PSY-317 Chapter 5

Motion parallax is which type of depth cue?

kinetic

Researchers have established that as early as ________ month(s) of age, babies can discriminate between speech sounds such as "pa" and "ba."

1

Maria's baby has just started to see colors. Her baby is how old?

1 month

By what age can infants first discriminate sounds at a four-degree shift from midline, which is nearly at an adult skill level?

18 months

Kelly is able to track an object smoothly, but she still lacks the ability to perceive depth. How old is Kelly?

2 months

Current evidence suggests that full (adult-level) visual acuity is reached by what age?

2 years

How would you expect a newborn to react to the barking of a nearby dog that is located off to one side?

He would turn his head toward the sound.

Gina's baby is developing normally and now shows some visual tracking for brief periods if the target is moving slowly. How old is her baby?

3 weeks

Depth perception based on kinetic cues and cross-modal transfer, especially coordination of binocular cues, FIRST became evident at what age?

4 months

When Pete recognizes his red sweater, even though the room is quite dark, Pete is showing

color constancy.

How do auditory acuity and visual acuity compare in the newborn infant?

Auditory acuity is better than visual acuity.

Who devised the preference technique for studying early perceptual skills?

Fantz

Object permanence has been extensively researched because it is an important part of the theory of

Piaget.

Piaget and the Gibsons differ in their ideas about intersensory integration and transfer. Which of the following statements is accurate?

The Gibsons believed that some amount of both skills were built-in from birth.

In which culture are there two words for fear to discriminate fear of physical danger from fear of being treated badly?

Utka

Researchers interested in infant perception of faces have found that

babies prefer their mother's face.

Marge's one-month-old baby seems to be looking at Marge's face. What part of her face is the baby most likely to be looking at?

chin

At about two to three months of age, a baby is more likely to look at his mother's

eyes

Three-month-old Will spends more time looking at his mother's ________ than any other feature.

eyes

Monique is three months old. If she is developing normally, she has switched from a visual strategy designed to ________ things to a strategy designed to ________ things.

find; identify

A nativism theorist would believe that perceptual abilities are ________; whereas a empiricism theorist would state that perceptual abilities are ________.

inborn; learned

Research by Yonas on six-week-old babies' reactions to looming objects

indicates this ability is due to maturational age.

Combining information from more than one sense is called

intermodal perception.

Jillian is four months old. She can use all of the depth cues EXCEPT

interposition and linear perspective.

The fact that animals deprived of light show deterioration of the whole visual system and a decease in perceptual abilities is support for what Aslin called

maintenance.

By age 2, Tyler's visual attention is focused on the ________ of objects in his world.

meaningful patterns

The love that infants 6 months and older have for playing "dropsy" (e.g., dropping items while sitting in the high chair) best demonstrates the concept of

object permanence.

When a baby understands that her bottle still exists even when she throws it down and it disappears under the sofa, she is demonstrating

object permanence.

According to the research by the Gibsons, intermodal perception is possible as early as

one month.

What is the youngest age at which babies can tell the difference between body odors?

one week

When researchers use reinforcement to study infant perception, they are using the technique of

operant conditioning.

Gibson and Walk used six-month-old or older babies in their research with the visual cliff, because

the babies had to be able to crawl across the visual cliff.

At what age do babies begin to show signs of object constancies?

three or four months

The best developed sense in infants is

touch

Caron and Caron showed babies pictures with small objects on top of large objects until they had habituated. Later the babies looked longer at a different picture than at a new instance of a small-over-large. Which of the following would be a reasonable conclusion from this study?

Babies respond to patterns of arrangements of objects, not just to the specific objects.

Which of the following is the best statement of the roles of internal and external influences in the development of perception?

Both nativists and empiricists are partially right: many perceptual skills appear to be inborn or develop through basic maturation, but experience is also essential.

Researchers have found that intermodal transfer is possible as early as one month. Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate conclusion from these studies?

The demonstration of this ability is an argument for the nativist approach to perception.

Spelke's research on object perception has shown that two month olds

are aware of movements objects are capable of.

Interposition and linear perspective

are both monocular cues.

In studying infant perception, the preference technique

assumes that infants who look at one picture of a pair prefer that picture.

Langlois's research has shown that babies as young as two months old will look at

attractive faces longer than unattractive faces.

A judgment of depth based on a slightly different visual image reaching each eye is based on ________ depth cues.

binocular

All of the following terms are related EXCEPT

binocular cues

According to Steiner's research, children can first respond differentially to sweet, sour, and bitter flavors at

birth.

Olivia wants her baby to be able to speak her native language as well as English. She should introduce her baby to her native language before six months because in the first six months, babies.

can accurately discriminate all sound contrasts found in any language.

Whose research used habituation to determine that 3- and 4-month-old infants pay attention to patterns, not just to specific stimuli?

caron and caron

Spelke believes that infants are born with certain built-in assumptions about the nature of objects. One such assumption is what she calls the

connected surface principle.

Langlois's studies of babies visual preferences found that infants as young as 2 months

could distinguish between attractive and unattractive faces and preferred the attractive face.

Studies of babies' responses to the "visual cliff" are designed to explore what aspect of perceptual development?

depth perception

The visual cliff is an apparatus developed to measure

depth perception.

In research on infant perception, a common research strategy presents an infant with some stimulus until s/he stops responding to it. Then a new stimulus that differs from the first in some specific respect (e.g., color) is presented to see if the infant now responds. This strategy involves the use of what basic process?

dishabituation

The mother of six-month-old Robbie makes a cooing sound to him until he becomes bored and looks away. She then clicks her tongue, which makes him look at her again. Robbie has

displayed dishabituation.

Dexter calls his newborn son by name, but as yet the baby does not respond to that name. At what age will his baby first recognize his own name?

five months

Andy derives great pleasure from dropping his spoon and waiting for his mother to pick it up. He is at least how old?

five to six months

Between two and three months of age, a baby's visual attention shifts in focus. What is thought to be the nature of that shift?

from WHERE an object is to WHAT it is

In comparison to adult auditory processes, newborns

hear nearly as well in the range of pitch and loudness of the human voice.

Mr. Collins is anxious to know what perceptual skills his newborn son has. You can tell him his newborn will have all of the following EXCEPT

highly efficient depth perception.

Roger knows that Bart is standing in front of Max because he can see all of Bart but only part of Max. Roger is using the depth cue of

interposition.

When an artist portrays depth by putting buildings partially behind other buildings, the artist is using the depth cue of

interposition.

When moving your head back and forth, objects close to you will seem to move more than objects farther away. What kind of depth perception cue is this?

kinetic

Which of the following depth cues does an infant learn first?

kinetic

All of the following are characteristic of babies who interact regularly with depressed mothers EXCEPT

less angry facial expressions.

Jack can take something away from his baby and the baby loses interest. His baby is probably

less than six months old.

Research by Spelke as well as that of Pickens confirms that infants four months or older can

match sounds with appropriate movements.

Interposition is an example of a

monocular cue.

Goldberg's research on object concept in Zambian infants points to the

need for researchers to consider cultural influences.

When mothers with depression exhibit sensitive parenting behaviors, their infants are less likely to display negative effects. This provides support for the importance of

parent training

Which constancy includes the other four?

perceptual

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be directly perceived is object

permanence.

In studying infant perception, the ________ technique involves showing the baby two pictures or two objects and keeping track of how long the baby looks at each one.

preference

Devon has seen a football many times but never held one. When he is blindfolded and a football is handed to him, he has no trouble identifying it. This is an example of

shape constancy.

In Bower's study, two-month-old infants responded to tilted or slightly turned rectangles as if they were the same as the original rectangle, even though the retinal images caused by the tilted rectangles were actually trapezoids. This demonstrates that two-month-olds have some

shape constancy.

No matter how her mother hands her bottle to her, Ginny still reaches for it, demonstrating that she has acquired

shape constancy.

Gabrielle can discriminate between two-syllable sounds. It is most likely that she acquired this ability at what age?

six months

Babies lose the ability to distinguish vowels that do not occur in the language they are hearing by ________ of age and the ability to discriminate nonheard consonant contrasts by ________ of age.

six months; one year

Understanding that an object is the same height even when seen from a distance is

size constancy.

When Lisa sees her father walking away from her, the image of her father on her retina actually becomes smaller, although Lisa will perceive her father as the same size. This is because Lisa has mastered

size constancy.

Which two senses have been studied the least in human infants?

smell and taste

A one-year-old infant is given a large and rather frightening new toy. She first looks at her mother, notices that her mother is smiling and looking pleased, and then turns to play with the toy. What name do psychologists use for this process?

social referencing

All of the following are arguments for nativism EXCEPT

some experience is necessary for development of perceptual systems.

Greg is one month of age. He should be able to discriminate between speech sounds

such as "pa" and "ba."

Bill watches cars passing him, Marco watches a baseball go into the center field stands, and Lisa watches her friend walk towards her. All these people are using a process called

tracking.

Researchers have found that babies begin to focus on the internal features of a face, especially the eyes, at about

two to three months.

A three-month-old infant is shown a series of drawings, each of which shows a small object above a larger object of the same shape. After a while, the baby looks for shorter periods of time at each new version of the small-above-large pattern. Then, a test figure is shown consisting of the opposite pattern and the baby shows renewed interest. These results indicate that the baby

was able to notice the patterns among objects, not just the shapes of objects.

Goldberg's observations of Zambian infants revealed that compared to American infants, Zambian infants

were ahead of American infants on measures of object concept at six months.

Because the nativism versus empiricism issue has been so central in studies of perception, the vast majority of the research on perceptual development has focused on

young infants.