Psy Exam #Idk anymore

You are an expert witness for the defense on the results of the MMPI. Opposing counsel asks you if this is an objective instrument. You respond by saying:

"Objectivity does not guarantee validity."

Why are people susceptible to informational social influence?

People want to be accurate

Samantha is typically described as soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful by her peers. She is likely to score high on the Big Five trait of:

agreeableness

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective does NOT emphasize:

altruism

In speed-dating experiments, _____ influences the first impressions for _____.

attractiveness both sexes

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our behavior when we:

can easily recall our attitudes

During a large sporting event, Jacob loses self-awareness and self-restraint. This is known as:

deindividualization

Which of the following challenges us to reconcile our right to pursue our personal well-being with our responsibility for the well-being of all?

social traps

Which perspective is LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of environmental influences?

social-cognitive

Your friend is giving a speech tomorrow and she is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will be staring at her bangs and discussing her unattractive hair. Her overestimation of people's reactions is known as:

spotlight effect

Trait theorists

describe stable, enduring patterns of behavior

Stable personality differences are found:

in many types of species

At a meeting in Otto's office, three of his colleagues agree that the plan for a new advertising campaign is correct as it is. As a result, he feels the pressure to get the plan out today and agrees. Otto's behavior illustrates:

informational social influence

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _________________ love; as deep affectionate attachment is to _________________ love.

passionate compassionate

_____ psychologists investigate how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

social

During a test, Jack impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. The theory that explains Jack's behavior is _____ theory.

cognitive dissonance

Festinger is to Zimbardo as _____ is to role playing.

cognitive dissonance

James obeyed the commands of his military unit officer to engage in destructive behavior that was sharply inconsistent with James' ethical values. The discomfort associated with James' awareness of the inconsistency between his values and his actions best illustrates:

cognitive dissonance

We tend to feel discomfort when our thoughts are inconsistent with our actions and then act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as the _____ theory.

cognitive dissonance

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student, despite his doubts about her competence. After writing the letter, he began to develop a more favorable attitude toward the student's abilities. Which theory best explains this shift in attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting:

comformity

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others:

diminishes performance on difficult or new tasks.

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

exert less effort when working groups than when working alone

Western culture and television portray which of the following personality traits as being consistent with successful people?

extraversion

Clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together are called:

factors

People high in the quality of _____ are open with their feelings and are transparent and self-disclosing.

genuineness

According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

Marge has high self-esteem. She is less likely than those with low self-esteem to:

give into conformity pressures

In a phenomenon called _____, groups make decisions that are more extreme than would the individual members of the group.

group polarization

A person with very high self-esteem is likely to _____________ than a person with low self-esteem

have fewer sleepless nights

The blame-the-victim mentality can be amplified by:

hindsight bias

Experiments by _____ on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous, and they involved deception.

Milgram

Carl Jung

Myers Briggs

social facilitation is MOSt likely to occur in the performance of _____ tasks

simple, well practiced

Dr. Scholz is reading an article describing research in which investigators examined how the presence of other people influenced participants' performance on a variety of tasks. Dr. Scholz is MOST likely reading the Journal of Research in _____ Psychology.

social

Lars is an excellent violinist. In front of an audience, he tends to play his violin even more beautifully than when he is alone. This is MOST likely due to:

social facilitation

Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This BEST illustrates _____.

social facilitation

The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of their home audience on their home court. According to the text, the phenomenon of the home field advantage is BEST understood with reference to:

social facilitation

Who suggested that individuals who are open and spontaneous display characteristics of self-actualization?

Maslow

Lie scale

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

You would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why

you failed a college exam

In developing his theory of self-actualization, Maslow studied healthy, creative people such as _____, rather than troubled clinical cases.

Abraham Lincoln

_____ and _____ are prominent psychologists associated with the humanistic perspective.

Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers

A student's statement that his professor gave him a bad grade because she does not like him is a(n):

Attribution

Social thinking is to social influence as _____ is to _____.

Attribution Conformity

_____ emphasized the importance of one's self-concept.

Carl Rogers

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the teacher was _____ the experimenter and _____ the learner.

Close to far from

José's friends ask him to participate in some activities. He feels pressure to join them, even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which reason might be strengthening José's conformity to the group?

He admires the group's status and attractiveness

Attribution theory was proposed by:

Heider

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as strong when the words are associated with black faces rather than with white faces, this finding would illustrate:

Implicit prejudice

Cliff is homeless and hungry. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Cliff will ignore his other needs, which include:

all other needs until he satisfies his most basic needs for food and shelter.

Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way which is deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rogers are most likely to object to this statement because:

it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to self-indulgence and selfishness it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to an erosion of moral restraints it fails to recognize that people who focus beyond themselves are more likely to experience life satisfaction

The idea that good is rewarded and evil is punished represents the:

just world phenomenon

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the actions of the other country as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates:

mirror-image perceptions

Mrs. Jones frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Jones typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates:

mirror-image perceptions

Ben's sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into the house he starts smiling, even before she says something funny. This is caused by:

mood contagion

Compared with the explanations we give for the actions of strangers, our explanations for our own behavior are _____ likely to refer to situations or circumstances.

more

During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." This statement best reflects the:

outgroup homogeneity effect

Maslow's hierarchy of needs followed this order:

physiological, safety, love, self-esteem, self-actualization.

Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as:

reciprocal determinism

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others display _____.

self-actualization

Elena has been in therapy for two months. When she began therapy, her therapist asked her to describe herself as she would ideally like to be and as she actually is. He explained that when these two descriptions are nearly alike, the person is thought to have a positive:

self-concept

This is all of people's thoughts and feelings about themselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

self-concept

Marilyn thinks her professor's strict class attendance policy is an indication of her overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment best illustrates:

the fundamental attribution theory

Marsha is on trial for the murder of her husband. Marsha says it was self-defense. A psychiatrist has testified that Marsha suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of the spousal abuse she endured. What is likely to happen?

the judge will give her a lighter sentence

Based on the events of Nazi Germany, we know that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when:

they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

A(n) _____ describes a characteristic pattern of behavior, or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

trait

Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.

trait

Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.

unconditional positive regard

A norm is a(n):

understood rule accepted and expected behavior in a given group

Ann-Marie and John are recently married and are confident that their marriage will not end in divorce. They are illustrating:

unrealistic optimism

When were "teachers" in Milgram's studies the LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock?

when the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders