PSYC 2000 - Final Exam
computerized tomography (CT) scan
A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.
longitudinal
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) _____ design
detailed information
A major advantage of case studies is ________.
one variable decreases as the other increases
A negative correlation means _____.
operational definition
A(n) ______ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest
confounding variable
A(n) ______ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
study the function of behavior
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to _______.
narrative explanations; random brain activation
According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, dreams are a result of our brains imposing _____ to explain ______
restorative theory
According to this theory, sleep is necessary for the growth and repair of the body.
depressant; central nervous system
Alcohol is a _____ and affects memory (and in large quantity causes death) due largely to its inhibitory actions on the _________.
depressive episodes
Anti-psychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except ____.
clinical psychology
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
learned behavior
Behaviorists study ________.
exposure therapy/systematic desensitization
Burt has claustrophobia. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What kind of therapy is this?
signal detection
Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.
thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.
posttraumatic stress
Cordelia served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friends, an IED went off. 2 months later Cordelia is jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. What disorder?
applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information
Critical thinking is ______________.
process of closing large asylums
Deinstitutionalization refers to the _____.
motivation
Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how _______ can affect perception.
type of play; no play
Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ______ is the independent variable and _______ is the control group.
psychoanalytic theory
Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.
case studies
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about theur behaviors. These studies would best be described as ______
REM
During which stage of sleep do dreams occur?
hypothalamus
Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?
perceivable and measurable
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.
true
Fundamental attribution error is overestimating the influence of dispositional factors while underestimating situational factors
sample; population; generalization
Green et al. used a _____ from their _____ of interest in order to make a ______.
introspection
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
dependent variable
Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the _______.
concern over germs
Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."
the guards became more aggressive
In Zimbardo's prison study, male undergrads agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that _______.
lens; fovea
In a normal-sighted individual, the _____ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ______.
random sampling; random group assignment
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct _______ and ________.
client says whatever comes to mind at the moment
In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the _____.
REM
Infants sleep much more than adults, and also engage in a much higher proportion of ______ sleep (approximately 50% of their sleep time). This supports the idea that this stage is important for the creating of new synapses in the brain, which is critical for learning and making new memories
her own conscious experience
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.
they have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.
Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?
active listening
Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist acknowledges her feelings, restates, and clarifies the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
maintain balance and body posture
Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to _______
naturalistic observation
Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?
only the right visual field
Peole who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to
borderline personality disorder
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. She has
a person's unconscious
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
the mind and behavior
Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.
scientific study of the mind
Psychology refers to the ________.
neurotransmitter
Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring __________ balance.
limbic system; emotional
Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.
there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _____.
Wernicke's area
Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand that people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
drug tolerance
Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________.
confirmation bias
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ______.
independent; dependent
Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ______ variable and word retention is the ______ variable.
replication
Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ______
Realistic conflict theory
Stephanie is a social psychologist investigating theories of prejudice. She is particularly interested in the development of prejudice that arises from competition over resources. What theory of prejudice is Stephanie most likely investigating?
social psychology
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
False
T/F: Action therapy focuses on mental processes, thoughts, and past experiences.
Biological; psychological
The ____ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result from physical processes and the _____ perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts and environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.
Asch
The _____ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgement
terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles
The ______ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system
sympathetic
The _______ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration
parasympathetic
The _______ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.
cerebellum
The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.
temporal
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?
spinal cord
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ______.
observation
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
synapse
The space between two neurons is called the ________.
central; peripheral nervous system
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _______ and _________.
Muller-Lyer
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ______ illusion.
genotype; bb
Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eyes (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's _______ must be __________ and her father's must be Bb.
therapeutic alliance, therapist empathy, positive regard, genuineness, and client expectations
What are factors of effective psychotherapy?
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
What are the neurotransmitters that bipolar disorder affects?
the prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal and enterior cingulate cortexes), basal ganglia, and thalamus are involved with OCD
What brain region is tied to OCD?
cause
What can etiology be translated to?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment that involves sending an electric current through your brain, causing a brief surge of electrical activity within your brain (seizure). The aim of the treatment is to relieve the symptoms of some mental health problems.
What is ECT and what is it used for?
The implicit association test (IAT) measures the strength of associations between concepts (e.g., flowers, insects) and evaluations (e.g., good, bad) or stereotypes (e.g., safe, dangerous)
What is IAT and what does it measure?
two-eared cue to localize sound
What is a binaural cue?
the height of a wave
What is amplitude?
the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation
What is discrimination?
a negative attitude reflecting an antipathy directed toward a group as a whole, or toward and individual because he is a member of that group
What is prejudice?
beliefs about groups, prejudice as evaluation of or attitude toward a group, and discrimination as behavior that systematically advantages or disadvantages a group
What is stereotype?
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the handbook used by health care professionals in the United States and much of the world as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disroders. it containts descriptions, symptoms and other criteria for diagnosing mental disorders
What is the DSM and what do we use it for?
it predicts that the interaction between negative cognitive styles and negative life events engenders a sense of hopelessness
What is the hopelessness theory?
top-down
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.
negative
What kind of symptoms of schizophrenia involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
afterimage
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
hypothalamus
Which brain area regulates slow-wave sleeo and is involved in maintaining the biological clock?
-0.5
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?
opiods
Which drug is categorized by analgesic properties and euphoria?
Gestalt
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
melatonin
Which hormone is involved in biological rhythms and the immune system?
optic
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
autism spectrum disorder
Which neurodevelopmental disorder is characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?
our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times
Which of the following best characterizes a night's sleep?
Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries
Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?
injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?
awareness of internal and external stimuli
Which of the following defines consciousness best?
tentative explanation
Which of the following defines hypothesis?
just noticeable
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?
tasting chocolate ice cream
Which of the following exemplifies gustation?
drug tolerance
Which of the following indicators reflects the possibility of physical dependence?
It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
Joey is a skilled athlete and runs faster when there is an audience
Which of the following is an example of social facilitation?
People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.
Which of the following is false of dissociative disorders?
anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?
scientific theory
Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
experimental
Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?
Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system
Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?
Stage 2
Which sleep stage shows predominately theta waves?
top-down
Which type of processing involves the interpreation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
stimulants; adenosine
While both ________, caffeine effect antagonizing _______ activity, while nicotine affects acetylcholine receptors.
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
phobia
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ______.
hammer
______ is another term for the malleus
perception; sensation
______ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ______ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
stimulants; nicotine
________ are the most commonly used group of psychoactive drugs in the US and include ______, which is considered the easiest substance to become addicted to and most difficult to quit.
humanism
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
electroencephalography (EEG)
________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.
action potential
________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals
We groups letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.
read the following two sentences. (1) gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not?
the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population
studying close relatives allows behavioral genetics to determine ______.
control
the _____ group does not get the experimental treatment
billions
the brain contains _______ of interconnected neurons and glia.
narcolepsy
the condition in which people can suddenly sleep into REM sleep, even in the middle of the day is called:
night terror
the experience of extreme fear or panic during sleep, most often without knowing about what happened during sleep after being woken up, is called:
physical dependence
the need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called ______.
in laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness
what has research shown about processing subliminal messages?
it is complex
which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
dreams reflect life events that are important to the dreamer
which of the following reflects the reason Cartwright believes we dream?
it can help relieve pain
which of the following statements about hypnosis is TRUE?