PSY 308 final

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dominant gene

A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present

Neuroscience

The study of the nervous system, especially the brain

Positivity bias

The tendency to focus heavily on a person's positive attributes when forming a perception

Implicit cognition

any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness

pragmatic development

conversations, proto-'s, private speech

12 Crossword puzzle completion is an index of crystallized intelligence. configurative intelligence. fluid intelligence. optimized intelligence.

crystallized intelligence.

display rules

culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display

Developing and Maintaining Social Bonds (types) *CCCS*

cute cling cry smile

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

• Family structure (types)

how the family is organized -focus on siblings, working parents, divorce e.g. nuclear, extended

Extended sense of self

how we progress on an autobiographic timeline (connection between past, present, and future)

Interpersonal sense of self

how we relate to ppl

coordinating secondary circular reactions

involve applying new schemes to external objects, not just the infants own body

secondary circular reactions

involve applying new schemes to external objects, not just the infants own body

motor milestones

lift head lift chest and arms roll over sit stand with help pull self to stand stand unsupported walk on own

Disorganized attachment

vary rare, later in life usually develop pyshcopatholoy, mental health issues

• Fast Mapping (and things that support it)

mutual exclusivity, pragmatic cues

superego

part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience

developmental periods

prenatal(0) infancy(0-1.5) preschool(1.5-4) school age(young and old)(5-7,8-12) adolescence(13-20) adulthood (young, middle, late)(21-20,31-60,60+)

visual flow fields

the different visual patterns we see when we move at different speeds visual patterns of motion that give feedback about the speed and direction of movement when an illusory visual flow field is created, it can knock down infants

critical perios

time periods in which specific experiences are necessary for typical development to occur

systactic bootstrapping

using the grammaRcal structure of whole sentences to figure out novel word meanings

Self-esteem (stages)

valenced and self evaluative preschool years early school years middle childhood adolscence

What schools do

values, socialization, and culture

Within Subjects

An experimental design in which the same group of subjects serves in more than one treatment

Self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

homoxzygous

An organism that has two same alleles for a trait

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. hair

Secure attachemnt

associated with appropriate resonses to childs distress

Visually Evoked Potential

attaching electrodes to the babys scalp to measure brain activity and to determine at what point of the changing striped patterns that the infant is watching on screen no longer cause corresponding changes in the brains electrical activity Measure brain response to visual sNmulus •Rapidly alternate between gray background and stripes •When stripes are easy to see, the brain will differenNate stripes from gray •VEP finds higher levels of visual acuity than other methods - what could that mean?

Paula is 8 weeks old. She has just begun to use signals such as smiling to focus on specific people. According to Bowlby, Paula is in which phase? clear-cut attachment phase preattachment phase reciprocal relationships attachment-in-the-making phase

attachment-in-the-making phase

Optokinetic Nystagmus

attend to the jumping of the eyes as they track as continuous succession of objects that stream by

Cognitive structures devoted to filtering information to help children focus on some information and ignore other distracting information are called echoic schemas. attentional schemas. orienting schemas. iconic schemas.

attentional schemas.

social learning theory

bobo doll study

"pre term"

born 3+ weeks early typicall weigh less than 5.5 lbs 1. can disrupt patterns of neural growth that occur int he last few months before birth 2. problem that may have triggered premature birth infection can damage brain

Bowlby's Ethological Theory of Attachment

bowlby was first to call parent-child bond "attachment" -infant wants to be proximal to caregiver -focus on evolutionary role ofattachment -ensures that parents care for their child -distinc from dependency (reliance for sustenance)

Memory for conscious, verbal information, and memory for more automatic, unconscious information are respectively termed ______ and ______ memory. working and sensory echoic and iconic implicit and explicit explicit and implicit

explicit and implicit

Abel asks for a treat by saying "cookie," and his mother answers with, "what do you say?" He responds by saying, "peez." Abel's appraisal and response have demonstrated implicit cognition. explicit cognition. allocentric representation. egocentric representation.

explicit cognition

Irene thinks of her past accomplishments and what she believes she can attain in the future. This illustrates her __________ self. extended temporal conceptual ideal

extended

Semantic memory

facts/knowledge

prereaching

failed attempts to touch objects (out of reach)

a-not-b error

fails at invisible displacement (switching bowls very slowly and baby cant track to new location)

True or False: All infants crawl in exactly the same way.

false

True or False: When infants play with their caregiver throughout the first year of life, they strongly prefer to look at their social partner's face instead of at objects that they are playing with.

false

Pablo is teaching his son to ride a bike. At first he offers a great deal of support. As his son starts to master bike riding, he lessens the amount of support he provides. This is an example of what Vygotsky referred to as scaffolding. guided support. compensation.

scaffolding.

Naina participates in the Strange Situation with her mother. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns, Naina stops crying and rushes to hug her mother. Naina would most likely be classified as demonstrating a/an insecure/avoidant attachment. secure attachment. disorganized attachment. insecure/resistant attachment.

secure attachment.

Alden's mother takes him to visit a new friend's home. Alden is excitedly playing with toys but upon hearing a loud noise grows scared and crawls back to his mother. Ethological theorists would say Alden is using his mother as a/an shielding presence. protective center. safe harbor. secure base.

secure base.

A psychologist studying phenomena from the evolutionary perspective would do all of the following EXCEPT wait to see how a phenomenon changes over several years. use a variety of techniques to study the brain's growth. see how a trait emerged through natural selection. see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement.

see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement.

True or False: Some infants go straight to walking, and skip crawling altogether.

true

True or false: •The association between media violence and aggression is larger than the association between lead exposure and intelligence. A. TRUE B. FALSE

true

id

unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.

Seriation

understand that things come in an order

Validity is the degree to which two observers agree on their data. a study is consistent. what you measure is what you intend to measure. what you score now is close to what you scored before.

what you measure is what you intend to measure.

replicability

when a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators

deviancy training

when one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms

• How kids learn to read, do math (top-down)

"Whole language" first -Whole language curricula emphasize many rich opportunities to experience written language (e.g., stories, song)•So learning to read does not need to depend on kids being good decoders

"full term"

37 weeks

Prereading

-Recognize some words; know what a book is • know that printed words and spoken language are related

Three-link social influence

-Three links = your friend's friend's friend •Lifestyle pajerns are related to social networks -Obesity, happiness, smoking, exercise

Nativism

-born who we are -nature

fetal period

9weeks -birth

machiavellian emotions

-manipulative emotions-expressed but not felt

motor deprivation

-or impaired deprivation, -babies with less motor experience still develop normally only extreme motor deprivation causes motor impairment and this is often reversible

Optimization

. Trying to choose the best feasible option, given the available information

5. Glenn and Shawn are both European-American fathers. Glenn uses color-blind language when discussing individuals of different racial backgrounds with his children. Shawn also uses color-blind language but has many more non-European-American friends than Glenn. Which of the following is most likely? Shawn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Glenn's children. Glenn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Shawn's children. Both Glenn and Shawn's children will demonstrate high racial bias. Both Glenn and Shawn's children will demonstrate low racial bias.

...Shawn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Glenn's children.

Insecure/Resistant attachment

10% less likely to explore overall, most distressed when mom leaves, stays close to mom when returns (may act angry) weaker social skills, more withdrawn

jargoning

12 months babbling with intonation patterns (pragmatics)

Postconventional

12+ social contract orientation principle conscience drive orientation

Clear-cut attachment

18 months-2 years

Early signs and when autism can be reliably diagnosed?

2-3 years poor eye contact, poor response to name, poor joint attention, in own world, get stuck doing same thing, repeatedly lines objects up or puts them in specific order, delayed language repetitive speech need for sameness restricted intense iterest abnormal sensory reactivity(hyper/hypo reactivity)

Piaget's Preoperational Periods

2-7 years children can use symbols to mentally represent objects but they fail to use mental operations that enable them to see the quasi logical relations governing phenomena

Insecure/Avoidant attachment

20% explore with mom, is not distressed when she leaves, avoid mom when she returns weaker social skills, more withdrawn throughtout life

conceptual sense of self

4+ most influence by others and culture social roles)gender, fam) able to articulate who we are relative to others

• Rates and gender balance in autism spectrum disorder

5:1 male to female ratio in diagnosis

Attachment-in-the-making stage

6 weeks - 6/8 months

Concrete Operational Periods

7-12 years children can apply quasi-logical operations to concrete info but they fail to think abstractly or in hyopthetical terms

Strange Situation

8 stage process used to asses attachment baby in unfamiliar room, people coming and going, in the room, researcher coding reactions through one way mirror

• Comorbidities with autism spectrum disorder

83% have another dev disorder 10% have a psychiatric disorder 10% have genetic/chromosomal disorder down syndrome,f ragile X, emilepsy, ADHD depression, anxiety, OCD

dna

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

9. Which of the following is correct about a public health perspective on media violence and aggression? A public health perspective asks whether, in a population as a whole, there will be more violent events as a result of violent programming. Any given child in the sample, when exposed to media violence, will show a measurable increase in behavior problems densitization makes it less likely that violence will result from violent media exposure Media violence and aggression is a weaker association than major public health issues like condom use and sexually transmitted HIV

A public health perspective asks whether, in a population as a whole, there will be more violent events as a result of violent programming.

social information processing model

A repeating cycle that can lead a child to have a hostile attributional style and to be a rejected child or to have a more positive attributional style and be a popular child

Which of the following is true of the formal operational period? A significant number of people never attain formal operational thought. Almost all children throughout the world attain formal operational thought. A small number of people never attain formal operational thought.

A significant number of people never attain formal operational thought.

10

A. Secure Attachment

2 Which of the following is FALSE according to Piaget's primary circular reactions? • A. They occur in very young infants (1-4 months old) • B. They build on exis9ng reflexes • C. They are body directed • D. They are directed toward objects

A. an existing structure grows in magnitude

reliability

Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings

Plasticity

Ability of brain tissue to modify itself and take on new functions.

Metacognition

Ability to think about one's own thoughts •Illusion of knowing -Overestimate level of knowledge, control over thought •Evaluating others' knowledge -Underestimate how much thinking people do -Don't understand diversity of thoughts -AbsoluHsm (only one right answer)

Delay of Gratification

Ability to wait in order to delay both an ac2on and that ac2on's reward

Secure base

According to John Bowlby, the relationship in which the child feels safe and protected

Scaffolding

Adults and older children help younger children to progress to the next zone of proximal development

genome

All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.

Reactive aggression

Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive

aging and practice

Aging and practice with a task can interact in at least two ways -Optimization by selecting a goal and practicing a skill toward that goal, a person can allocate resources toward improvement, leading to "success" at older ages. -Compensation: changing behavior to make up for losses in cognitive skill.

The majority of infants in all cultures demonstrate secure attachments with their parents; however, sometimes infant behaviors may differ by culture. For example, Japanese infants may appear to exhibit higher rates of ________ attachment than American infants. Disorganized Avoidant Anxious Disoriented

Anxious

Neural dissociations in language

Aphasia: Language impaired after a stroke. WIlliams Syndrome: Cognitive Impairment and high language skills Approach to understanding: Cross species / comparative approach Chimps are not always a good cross species to use because they have different rates of development and lack in some cognitive areas in the long run.

Overregularization

Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms.

Learning Theory

Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

5

B Overregularization

4

B dishabituiation

A newborn is given a bumpy pacifier to suck on while she is shown both a bumpy and smooth pacifier. Which is most likely? • A. She will look at the smooth one • B. She will look at the bumpy one • C. She will look at both equally • D. She will ignore both

B she will look at the bumpy one

7

B. Teratogens

Neglectful/Uninvolved parenting style

BAD low warmth low control

Authoritarian parenting style

BAD low warmth high control

8

C. Authoritative

9

C. Functionalist

12

C. formal operational period

10 All of the following statements are true about cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) EXCEPT: CBT requires active engagement and effort on the part of the client. CBT always involves medication as part of the therapy. CBT tries to make the client aware of automatic thought patterns that are maladaptive. CBT is now used to treat a wide range of disorders.

CBT always involves medication as part of the therapy.

Gender identity

Categorizing oneself as male or female

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

video deficit

Children learn better from real people than from a TV

2. All of the following statements about video games are true EXCEPT: The content of video games is critical to whether they have a positive or negative effect. The effects of video games can be more negative than the effects of television. The effects of video games can be more positive than the effects of television. Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games.

Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games.

All of the following statements about video games are true EXCEPT: The content of video games is critical to whether they have a positive or negative effect. Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games. The effects of video games can be more negative than the effects of television. The effects of video games can be more positive than the effects of television.

Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games.

Interpersonal relationships

Communication between people

________ theory argues that as families get larger, their overall intellectual climate drops. Ecological systems Resource Confluence Divergence

Confluence

homophily

Conformity = homophily = similarity, the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others who are similar or "like" themselves

____________ is a binocular cue that relies on the way the two eyes move—becoming increasingly cross-eyed in order to focus on closer and closer objects. Binocular parallax Motion parallax Interposition Convergence

Convergence

6

D. infantile amnesia

1 Which of the following is FALSE according to Piaget's primary circular reactions? A. They occur in very young infants (1-4 months old) • B. They build on exis9ng reflexes • C. They are body directed • D. They are directed toward objects

D. they are directed toward objects

telomeres

DNA at the tips of chromosomes

Matt is the youngest child in his family, Sam is the middle child, and David is the oldest child. Studies of birth order suggest There will be no differences as a function of birth order. David will likely have the highest intelligence score. Matt will likely have the highest intelligence score. Sam will likely have the highest intelligence score.

David will likely have the highest intelligence score.

• Cognitive changes in aging

Decline in visual and auditory systems Decline in other senses (but not as rapidly) Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, demen4a, sleep disorders •Aging "well" is predicted by both genetic and lifestyle factors

• How kids learn to read, do math: bottom-up

Decoding first (lePers à words à phrases à sentences à etc.) -Emphasizes "word-aPack skills" and phonemic analysis..

Explicit cognition

Deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning

infantile amnesia: Cueing hypothesis

Differences in the types of cues that trigger memory retrieval limit later recollection

Between Subjects

Each participant is tested in only one level of the IV

10. Which of the following is NOT true of educational children's programming such as Blues Clues and Sesame Street? Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning. The content can promote positive depictions of diversity in others. If the content has a well-designed educational mission, it can have a positive effect. The content can have a positive effect on prosocial behavior and understanding emotions.

Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning.

Which of the following is NOT true of educational children's programming such as Blues Clues and Sesame Street? The content can have a positive effect on prosocial behavior and understanding emotions. If the content has a well-designed educational mission, it can have a positive effect. The content can promote positive depictions of diversity in others. Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning.

Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning.

Piaget's three mountains task shows that ________ influences young children's understanding of spatial relations Centration Egocentrism Identity Vitalism

Egocentrism

Social comparison

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

Intermodal Perception

Formation of a single perception of a stimulus that is based on information from two or more senses

Francis is a mother in a family characterized as high socioeconomic status, and Jane is a mother in a working-class family. What is the most likely outcome? The women are not likely to differ in their parenting styles. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritative parenting. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritarian parenting. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use permissive parenting.

Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritative parenting.

• Cliques vs Crowds

Friendships = 2 people • Cliques = 5-7 good friends -Like an alternative "family" • Crowds = larger group of many cliques -Jocks, nerds, stoners,

childhood friendships

Friendships are: -Ongoing -Reciprocal -positive •Friends share more •But they also fight more! •Gender differences in friendships -Type of play and bonding -Type of aggression and fighEng

recessive gene

Gene that is hidden when the dominant gene is present

All of the following statements are true of Head Start EXCEPT: Some studies suggest a link between participation in Head Start and higher levels of school readiness. Head Start teaches parenting skills to lower-income, disadvantaged parents. An Early Head Start program focuses on children between birth and 3 years. Head Start seems to be more effective for European-American parents compared with African-American parents.

Head Start seems to be more effective for European-American parents compared with African-American parents.

17 All of the following statements about imaginary companions are true EXCEPT: Imaginary companions can take a variety of roles including playmates, older mentors, and animals. Some estimates suggest that more than half of children have had an imaginary companion at some point Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students. Imaginary companions can be invisible or partially embodied in a doll or stuffed animal

Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students.

All of the following statements about imaginary companions are true EXCEPT: Imaginary companions can take a variety of roles including playmates, older mentors, and animals. Some estimates suggest that more than half of children have had an imaginary companion at some point Imaginary companions can be invisible or partially embodied in a doll or stuffed animal Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students.

Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students.

phonemes

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Ethological theory

Infants wants to be proximal to caregiver. Focus on evolutionary role of attachment. Ensures that parent care for their children

Romantic relationships

Intimate relationships that comprise love, involvement, sharing, openness, connectedness, and so on

Hostile attribution bias

Jared bumps into Dan in the hallway. Rather than thinking this was accidental, Dan gets really mad and quickly assumes Jared did this on purpose. This illustrates

Jason is an 8-year-old boy whose parents would be classified as authoritarian parents. What is the most likely outcome for Jason? Jason will show more hostility than his peers. Jason will be self-reliant and self-controlled. Jason will set lower goals for achievement. Jason will show immature behavior.

Jason will show more hostility than his peers.

Adolescent Friendships (11+)

Jealousy •Self-disclosure •Refine social skills •Buffer stress •Co-ruminaEon •Quality majers!

• Hearing and Categorical Perception of Speech

Just like with color, babies perceive speech sounds categorically.

• Declarative memory

Knowing "what" Hard to assess declaraHve memories in preverbal children, but probably present by 20 months

Source monitoring refers to A strategy children use to remember recently presented items A strategy children use to remember items presented in the past Knowing where a particular memory originated Knowing which type of memory a given skill represents

Knowing where a particular memory originated

Huan is a 13-year-old girl growing up in China, and Madison is a 13-year-old girl growing up in the United States. Both girls have mothers who demonstrate what would be considered an authoritarian parenting style. What is the most likely outcome? Madison is more likely than Huan to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive. Both girls will interpret this parenting style as one concerned with training. Huan is more likely than Madison to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive. Both girls will interpret this parenting style as one that is overbearing and intrusive.

Madison is more likely than Huan to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive.

Magda grew up in a Romanian orphanage under conditions of severe social deprivation. Which of the following is most likely? The deprivation will only influence Magda's social development. The deprivation will only influence Magda's cognitive development. Magda will demonstrate normal social and cognitive functioning. Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development.

Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development.

Manuel is 5 years old ,and his brother, Ricardo, is 11 years old. According to Piaget's stage theory of moral reasoning, which of the following is most likely to best describe the brothers' reasoning about rules? Both boys see rules as human agreements that can be changed if all parties consent. Manuel is more likely than Ricardo to see rules as unchanging and external. Both boys see rules as unchanging and external. Ricardo is more likely than Manuel to see rules as unchanging and external.

Manuel is more likely than Ricardo to see rules as unchanging and external.

• Sex, Violence on TV

Media is arguably the #1 "sex educator" •Sexually sugges>ve and unrealis>c •Teenagers who are exposed to more media (TV, music, etc.) may: -Overes>mate # of peers having sex -Feel more pressure to have sex -Be more likely to have sex/get pregnant 70% of tv programs kids watch include at least one violent event (cartoons the most)

The reflex that involves a pronounced startle response in the infant is the stepping reflex. Moro reflex. rooting reflex. patellar reflex.

Moro reflex.

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: Diagnoses of autism are often made in association with language delays. Autistic children may not connect well socially with their caregivers in infancy. Most individuals with autism are diagnosed at or before 12 months of age. The low incidence of autism makes it challenging to study symptoms in the first month of life.

Most individuals with autism are diagnosed at or before 12 months of age.

• Mastery vs performance orientation

Motivated to learn, try hard, and improve •More likely to: -Have long-range academic success -Use more advanced learning strategies -Relate current learning tasks to relevant prior knowledge

Reciprocity

Mutual exchange

Dimensional approach

NOT CATEGORIES BUT SCALES classifying mental disorders that quantifies a person's symptoms or other characteristics of interest and represents them with numerical values on one or more scales or continuums, rather than assigning them to a mental disorder category Rothbart: surgency/extroversion, negative affectivity, effortful control)

Eight-month-old Nadine is participating in Gibson's visual cliff study. What would you predict about her performance? Nadine will only cross the visual cliff to receive her favorite toy. Correct! Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is hesitant to do so. Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is too young to crawl. Nadine will only cross the visual cliff if her mother induces her across.

Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is hesitant to do so.

Rousseau believed that children are pure in heart and mind and would always behave in morally appropriate ways if not for the corrupting influences of society. This view is more in line with ______ theoretical approaches. Empiricist Functionalist Cross-cultural Nativist

Nativist

3. Veronica is 3, Neetha is 5, and Sondra is 10 years old. Who is most likely to insist that nurses can only be women, even if they have seen male nurses? Veronica Sondra Neetha

Neetha

Veronica is 3, Neetha is 5, and Sondra is 10 years old. Who is most likely to insist that nurses can only be women, even if they have seen male nurses? Neetha Veronica Sondra All three girls are equally likely to do so.

Neetha

Internet effects

Negative side: mature content, cyberbullying-Positive side: communication, identity exploration

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuronal migration? Most migration happens before birth or around the time of birth. Nerve cells appear to migrate by following the paths laid down by certain radial glial cells that serve as guides. New nerve cells develop at the outer regions of the brain. Some migration occurs in adult human brains.

New nerve cells develop at the outer regions of the brain.

Which of the following statements is true? Newborns show clear preferences for being around particular people. Newborns show extreme distress if the parent leaves. Newborns do not seem to have specific bonds.

Newborns do not seem to have specific bonds.

Clarence just turned 3 and his sister, Marie, just turned 5. Both participate in the false belief task and are presented with a box of chocolate. When they open it, they find a pencil. The researcher asks each of them what another child seeing the box for the first time would think was inside it. What is the most likely outcome? Both children will say the new person would think there was chocolate inside. Only Clarence will say the new person would think there were pencils inside. Only Marie will say the new person would think there were pencils inside. Both children will say the new person would think there were pencils inside.

Only Clarence will say the new person would think there were pencils inside.

18 Glenda shows the following symptoms: difficulty walking, shaky hands, slow movements, and impaired memory. She likely has Parkinson's disease. macular degeneration. essential tremor disease. Alzheimer's disease.

Parkinson's disease.

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: Peer influence is especially critical in early childhood as compared to other periods. Preschoolers show genuine instances of sharing and have some sense of reciprocity. Cross-sex interactions become increasingly important during the period of adolescence. Infants' interactions are simple and may include the experience of joint arousal.

Peer influence is especially critical in early childhood as compared to other periods.

Physical changes in aging

Physical decline from mid-20s •Strength declines rapidly •Endurance declines less rapidly •People get shorter; lose brain mass •Menopause

Phases of Attachment (bowlby)

Preattachment o Attachment-in-the-making (6w-6m) o Clear-cut attachment (6m-2yrs) o Reciprocal relationship

Gender roles

Preferences, appearances, and actions that are correlated with particular gender identities

Perceptual Narrowing

Progressive reduction in attentional focus

11 Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory? Prospective memory is often preserved into very old age. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginning in adolescence. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginnings around age 60. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginning in middle adulthood.

Prospective memory is often preserved into very old age.

Piaget's theory posits that children progress through four stages of development characterized by different ways of thinking and understanding the world. This progression illustrates: Chronologic change Qualitative change Quantitative change Passive change

Qualitative change

The memory format theory of infantile amnesia is primary a failure of Encoding Storage Retrieval Attention

Retrieval

When Jerry answers a clicker question, he has a better memory for the last few slides in the lecture. This is consistent with a: Production deficit Utilization deficit Primary effect Recency effect

Recency effect

Experience-expectant plasticity

The integration of environmental stimuli into the normal patterns of development

Prospective memory

Remembering to do things in the future

Autonomous

Self-governing, independent

Behavioral inhibition

Shyness

Simple vs Complex reaction times

Simple: time to respond to a stimuli speeds up (infancy~young adulthood). Longer response time (gradual late 20s-> more drastically 70-80s) (e.g. tennis) Complex: diff responses depending on various spatial/temporal configurations of stimuli. Tend to slow down w age after 20s, but this depends on task. With novel stimuli, standard U-shaped curve. With high expertise stimuli, reaction time is constant or even faster (e.g. telegraph operator)

lee Vygotsky

Sociocultural approach to development • Children are social beings, not little scientists • Change is continuous, not stage like• Language and thought are integrally related Vygotsky's view Zones of proximal development -The next level of a skill -The next step in cogni9ve development •Scaffolding -Adults and older children help younger children to progress to the next zone of proximal development Scaffolding Adults and older children help younger children to progress to the next zone of proximal development

infantile amnesia: Neural change hypothesis

The late maturation of certain brain structures (for example, hippocampus) limit early storage

• Successful vs Pathological Aging

Successful aging -Thriving for a long time Pathological aging -Sharp decline around mid-60s

Summer is pregnant and is expecting her first child. She is able to accurately perceive negative emotional states in her husband, mother, and father. Her sister, Amber, is also pregnant and expecting her first child. Amber is not accurate in perceiving negative emotional states in others. It is likely that Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show a secure attachment. Amber's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Summer's infant. Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show an insecure attachment. Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.

Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.

• Cartoons/non-educational TV and effects

TV can perpetuate stereotypes about gender and ethnicity •Most common portrayals of... Strong, positive characters: White males -Weak characters: females -Negative characters: poor/ minorities highly violent, cartoons the most, doesnt show real consequences, sex

television viewing rates

TV set is on 6+ hrs/dayin average U.S. home, •Young children (0-6) about 2 hrs / day•Older children (8+) about 4 hrs / day

All of the following statements are true about changes in the family EXCEPT: The age of marriage has risen dramatically since the 1960s, which in part is related to a return from a drop in the age of marriage that occurred after World War II. Teen pregnancy and birth rates have steadily increased for the last four decades in the United States. Over the past four decades, the mean age of mothers at the time of the birth of their first child has greatly increased in North America, Europe, and Japan. There has been a substantial increase in the number of single-parent homes in the United States.

Teen pregnancy and birth rates have steadily increased for the last four decades in the United States.

temperament

Tendency toward par/cular emo/onal and behavioral responses to a context •Used to describe infants (personality is used to describe adults)

Literacy

The ability to read and write

Theory of Mind

The ability to think about and reason about other people's beliefs and desires Required to make inferences about what people are doing and why they are doing it •Their mental state might be related to the beliefs, desires, emotions, and knowledge states of another person

Delay of gratification

The ability to wait until later to get something desirable

Phonological development in deaf infants

The acquisiRon of knowledge about the sound system of a language Sounds are hard to learn to produce and discriminate 1-3 mos: "cooing" •AIer 4 mos: babbling •Congenitally deaf infants: -Vocal = late, limited -Manual/signed = similar to typical babies •12 mos: "jargoning"

Individual Differences

The aspects of people's personalities that make them different from other people

Separation Anxiety

The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

Hayflick limit

The estimate that human cells can double only 50 times, plus or minus 10, and then will die.

Internal working model

The first bond between the primary carer and child acts like a template for future relationships.

Latency period

The fourth psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses lie dormant. ages 7-12

ontogeny

The history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime.

Experience-dependent plasticity

The mechanism through which the structure of the brain is changed by experience

A young rhesus monkey is put in a cage with a choice between a wire-frame "mother" and a mother covered in furry terry cloth. Which is most likely to occur? The monkey will prefer the wire-frame "mother." The monkey will prefer the terry-cloth "mother." The monkey will ignore both "mothers" as they are not real. The monkey will show no preference and cling to both the wire-frame and terry-cloth mothers.

The monkey will prefer the terry-cloth "mother."

Given that Molly and Maddy are fraternal twins, which of the following statements is FALSE? Molly and Maddy are as genetically similar on average as any two non-twin siblings. Molly and Maddy have half their genes in common. Their conceptions involved genetically different sperms and eggs. Their twinning was the result of the fertilized egg splitting into two separate cells.

Their twinning was the result of the fertilized egg splitting into two separate cells.

Social learning theory

Theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Which of the following is NOT associated with delaying the childbearing years until the late 30s or 40s? There is greater economic security for the family. Older parents tend to interact more with their children in verbally sophisticated ways and be less reactive. Older parents tend to have more stable marriages and developed social support networks. There is less psychological distance between parents and child.

There is less psychological distance between parents and child.

8. Which of the following is a disadvantage of single session laboratory experiments testing the association of media violence and aggression/desensitization? They do not allow for estimates of the magnitude of the effect. They do not allow for tests of gender differences in reactions to media violence. They do not test for cumulative exposure over time in a large population. They are correlational only and they do not allow for tests of causation.

They do not test for cumulative exposure over time in a large population.

Episodic memory

Things that happened supported by source monitoring

classification approach

Thomas & Chess: easy, difficult, slow to warm up

Tracy is the oldest child in her family. She has a younger brother and a younger sister. What is the most likely outcome? Tracy will only have more influence on her sister's gender role qualities as compared to her parents' influence. Tracy will have less influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents. Tracy will have more influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents. Tracy will only have more influence on her brother's gender role qualities as compared to her parents' influence.

Tracy will have more influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents.

fixed-trait (entity) theories of intelligence

Traits are unchangeable "You passed the test because you're smart!" "You failed the test because you're dumb!"

43. True or False: Infants can learn to segment words from continuous speech based on experience hearing speech.

True

Preferential Looking

Two objects presented together, longer looking time to different one.

Mary-Lou is a newborn who cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than other babies. Mary-Lou will be more likely to be classified later as having a _______ attachment. Type A: insecure/avoidant Type D: disorganized Type B: secure Type C: insecure/resistant

Type C: insecure/resistant

Face Perception (two systems?

U-shaped developmental curve initial ability goes up then goes downduring transition between systems then back up when system is replaced with new system and so on infants learn face perception then it declines then replaced by more sophisticated system

• How kids learn to read, do math (decoding)

Understand letter-sound correspondence; can decode a word

Numeracy

Understanding of the meaning of numbers

genes

Units of heredity made up of DNA.

Gender segregation(what age and what its like)

Universal in early childhood (by age 3) •Girls talk, nurture; boys play, run around

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

• TV and obesity

Watching TV is strongly correlated with obesity in childhood and adolescence -Each hour = 2% increase in prevalence •Why? -Replaces being physically ac>ve -Increases snacking behavior -Lowest energy burner (reading book or res>ng quietly is higher!)

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple

patellar reflex

a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon

10. At what age do infants typically search correctly in an A-not-B hiding task?: a)12 months. b)8 months c)2 months d)18 months

a) 12 months.

134. ________ refers to modification of cognitive structures to fit what the child has learned about the environment. a) Accommodation b) Assimilation c) Compensation d) Reversibility

a) Accommodation

120. Which of the following is not considered a self-conscious emotion? a) Anger b) Envy c) Empathy d) Pride

a) Anger

To test whether babies have learned something, experimenters present a "test phase" that involves two kinds of stimuli: Familiar stimuli and Novel stimuli. Which of the following pattern of results would support the conclusion that infants learned something from the previous "familiarization phase". Select 2 are true: a) Babies look/listen longer to the familiar stimuli. b) Babies look/listen longer to the novel stimuli. c) Babies look/listen the same amount to each kind of stimuli. d) Babies cry the whole way through the test phase.

a) Babies look/listen longer to the familiar stimuli. b) Babies look/listen longer to the novel stimuli.

8. Which theorist would be more interested in the following question: What everyday activities support infants' ability to avoid perseverative reaches in an A-not-B task? a) Dynamic systems b) Piagetian c) No cognitive development theorist would ever be interested in that. d) Behaviorist Theorist

a) Dynamic systems

145. The memory format theory of infantile amnesia is primary a failure of: a) Encoding b) Storage c) Retrieval d) Attention

a) Encoding

The idea that many factors influence behavior is known as: a) Multicausality b) Multifinality

a) Multicausality

121. Joanna understands that her partner is using irony: she is showing a awareness of what: a) Pragmatic language. b) Metacognition c) Cultural Norms d) None of the above

a) Pragmatic language

71. Programs and policies that focus on radically altering children's developmental trajectories during the first 3 years have largely been disappointing because of a failure to: a) accurately incorporate the complexity of neuroscience and development. b) distort the complexity of findings from neuroscience and development. c) focus on the importance of object concept during infancy. d) focus on the importance of Piaget's theory during infancy.

a) accurately incorporate the complexity of neuroscience and development.

67. One reason infants are suspected of having a biological "module" for understanding causation is that infants: a) can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults. b) notice emerging temporal contingencies. c) notice emerging spatial contingencies. d) have a very different understanding of physical causality compared to adults.

a) can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults.

32. Which of the following is NOT seen in mitosis? a) crossing-over b) segregation into single chromosomes c) duplicated chromosomes d) DNA replication

a) crossing-over

22. A cross-section study examines changes in: a) different groups for an extended period of time. b) one group at one point in time. c) different groups at one point in time. d) one group for an extended period of time.

a) different groups for an extended period of time.

94. Natalia spent her first year in a Romanian orphanage before being adopted into a Canadian home. Her parents are worried because Natalia is sometimes overly friendly with strangers and other times she is inappropriately unfriendly. Natalia is demonstrating: a) disinhibited attachment b) resistant attachment c) ambivalent attachment d) anxious attachment

a) disinhibited attachment

151. Doreen is thrilled that she won a race. She attempts to suppress her joy because she learned her best friend did not finish the race and is very upset. Doreen is engaged in: a) emotional regulation b) positivity bias modulation. c) emotional contagion. d) response modification.

a) emotional regulation?

150. Which of these emotions appears to emerge later than the others during development? a) fear b) anger c) sadness d) contentment

a) fear?

11. A comparative perspective involves a psychologist looking at questions across a) species. b) stages of development. c) cultures d) the lifespan.

a) species.

36. The blastocyst's innermost layer, the endoderm, will develop into structures including: a) the thyroid gland. b) the skeleton. c) the muscles. d) the nervous system.

a) the thyroid gland.

96. Danielle knows that Adrienne did better than Berta on their exam and that Berta did better than Carrie. Therefore, she can conclude that Adrienne did better than Carrie through her use of: a) transitive reasoning b) class- inclusion inferences c) order relations inferences d) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

a) transitive reasoning

Mason is considered to be a difficult baby. Which of these descriptors is unlikelyto describe Mason? a)adjusts well to new situations b)irregular eating patterns c)irregular sleeping patterns d)often unhappy

a)adjusts well to new situations

Doreen is thrilled that she won a race. She attempts to suppress her joy because she learned her best friend did not finish the race and is very upset. Doreen is engaged in: a)emotional regulation b)positivity bias modulation. c)emotional contagion. d)response modification.

a)emotional regulation

As an infant Tanya was considered to have a high energy level, display positive affect, and was uninhibited. As an adult Tanya is likely to be high on a)extroversion .b)agreeableness. c)openness to experience. d)conscientiousness.

a)extroversion

Which of these emotions appears to emerge later than the others during development? a)fear b)anger c)sadness d)contentment

a)fear

Dr. Joy believes that feeling anger can get you to channel your resources in a different direction as well as warn others not to get in the way. Dr. Joy's beliefs are in line with the ______ approach to emotion. a)functionalist b)structuralist c)complex d)basic

a)functionalist

lexicons.12.Alden told his father that he "goed" to the park after school. This is an example of: a)overregularization. b)recasting. c)underextension. d)underregularization.

a)overregularization.

Equilibration refers to the process whereby a child uses _____ to create a better fit between cognition and experience. implicit cognition only accommodation only explicit and implicit cognition accommodation and assimilation

accommodation and assimilation

Kathy refers to all large, four-legged farm animals as cows. She comes to realize a horse is different than a cow, and changes her cognitive structures to fit what she has learned. This illustrates accommodation. reversibility. assimilation. compensation.

accommodation.

Heteronomous

acting in accordance with one's desires rather than reason or moral duty.

antisocial behavior

actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

situation modification

active efforts to directly modify the situation so as to alter its emotional impact

social referencing

actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information modify previous schema in response to experience into new schema ex. going from breastfeeding to botle creates new schema for eating b/c they are diff and need to accomodate

Newborns as young as 2-3 weeks can already imitate sentences. already imitate words. already imitate mouth movements. not yet imitate as their vision is too poor.

already imitate mouth movements.

grasping reflex

an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand

Janice has named her bike "Joey." Janice tells her mother that she needs to take Joey to the park or he will be sad. This is an illustration of egocentrism. animism. compensation. vitalism.

animism.

Van is a 15-year-old girl who is self-reliant and seems to have good self-control. She does well in school and often takes initiative. These characteristics are often associated with which of the following parenting styles? authoritative authoritarian permissive involved

authoritative

parenting styles

authoritative(high high) authoritarian(low warmth high control) permissive(high warmth low control) neglectful/uninvolved

1 Difficulties with theory of mind tasks are associated with which condition? autism depression social anxiety schizophrenia

autism

Gia engages in echolaic speech (echolalia). This may be an indication that Gia has depression. psychopathy. autism. schizophrenia.

autism.

93. Magda grew up in a Romanian orphanage under conditions of severe social deprivation. Which of the following is most likely?: a) The deprivation will only influence Magda's social development. b) Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development. c) Magda will demonstrate normal social and cognitive functioning. d) The deprivation will only influence Magda's cognitive development.

b) Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development.

89. Nandan participates in the Strange Situation with his father. He plays with lots of toys while his dad is in the room. Nandan keeps playing and does not seem upset when his father leaves. Nandan ignores his father when he returns and scurries off to play with another toy. Nandan would most likely be classified as showing: a) disorganized attachment. b) insecure/avoidant attachment. c) secure attachment d) insecure/resistant attachment

b) insecure/avoidant attachment.

63. You decide to train your cat to do tricks. You give her a treat every time she correctly performs a trick. Given this description, you are using: a) classical conditioning. b) instrumental conditioning. c) reflexive conditioning. d) imprinting.

b) instrumental conditioning.

If you were testing for whether a 10-month-old baby knew the difference between animals and people, which empirical method would most likely yield results that suggest that the baby does know the difference between these categories? a) sequential touching task b) object examining task c) neither task, 10-month-olds don't know anything about categories d) both tasks would be equally likely to suggest that 10-month-olds know these categories

b) object examining task

66. The idea that rigid or hard objects cannot pass through other similar objects is termed: a) object continuity. b) object solidity. c) object concept. d) object permanence.

b) object solidity.

15. A psychologist studying phenomena from the evolutionary perspective would do all of the following EXCEPT: a) wait to see how a phenomenon changes over several years. b) see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement. c) use a variety of techniques to study the brain's growth. d) see how a trait emerged through natural selection.

b) see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement.

Max, a 10-month-old, sees his mother react in a fearful manner to a new toy. Max will likely: a)be unable to detect his mother's fear. b)avoid the toy. c)grab the toy without fear. d)cautiously approach the to

b)avoid the toy.

All of the following are considered basic emotions EXCEPT :a)sadness b)empathy c)anger d)surprise

b)empathy

Dr. Eccles believes that infants are born with a language acquisition device that enables them to recognize patterns common to all language. What approach to language does Dr. Eccles endorse? a)connectionist approach b)nativist approach c)behaviorist approach d)statistical learning approach

b)nativist approach

11.Rat and hat are words that differ in their initial sounds. The "r" and "h" represent different: a)universal constraints. b)phonemes. c)holophrases. d)lexicons.

b)phonemes.

13.John, a toddler, says "Juice. Cup." instead of saying "I would like more juice in my cup." This is an example of: a)underextension. b)telegraphic speech. c)referential communication. d)poverty of the stimulus.

b)telegraphic speech.

Which of the following statements about imaginary companions is true? • a.Having an imaginary companion is extremely unusual.• b.Have an imaginary companion is a sign of deviancy in children.• c.Children with imaginary companions are very lonely or shy.• d.Children with imaginary companions have vivid imaginaEons.

b.Have an imaginary companion is a sign of deviancy in children.•

affordances

baby can afford to take risk when they have experiences with it

equilibration

balance assimilation and accomidation as they work together somethings predicatable some are new

psychoanalytic

based on freuds work tends to emphasize early life experiences development occurs in a series of stages

Dr. Zap has made sure his study is ecologically valid. This means his study has used multiple dependent variables to be sure of his findings. strong controls in place to ensure scientific standards. been designed to approximate processes that would happen in the real world. used a longitudinal design to follow children across time.

been designed to approximate processes that would happen in the real world.

Infantile amnesia is the inability to recall memories following a traumatic event in childhood. prior to a traumatic event in childhood. from any time before the fifth year of life. before one is 2 or 3 years old.

before one is 2 or 3 years old.

Mark frequently checks in with his teenage son about what he is doing after school and encourages appropriate activities. This behavior suggests that Mark is high on enforced control. behavioral control. restrictive control. psychological control.

behavioral control.

A student who is interested in reinforcement, punishment, and shaping is taking the _____ perspective. comparative behaviorist evolutionary neuroscience

behaviorist

A treatment study that compares how children randomly assigned to undergo one of two different treatment options respond to their treatments by examining their post-treatment scores is using a/an _________ design. within-subjects between-subjects test-retest interrater

between-subjects

preattachment stage

birth-6weeks try to grab

Dispositional vs situational attributions

blame person blame sitatuion

Empiricism

blanke slate -nurture The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.

92. The majority of infants in all cultures demonstrate secure attachments with their parents; however, sometimes infant behaviors may differ by culture. For example, Japanese infants may appear to exhibit higher rates of ________ attachment than American infants.: a) Avoidant b) Disorganized c) Anxious d) Disoriented

c) Anxious

A newborn baby monkey demonstrates a timid and reactive temperament, just like her biological mother's. The newbornis raised by a relaxed foster-mother monkey. Which of the following is the least likely to occurwhen she is a juvenile (child) monkey? a) She will exhibit bold behaviors in familiar environments b) When separated from her foster mother she will exhibit stressed behaviors and vocalize c) She will cling to her relaxed foster mother just as much as timid babies raised by timid mothers d) She will accept the foster-mother as her primary attachment figure

c) She will cling to her relaxed foster mother just as much as timid babies raised by timid mothers

99. Kathy refers to all large, four-legged farm animals as cows. She comes to realize a horse is different than a cow, and changes her cognitive structures to fit what she has learned. This illustrates: a) compensation. b) assimilation. c) accommodation. d) Reversibility.

c) accommodation.

82. Paula is 8 weeks old. She has just begun to use signals such as smiling to focus on specific people. According to Bowlby, Paula is in which phase?: a) clear-cut attachment phase b) pre-attachment phase c) attachment-in-the-making phase d) reciprocal relationships

c) attachment-in-the-making phase

41. Chickens that display the dominant frizzle gene have atypical feathers, greater metabolic rates, and improved digestive capacity. That one gene affects many traits is an example of: a) polygenic genes. b) homeobox genes. c) pleiotropic genes. d) heterozygous genes.

c) pleiotropic genes.

Envy is :a)a self-conscious emotion. b)a Machiavellian emotion. c)both a complex and self-conscious emotion. d)a complex emotion.

c)both a complex and self-conscious emotion.

11

c. understanding that wrongdoing violates personal values and

exercise and aging

can slow it down cog aging but cog functioning hold at all ages in all tasks types (executive, controlled, spatial, speed)

One reason infants are suspected of having a biological "module" for understanding causation is that infants have a very different understanding of physical causality compared to adults. can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults. notice emerging temporal contingencies.

can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults.

During gestation, which of the following developmental structures is highly sensitive to teratogen disruption for the greatest amount of time? teeth eyes arms central nervous system

central nervous system

Educational TV and its effects, how it works (Sesame Street, Blues Clues)

co-viewing literal, repetition, involves the child, paces out lessons does not stereotype and shows a variety of people/things

Joceyln has wavy hair. She has received one allele for curly hair and one allele for straight hair. There is a blending of both of these traits resulting in her wavy hair. This is an example of joint alleles. codominance. heterozygosity. polygenic inheritance.

codominance.

Dr. Campbell is interested in how infants represent, store, and use information. She likely identifies with the _________ perspective. evolutionary psychoanalytic behaviorist cognitive science

cognitive science

Cross-Sectional research design

compare developmental change of children at different ages

Jose was born blind. Imaging studies of Jose's brain reveal the brain area typically devoted to the processing of visual information has been repurposed to process auditory information. This is an example of synaptic pruning. resilient development. critical periods. compensation plasticity.

compensation plasticity.

Maria has had to use Post-it® notes to remember things as she has grown older. This illustrates a form of maximization. optimization. alleviation. compensation.

compensation.

dynamic systems theory

complex behaviors emerge out of complex interactions between the components necessary to execute a behavior ability to walk: -brain maturation -physical characteristics(weight, head size) -visual input-seeing others walk -environment

Nash and Carson are in the same day care class. Each receives a similar-sized piece of pizza for lunch. Nash says to cut his into more pieces than Carson's because he is really hungry. Nash has not yet mastered transitive reasoning. seriation. conservation. geometric information.

conservation.

Dr. Terrizzi believes that children are not intrinsically good or bad. This belief suggests that he is an evolutionary psychologist. could be either an evolutionary or cultural psychologist. is neither an evolutionary nor cultural psychologist. is a cultural psychologist.

could be either an evolutionary or cultural psychologist.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the earlier the patient receives the cochlear implant, the more normal will be her ability to distinguish different speech sounds. Some neural circuits may show permanent declines in auditory and speech-processing abilities if implants are not present before four years of age. This is an example of a(n) plastic period. acute period. critical period. decisive period.

critical period.

The study of how different people value traditions or traits would be consistent with the ___ perspective behaviorist neuroscience cross-cultural psychoanalytic

cross-cultural

Which of the following is NOT seen in mitosis? crossing-over segregation into single chromosomes duplicated chromosomes DNA replication

crossing-over

87. When is Separation distress typically first evident in infants? a) At birth. b) At 3 months. c) At 6 months. d) At 8 months.

d) At 8 months

90. Summer is pregnant and is expecting her first child. She is able to accurately perceive negative emotional states in her husband, mother, and father. Her sister, Amber, is also pregnant and expecting her first child. Amber is not accurate in perceiving negative emotional states in others. It is likely that: a) Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show an insecure attachment. b) Amber's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Summer's infant. c) Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show a secure attachment. d) Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.

d) Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant.

91. Mary-Lou is a newborn who cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than other babies. Mary-Lou will be more likely to be classified later as having a _______ attachment. a) Type D: disorganized b) Type A: insecure/ avoidant c) Type B: secure d) Type C: insecure/ Resistant

d) Type C: insecure/ Resistant

85. Daniel looks at a ball on the floor and sees that his dad is also looking at the ball. This is an example of: a) social referencing b) visual triangulation c) social viewing d) joint attention

d) joint attention

64. When Manuel thinks about objects' permanence and solidity, he is able to use all of the following principles to guide his thought except: a) inertia b) gravity c) Continuity d) orientation

d) orientation

146. When Jerry answers a clicker question, he has a better memory for the last few slides in the lecture . This is consistent with a: a) production deficit b) utilization deficit c) primacy effect d) recency effect

d) recency effect

152. When Zoe is upset, she finds it helpful to relax her muscles and take deep breaths. This illustrates: a) positivity bias. b) situation modification. c) attentional deployment d) response modification.

d) response modification.

When Zoe is upset, she finds it helpful to relax her muscles and take deep breaths. This illustrates: a)positivity bias. b)situation modification. c)attentional deployment d)response modification.

d)response modification.

Dr. Grover is interested in the meanings of individual words and how words combine to convey larger meanings. Dr. Grover is focused on: a)syntax. b)pragmatics. c)phonology. d)semantics.

d)semantics.

_________ branch out from the cell body of neurons and have receptors that receive chemical signals from other neurons. Axon terminals Basal ganglia Dendrites Axons

dendrites

The ______ variable is the one that is measured to see if changes occurred. dependent independent experimental observational

dependent

8 Lauren has suffered a severe and sustained drop in positive affect. She has reported feelings of sadness and worthlessness and her appetite has diminished. These symptoms suggest that Lauren may have anxiety disorder. depression. amenorrhea. bulimia nervosa.

depression.

Vishnu has a genetic vulnerability for depression. This vulnerability may be referred to as a/an diathesis. antipathy. stress. proclivity.

diathesis.

lexicon

dictionary

allels

different forms of the same gene

A cross-section study examines changes in__________ different groups at one point in time. one group for an extended period of time. different groups for an extended period of time. one group at one point in time.

different groups at one point in time.

6. The catharsis hypothesis for television viewing has been: confirmed for educational and entertainment-oriented programming confirmed for only entertainment-oriented programming confirmed for only educational programming disconfirmed

disconfirmed

The catharsis hypothesis for television viewing has been: confirmed for only entertainment-oriented programming disconfirmed confirmed for educational and entertainment-oriented programming confirmed for only educational programming

disconfirmed

Natalia spent her first year in a Romanian orphanage before being adopted into a Canadian home. Her parents are worried because Natalia is sometimes overly friendly with strangers and other times she is inappropriately unfriendly. Natalia is demonstrating anxious attachment. resistant attachment. disinhibited attachment. ambivalent attachment.

disinhibited attachment

mitosis

division of the nucleus

private sense of self

dreams perspectives private thoughts

Learning theorists viewed all of the following as strong potential influences on the quality of attachment EXCEPT: age of weaning drives of oral gratification form of feeding (bottle vs. breast) feeding schedules

drives of oral gratification

Javier and Tomas are former friends who had a falling out. Both boys now immensely dislike one another. This pattern is described in the text as relational animosity. peer aversions. dyadic hostility. mutual antipathies.

dyadic hostility.

The work by the Gibsons and also by Bernstein led to an integrated account of motor development that was based on complex interactions between the brain, the environment, and action called maturational theory. dynamic systems theory. instrumental theory. imprinting theory.

dynamic systems theory.

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

cooing

early vowel-like sounds that babies produce

primate studies of temperament and parenting

easy temperament babies dont learn anxiety

Our ________ self is our sense of where we are as we move through the world using our perceptual and motor systems. ecological conceptual private extended

ecological

If an infant notes where an object is in space by where it is in relation to her body, she has engaged in allocentric representation. temporal representation. geometric representation. egocentric representation.

egocentric representation.

Marcy is downstairs and her brother is upstairs. Marcy calls up to her brother and asks if he likes the painting she just completed without realizing he is unable to see what she has painted. This illustrates vitalism. compensation. centration. egocentrism.

egocentrism.

Myelination

enclosing the axon in fatty insulating material

Memory depends on three broad processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. encoding, retrieval, and source monitoring. storage, retrieval, and source monitoring. encoding, storage, and source monitoring.

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

19 Rae is a 75-year-old who just completed her third marathon of the year. She is able to repetitively engage in the tasks associated with running over a long period of time. Rae shows muscle fortitude. power. strength. endurance.

endurance.

inimical relationships

enemies Preschoolers -Almost never have enemies •Elementary school -30 percent have enemies •Physical versus relaEonal aggression -Physical (more common in boys) -RelaEonal (more common in girls) 8B

Why do teratogens impact prenatal development in predictable ways?

environmental factors that can influence baby development (drugs alcohol, disease)

Peer-raised macaques show neurological differences from those macaques raised by adults; they have less developed neural networks using the neurotransmitter serotonin. This is an example of a/an repressible effect. epigenetic effect. inducible effect. constitutive effect.

epigenetic effect.

Dr. Love is interested in the functional role of attachment in the development of organisms. Dr. Love is a/an learning theorist. psychoanalytic theorist. ethological theorist. cognitive developmental theorist.

ethological theorist.

16 John is in his 60s and runs 5 miles every morning. In older adults, like John, exercise has the largest effect on performance on controlled tasks. spatial tasks. executive tasks. speed tasks.

executive tasks.

To examine whether young children can consider thoughts of others, investigators began studying the A-not-B error. contrary predictions. propositional thought. false beliefs.

false beliefs.

Fundamental attribution error

falsely blame person over situation

Bronfenbrenner's contexts of development (ecological systems)

family as an ecosystem each element must be interpreted in light of all other elements

emotinal preparedness

fear disgust

Joanna is in her second trimester of pregnancy. At this point, her developing child is referred to as a/an embryo. fetus. blastocyst. neonate.

fetus

Behaviorist

focus on behavior while (largely) ignoring mental processes -reward/reinforced vs punished/ ignored behaviors -can be especially

Peer pressure

focus on comformity and finding those lke us teens select similar others, friend socialize similar behaviors: deviance training, repsond positively to bad behavior but ability to resisit peer influence also increases

How kids learn to read, do math ( procedural knowledge)

follow a sequence of acHons to solve a problem count on fingers to solve "4 + 3"

True or False: The association between media violence and aggression is larger than the association between lead exposure and intelligence

galse

7 Phoebe is excessively worried about a wide range of situations from germs to speaking in front of her class. She likely has multipolar anxiety disorder. universal anxiety disorder. generalized anxiety disorder. phobia disorder.

generalized anxiety disorder.

causes of autism

genetic testosterone old age of parents prenatal infection diathesisis stress hypothesis (interaction of genetic vulnerability and environmental)

• Family members and risk - genetics for autism

genetic but not fully heritable more likely to have ASD if a fam has ASD 36-95% of identical twin has ASD 0-31% if non-identical twin has ASD

• Broader autism phenotype

genetic, autistic-like traits run in a family relatives of a ppl with autism often have mild autsim like characteristics including difficulty reading social cues, oscial anxiety, OCD

Circadian rhythms over lifespan

goes later then earlier 20's 2 am-11 am

Conventional

good child orientation law and order orientation law and order orientation 9+ age

A researcher presents 4-month-old Juan with images of red triangles, over and over again. Juan becomes bored and does not look at the tenth red triangle. According to researchers, Juan is experiencing dishabituation. habituation. sensory fatigue. visual preferences.

habituation.

basic emotions

happiness, sadness, anger,, fear, disgust, and surprise

Authoritative parenting style

high warmth high control GOOD

Permissive parenting style

high warmth low control

Phineas Gage was a railroad worker who experienced massive damage to his frontal lobes in an accident. This injury most notably seemed to affect his speech production. his mathematical abilities. his control over his impulses. his speech comprehension.

his control over his impulses.

Jared bumps into Dan in the hallway. Rather than thinking this was accidental, Dan gets really mad and quickly assumes Jared did this on purpose. This illustrates relational processing deficit. hostile attribution bias. hostile information processing deficit. social attribution bias.

hostile attribution bias.

Behavioral Genomics

how a species genome influence outcomes method: often molecular

According to Freud, the ________ appears first in development and represents basic desires and drives. superego id ego schadenfreude

id

Expertise and memory

ids who are experts at chess are better than other kids for locations of chess pieces (when meaningful)! •Not as good with random positions (same as non-experts) •ExperHse facilitates better strategies

After receiving a duck egg, it hatches. The duckling now follows you everywhere you go. The duckling is demonstrating operant conditioning. imprinting. insecure attachment. classical conditioning.

imprinting.

primary circular reactions

in Piaget's framework, the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body

grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Eight-month-old January looks for her doll where her mother has hidden it from her. Her mother hides it again in the same place, and January finds it again. When her mother hides it a third time in the same place, and then moves it, January will first look in the same place as the other two times. in the new place her mother moved it to. where there is a beacon to guide her spatial representation. where there is a landmark to guide her spatial representation.

in the same place as the other two times.

Infantile Amnesia

inability to remember anything before age of 3

Global Changes

increased ability to pay attention in middle childhood if you can pay attention than more likely to learn different things

quantitative developmental

incremental and ongoing

Amanda does quite poorly on her essay for English class. She thinks that she should have worked harder. Further, she thinks she can do quite well on her next paper if she gives herself enough time to complete the assignment. Amanda would be a/an incremental theorist. fixed-trait theorist. fundamental theorist. situational theorist.

incremental theorist.

The ______ variable is the one manipulated by an experimenter. independent cross-cultural dependent experimental

independent

Nandan participates in the Strange Situation with his father. He plays with lots of toys while his dad is in the room. Nandan keeps playing and does not seem upset when his father leaves. Nandan ignores his father when he returns and scurries off to play with another toy. Nandan would most likely be classified as showing insecure/resistant attachment. insecure/avoidant attachment. secure attachment. disorganized attachment.

insecure/avoidant attachment.

Sue is trying to open a cabinet while carrying several things. Her young 18 month old daughter, Millie, sees that her mother needs help in order to open the cabinet. Millie tries to help her mother even though there are no obvious benefits to her. This illustrates __________ helping, an early form of altruism. social intuitional constructivist instrumental empathetic

instrumental

Cognitive Science perspective

integrate multiple fields of study: psychology linguistics computer science neuroscience philosophy

• Social affiliations: how do they change with age (review Table 15.1) o Interactions o Relationships o Groups

interactions (0-2)-little recipracal, high conflict 2-5: sharing 5-11: peer group size increases, less supervision, more single sex interactions 11+: cros-sex interactions, peer interactions more influential and frequent relationshipL (0-2) sustained interactions but not friendhsips yet 2-5: find friends like themselves, prosocial and hostile 5-11: bullying, diverse freindships 11+ non exclusive, autonomy, less jealousy groups: 0-2 little group behavior 2-5: dominance hierarchies, less agression but little awareness of own hierarchy 5-11 stable cliques, popularity hierarchies, social comparison 11+ decrease importance of cliques, increased integration of sexwa

At what point in development do children shid markedly toward interacEng with peers of their own sex? •a.preschool• b.elementary school• c.middle school • d.high school

is consistent.

Reliability and validity are different because reliability is the extent to which a score on a test is consistent. is ecological. represents that phenomena. is actually measuring what the test is supposed to.

is consistent.

Comparisons of adult and child chess experts has shown that their expertise for chess is limited to realistic chess scenarios, but only in children. is attributable to their superior memory capacities. is limited to realistic chess scenarios. extends to a variety of memory tasks beyond chess.

is limited to realistic chess scenarios.

In infants, strong dishabituation to "action at a distance" is interpreted as an expectation that a launching event would not be required to move an object. is required for social beings to act on each other. would not be required for either social beings or objects to act on each other. is required for objects to act on each other.

is required for objects to act on each other.

Daniel looks at a ball on the floor and sees that his dad is also looking at the ball. This is an example of social referencing. social viewing. joint attention. visual triangulation.

joint attention.

Procedural memory

knowing "how" Hard to assess declarative memories in preverbal children, but probably present by 20 months

connectionist approach

language learning occurs through the construction of networks of associations

statistical approach

language learning occurs through tracking probabilities of sequences of linguistic events

In general, physical punishment is associated with all the following EXCEPT: less antisocial behavior poorer mental health more immediate compliance less internalization of morals

less antisocial behavior

chromosomes

made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

False-belief task Compare with false-photograph task

main task we use to asses theory of mind

5. Research suggests that autism has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT: high levels of fetal testosterone maternal disengagement and lack of warmth infections in early in infancy infections prenatally

maternal disengagement and lack of warmth

The theory that states motor development is dependent upon the increasing sophistication of the brain's motor skills is the dynamic systems account. motivational account. maturational account. operant account.

maturational account.

Jamie has decided that she learns best by making flash cards to study. She has engaged in metacognition. an illusion of knowing. dual representation. procedural fluency.

metacognition.

Having an awareness of one's own memory processes is called source monitoring. metamemory. encoding. metalinguistics.

metamemory.

It has been difficult for researchers to study the use of number in infants. One important reason has been that researchers frequently have to rely on an infant's verbal report of numerical differences. a parent's verbal report of the infant's choices. methodologies using blocks/cars passing behind screens. methodologies using habituation/dishabituation.

methodologies using habituation/dishabituation.

early imitaiton

mirror neurons

Motionese

modification in mothers infant-directed action

Sophie strongly believes that certain behaviors are right and wrong but is often unable to explain why. This illustrates moral intuition. moral dilemmas. moral dumbfounding.

moral dumbfounding

Local Changes

moral judgement increase at different rate than mathmatical reasoning

Preconventional

moral judgements are driven by a need to aboid punishment obedience and punishment orientation 2-10 years

maturational account

motor development depends on the development of the brains motor program if true then it couldnt be accelerated -twin stair training study -trianing on climbing stairs was not useful, one that tried and failed and the other that didnt try both started climbing at same time

Noah has autism. In viewing a face he is most likely to focus on the eyes. mouth. nose. forehead.

mouth.

Perspectives on developmental psychology

nativism empiricism

Mary enters her developmental psychology class believing that infants are born with many specialized abilities to perceive their world. Which theorists would Mary agree with? naturalists nativists empiricists environmentalists

nativists

Neisse's Five Senses of Self

o Ecological o Interpersonal o Extended o Private o Conceptual

Migration

new neurons develop int he center of the brain and move outward most happen prenatally

is there a link between autism and vaccines?

no

Child effects on parenting

no consensus on whether childs temperaments influence attachment babys behavior will influence parents behavior (colicky, irritable, happy)

• Parenting styles

o Authoritarian o Permissive o Authoritative o Neglectful/Uninvolved

• Theories on autism

o Cold Mother(outdated) o Genetic o Neuroscience Cognitive (theory of mind, extreme male brain, executive dysfunction, enhanced perceptual functioning, weak central coherence

Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development

o Gender differences Focus on care rather than justice/rights

• Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning

o Moral Dilemmas o Preconventional o Conventional o Postconventional

• Stoichiometric statuses (define each, know the correlates, outcomes)

o Popular o Rejected o Controversial o Neglected o Average

Piaget's Stages of Moral Reasoning

o Premoral o Heteronomous Autonomous

• Atypical social communication and social interactions types

o Reciprocity o Nonverbal communication o Interpersonal relationships

Attachment styles

o Secure o Insecure/Avoidant o Insecure/Resistant o Disorganized o Indiscriminate/Disinhibited

• Atypical behavior and interest patterns

o Stereotyped/repetitive movements, object use, or speech (stimming, echolalia) o Need for sameness, inflexibility o Restricted, intense interests o Abnormal sensory reactivity

• Erikson's Stages

o Trust vs. mistrust o Autonomy vs. shame/doubt o Initiative vs. guilt o Industry vs. inferiority o Identity vs. role confusion o Intimacy vs. isolation o Generativist vs. stagnation o Integrity vs. despair

The idea that rigid or hard objects cannot pass through other similar objects is termed object concept. object continuity. object solidity. object permanence.

object solidity.

signs

objective observable information

Friendships across ages

ongoing, gendered, self disclosure/jelousy/redefine social skills/ quality matters bullying

15 Which trait shows relative stability across the lifespan? agreeableness openness to experience emotional stability conscientiousness

openness to experience

9 Samuel was diagnosed with conduct disorder. His teacher gives him a sticker whenever she sees that he is engaged in appropriate behavior. Behavioral therapists refer to this as the ______________ technique. punishment operant conditioning modeling psychodynamic

operant conditioning

When Manuel thinks about objects' permanence and solidity, he is able to use all of the following principles to guide his thought except orientation. inertia. continuity. gravity.

orientation.

Attention can be described as including three components that ultimately work together. These are inhibitory control, shifting, and executive functioning. orienting, shifting, and executive functioning. orienting, alerting, and executive functioning. inhibitory control, shifting, and working memory.

orienting, alerting, and executive functioning.

Phoneme Discrimination

over time babies ger WORSE at responding to all languages Establish baseline rate of sucking •Present one phoneme repeatedly •Switch to a new phoneme and sucking increases

Simon had shown intrinsic interest in drawing. He participated in a study and was asked to draw to receive a reward. After drawing to earn the reward, he seemed to discount his earlier, intrinsic motivation for drawing. This phenomenon is known as the fundamental attribution effect. expected reward effect. overjustification effect.

overjustification effect.

What hormone is known to produce increased feelings of trust and affection toward others? oxytocin dopamine

oxytocin

In Held and Hein's experiment with kittens, those kittens who had _________ experience had poorer perceptual-motor skills. active and passive active active or passive passive

passive

The reflex that involves the extension of the leg following a tap on the knee is the patellar reflex. Moro reflex. rooting reflex. stepping reflex.

patellar reflex.

mutual antipathies

pattern where former friends who had a falling out. Both now immensely dislike one another.

Newborns are more attentive to monkey sounds than to synthetic sounds created to resemble speech. Three-month-olds, however, do not demonstrate this preference and only prefer human speech sounds over the synthetic sounds. This is an example of concentrated plasticity. sensory tapering. perceptual narrowing. auditory focusing.

perceptual narrowing.

The earliest stage of development is actually the perinatal period. infancy period. prenatal period. preschool period.

perinatal period.

Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and low control? permissive accommodating authoritative lenient

permissive

Nadia resembles her mother physically. She is tall with dark hair and blue eyes. These directly observable characteristics are called phenotype. genotype. zygosity. autosomy.

phenotype.

Phonological development

phonemes, cooing, babbling, jargoning

Premoral

piagets moral reasoning up to age 4 no explicit awareness of rules, no use of moral principles or notions of justice

Chickens that display the dominant frizzle gene have atypical feathers, greater metabolic rates, and improved digestive capacity. That one gene affects many traits is an example of heterozygous genes. pleiotropic genes. homeobox genes. polygenic genes.

pleiotropic genes.

Primary intersubjectivity

ppl sharing subjective states

Proliferation (neurogenesis)

prenatally new neurons are created(neurogenesis) soem new neurones in specific brain regions (hippocampus memory structure) are produced after birth, most are produced prebirth

Hannah has extremely positive views of herself on all dimensions. Hannah is likely in middle school. early elementary school. preschool. late elementary school.

preschool.

Categorical Perception of Color (two systems?)

process of clustering wavelengths of light into familiar colors tendency to cluster stimuli that vary along a continuum into discrete categories

instrumental helping

providing practical assistance such as helping to retrieve an object that is out of reach

The ______ perspective emphasizes the workings of the unconscious mind. comparative behaviorist cognitive science psychoanalytic

psychoanalytic

The use of a variety of techniques like EEG and imaging to learn more about the brain, its growth, and its areas of specialization is associated with all of the following approaches EXCEPT the _____ approach. cognitive science psychoanalytic evolutionary neuroscience

psychoanalytic

Maxwell believes that his mother always wants to change him. When his mother is disappointed in him, she refuses to look at him. Maxwell's mother is high on behavioral control. manipulative control. psychological control. affective control.

psychological control.

moro reflex

react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms and then retracting and crying

major language milestones

recognize undersand produce recognize own name 4-5months recognize new words and remember for weeks 7-8 months produce real words 1 year

attentional deployment

redirect attention

One of the most basic and common memory strategies is source monitoring. rehearsal. cueing. elaboration.

rehearsal.

egocentric spatial knowledge

relative to body (left hand bs right hand)

allocentric spatial knowledge

relative to environment (east vs west, other landmarks) what babies use, (find toy b/c it was right to body)

stimming

repetitive movements(like flapping arms)

echolalia

repetitive speech (immediate or delayed)

The institutional review board is tasked with reviewing the milestones of child development in longitudinal studies. child-rearing practices to be sure children are treated well. research studies to be sure they keep to their budgets. research studies to be sure they have minimal or no risk.

research studies to be sure they have minimal or no risk.

Microgenetic research design

researchers asses participants every few days or weeks rather than every few years, different ppl at each age of interest

serve and return

responding to a babbling infant

Darian, a young child, is playing with a ball of Play-Doh ®. Her brother smashes it into a pancake, and Darian gets mad and says she wanted to play with a ball, not a flat piece of Play-Doh®. This illustrates that Darian lacks the logical operator of reversibility. identity. egocentrism. seriation.

reversibility.

Roxanna has a spelling test next week. She believes that she can successfully complete her spelling test. These beliefs demonstrate high self-esteem. self-comparison. self-efficacy. self-determination.

self-efficacy.

piagets stages of development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

The order of Piaget's developmental stages is:

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

A comparative perspective involves a psychologist looking at questions across the lifespan. cultures. stages of development. species.

species

Sol, a 9-month-old, is extremely distraught when his mother leaves the house. He cannot be consoled by his babysitter. This illustrates attachment distress. separation anxiety. stranger fear. irritable temperament.

separation anxiety.

empathy

sharing of feelings

Pedro's mother stops interacting with him and freezes her face for several seconds. Infant Pedro will most likely fail to respond to her when she starts interacting with him again start to disengage socially without showing distress. not notice his mother's behavior has changed. show distress and start to disengage socially.

show distress and start to disengage socially.

Semantic development

signs, morphemes, lexicon

4. A teacher randomly assigns half of the students in her first-grade class to the purple team and the other half to the orange team. She can expect biases to emerge if she makes this division and uses group labels in the classroom. simply based on this group assignment. only if she creates groups with older children as her students are too young to show biases. only if she creates these groups and treats the groups differently.

simply based on this group assignment.

Michael believes that Jessica bumped into him in the park because she stumbled on a rock. This is an example of what psychologists refer to as a/an _____________ attribution. situational intrinsic dispositional extrinsic

situational

The study by Johnson et al. (1998) found that infants treat furry objects that interact with them as objects to be feared. nonsocial agents. social agents. inanimate objects.

social agents.

Kim has noticed that she is a much better runner than her peers. She recognizes that she can run around the track faster than her classmates and that the coach is always praising her form while correcting her classmates' form. Thus, Kim believes she has strong athletic ability. This illustrates social comparison. kinesthetic self-concept. overjustification effect. self-efficacy.

social comparison.

Dr. Holden believes that children learn to model their parents' behaviors. He thinks abused children go on to re-create in their own families the abuse they have observed and experienced. His beliefs are consistent with behavioral genetics theory. social learning theory. ethological theory. environmental theory.

social learning theory.

gametes

specialized cells(sperm and eggs)

reflexes

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

babbling(age)

stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds

qualitative developmental

stagelike

14 Minerva is in her 40s and is only concerned with her own selfish needs. She does not make any contributions to the community. According to Erikson, she demonstrates inferiority isolation stagnation despair

stagnation

constructivism

students learn by building on prior knowledge and by doing

Jenelle is 80 years old. She walks a mile every day to volunteer at the local library where she does a wide variety of tasks. This illustrates compensation. successful aging. positive feedback loops. operationalization.

successful aging.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

Basic anatomy of neurons and how they communicate

support basic functions communicate through dendrites

Ryan, a 6-month-old, is most likely to prefer which of the following tastes? salty sweet bitter sour

sweet

mental combinations

symbolic though; have insight, using words; no longer trial and error; deferred imitation

7. When television was introduced to a rural area of Fiji, researchers noticed an increase in: school test scores substance use aggressive behaviors symptoms of eating disorders

symptoms of eating disorders

Consolidation (apoptosis, synaptic pruning)

synaptic pruning sometimes via apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Syntactic development

syntactic bootstrapping, telegraphic speech, grammar)

stepping reflex

taking steps when held under the arms and leaned forward so the feet press the ground

fathers and attachment

testosterone levels drop in dad if spend a lot of time involved in parenting dads play more physical differences in when infants form attachments with dad is diminishing as culture changes

Suniya is a young female who shows a preference for playing with gender-atypical toys. This pattern may be associated with exposure to higher levels of prenatal testosterone. estrogen. cortisol. oxytocin.

testosterone.

secondary intersubjectivity

the capacity to share one's experiences with others

ego

the conscious mind

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Autobiographical Memory

the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story

emotional contagion

the process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another

synaptogenesis

the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

tertiary circular reactions

the purposeful adaptation of established schemes to new situations (a not b errors)

A longitudinal study examines changes in the same groups at one point in time. the same individuals at one point in time. the same individuals across a long period of time. different groups across a long period of time.

the same individuals across a long period of time.

morphemes

the smallest meaningful units of language

Cross-Cultural perspective

the study of how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior -global vs local

Prosody, fetal learning

the study of sound and rhythm in poetry

True or False: So-called 'perceptual' and 'conceptual' features often co-vary.

true

The blastocyst's innermost layer, the endoderm, will develop into structures including the thyroid gland. the muscles. the nervous system. the skeleton.

thyroid gland

Danielle knows that Adrienne did better than Berta on their exam and that Berta did better than Carrie. Therefore, she can conclude that Adrienne did better than Carrie through her use of hypothetico-deductive reasoning. order relations inferences. class-inclusion inferences. transitive reasoning.

transitive reasoning.

assimilation

translate new observations into something we can understand from before incorporating new experiences into existing schema

123. True or False: Accommodation refers to the modification of cognitive structures to fit what the child has learned about the environment.

true

True or False: Experiences in the first year of life could change how infants use information from their environment in the second year of life

true

True or False: Gender identity and gender roles represent distinct constructs that are correlated but can be dissociated. True False

true

True or False: Meiosis occurs in my ovaries and mitosis occurs in my toes.

true

Schools tend to have three broad effects on children's thought including serving as socializing agents, cultural institutions, and centers of technology. vehicles for values, socializing agents, and centers of technology vehicles for values, socializing agents, and cultural institutions socializing agents, cultural institutions, and IQ advancement

vehicles for values, socializing agents, and cultural institutions

Peer victimization (bullying)

victims: Depressed, unhappy, lonely -10 percent of children -Unwilling to retaliate bully: taking agression out on others

continuous development

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills human

discontinuous development

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages catepillar to butterfly

When we walk, run, drive, and even fly, there is a particular type of perceptual-motor information we receive called visual flow. passive information. instrumentality. imprinting.

visual flow.

The empiricist and nativist perspectives differ because empiricists believe that we begin life with certain biases toward learning certain types of information. we begin life with no biases toward learning any particular information.

we begin life with no biases toward learning any particular information.

Malcolm has Down syndrome. Which of the following traits/conditions would Malcolm be unlikely to exhibit? cognitive delays webbed skin at the neck high risk for certain heart defects distinctive facial features

webbed skin at the neck

embryonic period

weeks 3-8 of prenatal development

If a child participated in all of a study's conditions, then that experimenter is probably using a/an ______ design. ecological within-subjects test-retest between-subjects

within-subjects

Working memory is different from long-term memory because long-term memory is primarily organized around sensory experiences. long-term memory quickly stores robust memories for later processing. working memory has a vast capacity to store information. working memory is limited to about seven items at a time.

working memory is limited to about seven items at a time.

13 Prior to age 60, there is a decline on all the following measures EXCEPT: world knowledge long-term memory working memory speed of processing

world knowledge

Metamemory

young kids dont know the extent of their memory, how much they can recall and assume they will remember

One of the main reasons that friendship jealousy is less common in early childhood than in adolescence is believed to be a result of younger children being less sophisEcated at: • a.communicaEng in dyadic relaEonships •b.making social comparisons• c.perspecEve-taking• d.understanding relaEonship needs

•b.making social comparisons•?


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