
instrumental helping
providing practical assistance such as helping to retrieve an object that is out of reach
The ______ perspective emphasizes the workings of the unconscious mind. comparative behaviorist cognitive science psychoanalytic
psychoanalytic
The use of a variety of techniques like EEG and imaging to learn more about the brain, its growth, and its areas of specialization is associated with all of the following approaches EXCEPT the _____ approach. cognitive science psychoanalytic evolutionary neuroscience
psychoanalytic
Maxwell believes that his mother always wants to change him. When his mother is disappointed in him, she refuses to look at him. Maxwell's mother is high on behavioral control. manipulative control. psychological control. affective control.
psychological control.
moro reflex
react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms and then retracting and crying
major language milestones
recognize undersand produce recognize own name 4-5months recognize new words and remember for weeks 7-8 months produce real words 1 year
attentional deployment
redirect attention
One of the most basic and common memory strategies is source monitoring. rehearsal. cueing. elaboration.
rehearsal.
egocentric spatial knowledge
relative to body (left hand bs right hand)
allocentric spatial knowledge
relative to environment (east vs west, other landmarks) what babies use, (find toy b/c it was right to body)
stimming
repetitive movements(like flapping arms)
echolalia
repetitive speech (immediate or delayed)
The institutional review board is tasked with reviewing the milestones of child development in longitudinal studies. child-rearing practices to be sure children are treated well. research studies to be sure they keep to their budgets. research studies to be sure they have minimal or no risk.
research studies to be sure they have minimal or no risk.
Microgenetic research design
researchers asses participants every few days or weeks rather than every few years, different ppl at each age of interest
serve and return
responding to a babbling infant
Darian, a young child, is playing with a ball of Play-Doh ®. Her brother smashes it into a pancake, and Darian gets mad and says she wanted to play with a ball, not a flat piece of Play-Doh®. This illustrates that Darian lacks the logical operator of reversibility. identity. egocentrism. seriation.
reversibility.
Roxanna has a spelling test next week. She believes that she can successfully complete her spelling test. These beliefs demonstrate high self-esteem. self-comparison. self-efficacy. self-determination.
self-efficacy.
piagets stages of development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
The order of Piaget's developmental stages is:
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
A comparative perspective involves a psychologist looking at questions across the lifespan. cultures. stages of development. species.
species
Sol, a 9-month-old, is extremely distraught when his mother leaves the house. He cannot be consoled by his babysitter. This illustrates attachment distress. separation anxiety. stranger fear. irritable temperament.
separation anxiety.
empathy
sharing of feelings
Pedro's mother stops interacting with him and freezes her face for several seconds. Infant Pedro will most likely fail to respond to her when she starts interacting with him again start to disengage socially without showing distress. not notice his mother's behavior has changed. show distress and start to disengage socially.
show distress and start to disengage socially.
Semantic development
signs, morphemes, lexicon
4. A teacher randomly assigns half of the students in her first-grade class to the purple team and the other half to the orange team. She can expect biases to emerge if she makes this division and uses group labels in the classroom. simply based on this group assignment. only if she creates groups with older children as her students are too young to show biases. only if she creates these groups and treats the groups differently.
simply based on this group assignment.
Michael believes that Jessica bumped into him in the park because she stumbled on a rock. This is an example of what psychologists refer to as a/an _____________ attribution. situational intrinsic dispositional extrinsic
situational
The study by Johnson et al. (1998) found that infants treat furry objects that interact with them as objects to be feared. nonsocial agents. social agents. inanimate objects.
social agents.
Kim has noticed that she is a much better runner than her peers. She recognizes that she can run around the track faster than her classmates and that the coach is always praising her form while correcting her classmates' form. Thus, Kim believes she has strong athletic ability. This illustrates social comparison. kinesthetic self-concept. overjustification effect. self-efficacy.
social comparison.
Dr. Holden believes that children learn to model their parents' behaviors. He thinks abused children go on to re-create in their own families the abuse they have observed and experienced. His beliefs are consistent with behavioral genetics theory. social learning theory. ethological theory. environmental theory.
social learning theory.
gametes
specialized cells(sperm and eggs)
reflexes
specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
babbling(age)
stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds
qualitative developmental
stagelike
14 Minerva is in her 40s and is only concerned with her own selfish needs. She does not make any contributions to the community. According to Erikson, she demonstrates inferiority isolation stagnation despair
stagnation
constructivism
students learn by building on prior knowledge and by doing
Jenelle is 80 years old. She walks a mile every day to volunteer at the local library where she does a wide variety of tasks. This illustrates compensation. successful aging. positive feedback loops. operationalization.
successful aging.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
Basic anatomy of neurons and how they communicate
support basic functions communicate through dendrites
Ryan, a 6-month-old, is most likely to prefer which of the following tastes? salty sweet bitter sour
sweet
mental combinations
symbolic though; have insight, using words; no longer trial and error; deferred imitation
7. When television was introduced to a rural area of Fiji, researchers noticed an increase in: school test scores substance use aggressive behaviors symptoms of eating disorders
symptoms of eating disorders
Consolidation (apoptosis, synaptic pruning)
synaptic pruning sometimes via apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Syntactic development
syntactic bootstrapping, telegraphic speech, grammar)
stepping reflex
taking steps when held under the arms and leaned forward so the feet press the ground
fathers and attachment
testosterone levels drop in dad if spend a lot of time involved in parenting dads play more physical differences in when infants form attachments with dad is diminishing as culture changes
Suniya is a young female who shows a preference for playing with gender-atypical toys. This pattern may be associated with exposure to higher levels of prenatal testosterone. estrogen. cortisol. oxytocin.
testosterone.
secondary intersubjectivity
the capacity to share one's experiences with others
ego
the conscious mind
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Autobiographical Memory
the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story
emotional contagion
the process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another
synaptogenesis
the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections
tertiary circular reactions
the purposeful adaptation of established schemes to new situations (a not b errors)
A longitudinal study examines changes in the same groups at one point in time. the same individuals at one point in time. the same individuals across a long period of time. different groups across a long period of time.
the same individuals across a long period of time.
morphemes
the smallest meaningful units of language
Cross-Cultural perspective
the study of how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior -global vs local
Prosody, fetal learning
the study of sound and rhythm in poetry
True or False: So-called 'perceptual' and 'conceptual' features often co-vary.
true
The blastocyst's innermost layer, the endoderm, will develop into structures including the thyroid gland. the muscles. the nervous system. the skeleton.
thyroid gland
Danielle knows that Adrienne did better than Berta on their exam and that Berta did better than Carrie. Therefore, she can conclude that Adrienne did better than Carrie through her use of hypothetico-deductive reasoning. order relations inferences. class-inclusion inferences. transitive reasoning.
transitive reasoning.
assimilation
translate new observations into something we can understand from before incorporating new experiences into existing schema
123. True or False: Accommodation refers to the modification of cognitive structures to fit what the child has learned about the environment.
true
True or False: Experiences in the first year of life could change how infants use information from their environment in the second year of life
true
True or False: Gender identity and gender roles represent distinct constructs that are correlated but can be dissociated. True False
true
True or False: Meiosis occurs in my ovaries and mitosis occurs in my toes.
true
Schools tend to have three broad effects on children's thought including serving as socializing agents, cultural institutions, and centers of technology. vehicles for values, socializing agents, and centers of technology vehicles for values, socializing agents, and cultural institutions socializing agents, cultural institutions, and IQ advancement
vehicles for values, socializing agents, and cultural institutions
Peer victimization (bullying)
victims: Depressed, unhappy, lonely -10 percent of children -Unwilling to retaliate bully: taking agression out on others
continuous development
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills human
discontinuous development
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages catepillar to butterfly
When we walk, run, drive, and even fly, there is a particular type of perceptual-motor information we receive called visual flow. passive information. instrumentality. imprinting.
visual flow.
The empiricist and nativist perspectives differ because empiricists believe that we begin life with certain biases toward learning certain types of information. we begin life with no biases toward learning any particular information.
we begin life with no biases toward learning any particular information.
Malcolm has Down syndrome. Which of the following traits/conditions would Malcolm be unlikely to exhibit? cognitive delays webbed skin at the neck high risk for certain heart defects distinctive facial features
webbed skin at the neck
embryonic period
weeks 3-8 of prenatal development
If a child participated in all of a study's conditions, then that experimenter is probably using a/an ______ design. ecological within-subjects test-retest between-subjects
within-subjects
Working memory is different from long-term memory because long-term memory is primarily organized around sensory experiences. long-term memory quickly stores robust memories for later processing. working memory has a vast capacity to store information. working memory is limited to about seven items at a time.
working memory is limited to about seven items at a time.
13 Prior to age 60, there is a decline on all the following measures EXCEPT: world knowledge long-term memory working memory speed of processing
world knowledge
Metamemory
young kids dont know the extent of their memory, how much they can recall and assume they will remember
One of the main reasons that friendship jealousy is less common in early childhood than in adolescence is believed to be a result of younger children being less sophisEcated at: • a.communicaEng in dyadic relaEonships •b.making social comparisons• c.perspecEve-taking• d.understanding relaEonship needs
•b.making social comparisons•?
