PSYC 2400 Exam IV

Adolescent Stan is choosing to believe, think, and do everything in opposition to what his parents and grandparents believe. Lately, he is doing everything differently than his older brother Dan, whom he has wanted to be like for years. Stan is displaying: a. identity confusion. b. negative identity. c. identity foreclosure. d. psychosocial moratorium.

b. negative identity.

Self-concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiating his or her feeling from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the a. looking-glass self b. personal fable c. imaginary audience d. introspective mirror

b. personal fable

After a difficult summer, Melinda, age 14, is no longer going to babysit for her younger brother. She also has decided she is not going to play on the soccer team, is going to pursue a new interest in art, and has changed her hairstyle. Melinda is experiencing a period of: a. identity foreclosure. b. psychosocial moratorium. c. negative identity. d. identity confusion.

b. psychosocial moratorium.

Erik Erikson and John Bowlby argued that children's sense of self is grounded in the: a. quantity of interactions with others. b. quality of their relationships with others. c. amount of time spent with parents. d. interpretation of parents' preference for one sibling over another.

b. quality of their relationships with others.

According to Bowlby, 2-year-old toddlers begin to understand their parents' feelings, goals, and motives, and use this understanding to organize their efforts to be near their parents. What is this phase called? a. attachment-in-the-making b. reciprocal relationship c. comfort contact d. imprinting

b. reciprocal relationship

Lonnie has been starting fights, stealing money from students and has verbally threatened both teachers and students. The school's counseling service has created an individual program to reduce the frequency of these behaviors. This program is likely a _____ program. a. secondary b. tertiary intervention c. punitive d. primary

b. tertiary intervention

Which is NOT an accurate statement about intervention programs designed to improve parental sensitivity and children's security of attachment? a. As a result of the interventions, mothers were more attentive and responsive. b. Infants of mothers who received intervention cried less and were able to self-soothe. c. Follow-up studies revealed that gains in secure attachment decreased over time. d. Experimental interventions have had success with depressed mothers.

c. Follow-up studies revealed that gains in secure attachment decreased over time.

Steven has never successfully developed a secure attachment with anyone. Which is most likely true of Steven's behavior? a. He sleeps more than securely attached children. b. He engages in more positive interactions than securely attached children. c. He is more prone to problem behaviors than securely attached children. d. He is more regulated by his peers than securely attached children.

c. He is more prone to problem behaviors than securely attached children.

Which measure of attachment security pays careful attention to children's reactions to their caregivers after a separation? a. attachment Q-Sort b. inventory of parent and peer attachment c. Strange Situation d. internal working model

c. Strange Situation

Arturo is the president of his high school junior class. He believes that school rules should involve active participation by students and that any decisions made by the student council should be written so they apply to all equally. According to Piaget, Arturo is in the stage of: a. heteronomous morality. b. dependent morality. c. autonomous morality. d. postconventional reasoning.

c. autonomous morality.

Bowlby listed four different phases of attachment. What age are children when they are in the "clear-cut attachment" phase? a. birth to 6 weeks b. 6 weeks to 6-8 months c. between 6-8 months and 1-2 years d. 1-2 years and older

c. between 6-8 months and 1-2 years

The research cited in the text about the relationship between punitive parenting and children's aggression can BEST be summarized as: a. causal. b. multidirectional. c. bidirectional. d. one-directional.

c. bidirectional.

When 11-month-old Pablo is left with a sitter he demonstrates separation anxiety and distress and it takes sometime before he calms down. According to Bowlby, Pablo is in the _____ phase. a. preattachment b. attachment-in-the-making c. clear-cut attachment d. reciprocal relationship

c. clear-cut attachment

Before deciding to become an artist, Tara explored many different types of art, including photography, sculpture, glassblowing, and painting. Before deciding to become a musician, Anthony explored many different identities including a scientist and historian. Tara explored in _____; Anthony explored in _____. a. moratorium; diffusion b. breadth; depth c. depth; breadth d. diffusion; moratorium

c. depth; breadth

Marietta is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observes a day-care center to see if she can distinguish the different types. A few of the children are showing inconsistent reactions to their caregiver's departure. At first, they appear to have no problem with being left behind, but then one of the children becomes upset and begins hitting his mother. Another is cautiously staring at some of the other children but not moving. These children are displaying behaviors MOST commonly associated with a(n) _____ style of attachment. a. secure b. insecure-avoidant c. disorganized/disoriented d. insecure-resistant/ambivalent

c. disorganized/disoriented

Seven-year-old Ryan begins to cry when his mother reads the "wish list" given by the local homeless shelter, which included such things as "not being forgotten." Ryan's response of sadness at observing another person's sadness or pain is referred to as: a. sympathy. b. generosity. c. empathy. d. a conscience.

c. empathy.

Michelle has some paintbrushes and is painting a picture. Henry is sitting across from her, and wants to paint, but he has no paintbrush. He looks around for a paintbrush and begins to become distressed because he has paint but nothing to paint with. Michelle notices that Henry is looking for a paintbrush and is distressed, so she smiles and hands Henry a paintbrush. Michelle is: a. disregarding her own feelings to gratify the needs of Henry. b. engaging in antipathetic behavior. c. exhibiting prosocial behavior. d. regarding the needs of Henry more than her own.

c. exhibiting prosocial behavior.

According to the text, the origins of altruistic prosocial behavior are rooted in the capacity to: a. fail to identify with the other person. b. over-identify with the other person. c. feel empathy and sympathy. d. do no harm.

c. feel empathy and sympathy.

A particular allele variant of SLC6A4 is believed to make children especially reactive to their rearing environment. For children with this allele variant, high maternal responsiveness is associated with _____ of conscience at 15 to 52 months of age. Conversely, for children with this same variant, low maternal responsiveness is associated with _____ of conscience. a. an absence of conscience; high levels; b. low levels; high levels c. high levels; low levels d. high levels; an absence of conscience

c. high levels; low levels

What did Erikson call the integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable over time and across events? a. comprehensive achievement b. identity confusion c. identity achievement d. wholeness

c. identity achievement

Terrell ignores his mother during the Strange Situation, and often fails to greet her during reunions. In which attachment category should Terrell be classified? a. secure attachment b. insecure/resistant c. insecure/avoidant d. disorganized/disoriented

c. insecure/avoidant

Children who were securely attached in infancy or early childhood later in life do NOT display: a. more social competence. b. less social withdrawal. c. less regulated emotions. d. less anxiety.

c. less regulated emotions.

Anxious/resistant infants are most likely to have _____ parents. a. dismissing b. unresolved c. preoccupied d. autonomous

c. preoccupied

When evaluating parental attachment status, parents who give confused and angry accounts of their childhood are classified as: a. autonomous. b. dismissing. c. preoccupied. d. unresolved.

c. preoccupied.

Five-year-old Edward approaches a new student in his school and invites him to join in a game he is playing with other children. Edward is displaying: a. instrumental aggression. b. antipathy. c. prosocial behavior. d. antisocial behavior.

c. prosocial behavior.

The self-concept of older adolescents frequently: a. reflect the personal values of peers, beliefs and standards of what others expect. b. dismisses the importance of personal values, beliefs, and standards. c. reflects internalized personal values, beliefs, and standards. d. are undeveloped, unexplored.

c. reflects internalized personal values, beliefs, and standards.

In both Harlow's work with rhesus monkeys and Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm, researchers observed the baby monkey or child continually return to the mother after exploring an unfamiliar space or situation. This behavior is an example of: a. disoriented behavior b. ambivalent attachment c. secure attachment d. parental sensitivity.

c. secure attachment

Joseph believes that an action is good or bad based on the consequences of the action, not the motives or intentions behind it. Joseph is MOST likely: a. about the age of 9 years. b. not adhering to the rules of his home. c. younger than 7 years old. d. not living in an industrialized nation.

c. younger than 7 years old.

A disorder characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviors that inflict pain on others or involve destruction of property or denial of the rights of others is called _____ disorder.

conduct

According to a study by Savin-Williams, what is the age range within which self-acknowledged gay males first became aware of same-sex attractions? a. 12-14 b. 10-18 c. 3-7 d. 3-17

d. 3-17

Deirdre uses higher-order concepts that integrate more specific behavioral features of her self-concept. She attributes her popularity to her ability to "keep secrets" and be "nice to others." Deirdre is probably between _____ years of age. a. 5 and 6 b. 4 and 5 c. 11 and 13 d. 8 and 11

d. 8 and 11

Which child is most likely to characterize him- or herself by a personal fable? a. Rose, age 6 b. Jose, age 8 c. Mary, age 10 d. Joe, age 13

d. Joe, age 13

John Bowlby's idea of the primary caregiver as a secure base was directly influenced by ethological theories, particularly the ideas of: a. B. F. Skinner. b. Carl Rogers. c. Raymond Cattell. d. Konrad Lorenz.

d. Konrad Lorenz.

Ainsworth's Strange Situation test involves: a. isolation of the child from the parent. b. intensive interactions of long duration between a child and a caregiver. c. the immersion of a child in an unfamiliar setting, with limited parental guidance. d. a series of separations and reunions involving a child and a parent.

d. a series of separations and reunions involving a child and a parent.

Victoria and Patricia, both 12-month-old infants, are in a playgroup with their fathers sitting nearby. Victoria finds a blinking toy she likes and Patricia, who likes it too, proceeds to tear the object away from Victoria, even though Victoria resists her and begins to cry. This can BEST be described as an instance of: a. anger. b. frustration. c. assertion. d. aggression.

d. aggression

John Bowlby replaced the psychoanalytic notion of a "needy, dependent infant" with the idea of a(n) _____ who uses his or her primary caregiver as a secure base. a. aptitude-motivated infant b. achievement-motivated infant c. consciously motivated infant d. competence-motivated infant

d. competence-motivated infant

As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on _________ characteristics to _________ qualities a. physical; concrete b. abstract; personal c. personal; psychological d. concrete; abstract

d. concrete; abstract

Children who do not fit into Ainsworth's three original categories now are typically classified as: a. secure. b. resistant. c. avoidant. d. disorganized.

d. disorganized.

Marla is a very busy person. She often does not respond to her son Leo's needs. What type of attachment is Marla most likely fostering in Leo? a. secure b. resistant c. anxious/avoidant d. disorganized/distressed

d. disorganized/distressed

Manuel, a first-grader, says, "I'm Mexican because my parents came from Mexico." Manuel is displaying the ethnic-identity component of: a. ethnic constancy. b. ethnic feelings and preferences. c. ethnic knowledge. d. ethnic self-identification.

d. ethnic self-identification.

In the longitudinal assessment of children's behavioral and affective expression of guilt that was cited in the text, the children's levels of _____ at 22 and 45 months of age predicted their _____ at 54 months of age. a. guilt; cognitive capacity b. morality; guilt c. morality; consciousness d. guilt; morality

d. guilt; morality

Aggressive children are inclined to evaluate competent, prosocial responses: a. with a greater social screen than are other children. b. in an equally favorable way to other peers. c. as resulting in positive outcomes. d. in a less favorable way than are nonaggressive peers.

d. in a less favorable way than are nonaggressive peers.

Current theorists believe that sexual orientation is based primarily on: a. biological factors. b. environmental factors. c. socioeconomic factors. d. religious factors.

a. biological factors.

Sarah Jo does nice things and is considered a "good girl." According to Lawrence Kohlberg, Sarah Jo would be in Stage _____ of moral reasoning.

3

Sympathy often is an outcome of empathizing with another's negative emotion or negative situation. However, according to the text, the element of _____ distinguishes sympathy from empathy. a. concern b. motive c. interest d. outcome

a. concern

According to _____, the crucial factor in determining a personal stage of moral reasoning is the reasons for his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma.

Kohlberg

_____ programs are designed to help individuals at risk for developing a problem or condition with the goal of preventing the problem or condition.

Secondary prevention

A child who has developed an interest in his or her ethnic identity and has begun to think about the effects his or her ethnic identity will have in the future is experiencing: a. ethnic-identity diffusion/foreclosure. b. ethnic-identity attachment. c. ethnic-identity search/moratorium. d. ethnic-identity achievement.

a. ethnic-identity diffusion/foreclosure

Approximately what percentage of sexual-minority youth has reported experiencing physical violence from relatives after having revealed their sexual identity? a. 5 b. 15 c. 25 d. 40

a. 5

Who disagreed with Freud's concept of a "needy, dependent infant motivated by drive reduction" and promoted a "competent, motivated infant" who uses his/her primary caregiver as a secure base? a. Bowlby b. Ainsworth c. Erikson d. Watson

a. Bowlby

According to the attachment theory as proposed by John Bowlby, which of the following is an example of a child in the attachment-in-the-making phase? a. Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence b. Ava is easily soothed by anyone who picks her up when she cries c. Devon actively seeks the company of his grandmother and is emboldened to explore the environment in her presence d. Serena shows a clear preference for her mother and demonstrates visible distress upon separation

a. Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence

Which of the following statement is not true about racial and ethnic identity during adolescence? a. The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem b. Minority-group members can face challenges in adopting the values of their ethnic group or those of the dominant culture c. Because they may have had early experiences with discrimination, ethnic- and racial-minority adolescents may feel ambivalent about their own ethnic status d. Development of a bicultural identity can lead to positive benefits for some minority youth and can lead to challenges for others

a. The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem

Which possible reason might explain why more sexual-minority youth in the United States are coming out today than did in any previous cohort? a. There is an increase in legal and cultural acceptance of sexual minorities. b. Our genetic makeup has evolved to produce more sexual-minority youth today than in any other time in human history. c. All major religions now accept sexual-minority youth. d. Before the 1900s, there were no sexual-minority youth.

a. There is an increase in legal and cultural acceptance of sexual minorities.

April is a 35-year-old woman who generously donates her time and money anonymously to help people who are needy. According to the text, April has MOST likely experienced which scenario more regularly as a child? a. a mother who aroused a sympathy response from April by explaining why donating stuffed animals to a hospital would make the children happy b. a mother who explained to April that helping is "important" and "nice" to do c. a grandparent who always provided a rationale for why some people had less than others d. a sister or brother, or parent, who volunteered in a soup kitchen or homeless shelter

a. a mother who aroused a sympathy response from April by explaining why donating stuffed animals to a hospital would make the children happy

For sexual-minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by a. feelings of alienation resulting form the realization that they are different from others b. a preference for social interaction with other sexual-minority individuals c. an individual's first experience with same-sex sexual activities d. an individual's initial disclosure about his/her sexual identity

a. feelings of alienation resulting form the realization that they are different from others

The description of the self that is often externally imposed, such as through membership in a group is one's: a. identity. b. self-concept. c. social comparison. d. self-esteem.

a. identity.

Mandy recalls that on more than one occasion, her younger brother became angry and kicked their mother for leaving them with a babysitter. Her mother confirms that he was a difficult child to raise. It is impossible to determine attachment style just from this information, but these "facts" imply behaviors that are MOST commonly associated with a(n) _____ style of attachment. a. insecure-resistant/ambivalent b. disorganized/disoriented c. secure d. insecure-avoidant

a. insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Susan Harter argues that a child's sense of self-concept a. is a social construct influenced in a large part by the evaluation of others b. is an innate sense that is based entirely on evolutionary mechanisms c. does not begin to emerge until childhood, around the ages of 6-9 years d. is fully developed by the time that child enters elementary school, at about age 6

a. is a social construct influenced in a large part by the evaluation of others

Rita, an adolescent, is searching for her identity and is experimenting with ideas about what she wants to do with her life. Her parents let her explore these ideas without pushing her to act as an adult. Her parents are following Erikson's notion of: a. psychosocial moratorium. b. identity diffusion. c. foreclosure. d. identity achievement.

a. psychosocial moratorium.

Stephanie, age 1, and her mother, Nikki, are participating in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. The experimenter escorts them to a room and leaves them alone together. During this time, the ______ is measured. When Nikki leaves Stephanie all alone in the room, ______ is measured. a. secure base; separation distress b. secure base; stranger anxiety c. separation distress; reunion reaction d. separation distress; stranger comfort

a. secure base; separation distress

A particular allele variant of SLC6A4 is believed to make children especially reactive to their rearing environment. SLC6A4 is a _______ transporter gene. a. serotonin b. morality c. dopamine d. GABA

a. serotonin

In the study of child development, attachment refers to: a. the close, enduring emotional bonds children develop to primary caregivers. b. the identification a child develops with a particular child-rearing style. c. the closeness that can develop between a family and a psychologist. d. the interrelationship between themes of child development.

a. the close, enduring emotional bonds children develop to primary caregivers.

To experience empathy, children must be able to identify the emotions of others and understand that: a. they should show concern for other people in reaction to the other person's emotional state or condition. b. they should behave in a way that is consistent with their conscience and moral principle. c. another person is feeling an emotion or is in some kind of need. d. another person is not able to provide for him- or herself.

a. they should show concern for other people in reaction to the other person's emotional state or condition

Which technique was NOT used by Jean Piaget to study moral reasoning in children? a. using the Rorschach, a projective technique b. observing them playing games c. interviewing children d. using open-ended interviews

a. using the Rorschach, a projective technique

Ekaterina, who is now 2-years-old, is walking and talking and has developed an enduring emotional bond with her mother. This bond is referred to as _____.

attachment

According to Erikson, during adolescence, psychosocial development is primarily a search to answer the question: a. "Where did I come from?" b. "Who am I?" c. "How much can I learn?" d. "Who are my friends?"

b. "Who am I?"

The average age at which contemporary sexual-minority youth privately label themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual is about: a. 9 years of age. b. 15 years of age. c. 12 years of age. d. 17 years of age.

b. 15 years of age.

Which statement is TRUE in regard to cross-cultural comparisons of attachment? a. The United States has significantly more securely attached children than does Japan. b. In one study, all of the insecure infants in a Japanese sample were classified as insecure/resistant, with none exhibiting insecure/avoidant behavior. c. The percentage of insecure/avoidant children is much higher in Japan than it is in other cultures. d. The percentage of insecure/avoidant children is much higher in Korea than it is in other cultures.

b. In one study, all of the insecure infants in a Japanese sample were classified as insecure/resistant, with none exhibiting insecure/avoidant behavior.

Who would most likely be successful at the "rouge test"? a. Lily, 6 months b. Sondra, 19 months c. Kylie, 15 months d. Marlene, 12 months

b. Sondra, 19 months

Critical to an infant's growth is the development of a positive emotional connection to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as ______. a. co-regulation b. attachment c. co-dependency d. imprinting

b. attachment

Seven-month-old Karrie is easily comforted by her mother and smiles, laughs, or babbles more frequently in the presence of her mother. According to Bowlby, Karrie is in the _____ phase. a. preattachment b. attachment-in-the-making c. reciprocal relationship d. clear-cut attachment

b. attachment-in-the-making

Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic make-up a. disappears by adulthood b. can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment c. can be changed by altering the levels of oxytocin the brain d. is proof that genetic markers cause specific attachment security types

b. can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment

Harlow's experimental work with monkeys helped support the view that: a. social interactions play less of a role in development than health and nutrition. b. children's healthy emotional development is rooted in early social interactions with adults. c. emotional development can be compromised, but only if early isolation is total d. early social interaction is crucial, but dependent on the quality of the interaction.

b. children's healthy emotional development is rooted in early social interactions with adults.

A panel convened by the National Academy of Sciences concluded that the most successful positive youth development programs are a. the participants' physical and psychological safety. b. developing a "me" first approach to social and community activities. c. mentoring participants in skills to develop self-efficacy and providing opportunities to belong. d. a clear structure, adult supervision, and positive social norms.

b. developing a "me" first approach to social and community activities.

When do children begin to engage in social comparison? a. preschool b. elementary school c. early adolescence d. late adolescence

b. elementary school

Bowlby's theory of attachment is based on: a. sociocultural theory. b. ethological theory. c. ecological theory. d. Bowlby's theory of attachment is not based on any of these theories.

b. ethological theory.

Five-year-old Malik believes that actions are wrong if his parents say they are wrong and that being punished for doing something wrong is justified. According to Piaget, Malik is in which stage of morality? a. transitional period of morality b. heteronomous morality c. autonomous morality d. postconventional level of morality

b. heteronomous morality

Which attachment pattern involves infants or young children who seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver and may be easily comforted by a stranger? a. secure b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-resistant/ambivalent d. insecure-disorganized disorganized/disoriented

b. insecure-avoidant

Two-month-old Raquel cries when she is hungry and has learned that her mother will come to feed her. Raquel has: a. developed a social identity. b. learned that she can affect her environment. c. developed self-recognition. d. developed an understanding of object permanence.

b. learned that she can affect her environment.

Jenny has concluded that it is wrong for her to take her friend's snack out of her locker, even though her friend left it open and Jenny is hungry. Jenny has made a _____ judgment. a. social conventional b. moral c. needs-based d. personal

b. moral

If children see others donate to charity, and if adults explain to them how donating helps others, they are: a. less likely to donate to charity. b. more likely to donate to charity. c. less likely to question the reasons for contributing. d. more likely to question whether the charitable cause is worthy.

b. more likely to donate to charity.

When they were 6 months old, Harlow's rhesus monkeys, who had been isolated at birth from other monkeys, showed: a. more prosocial behavior than those not separated. b. more social disturbances than those not separated. c. no difference in behavior than those not separated. d. greater intelligence than those not separated.

b. more social disturbances than those not separated.

Ricardo is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and he observes a day-care center to see if he can distinguish the different types. He notices two children who are dropped off and begin to cry and are clearly upset by the separation. One child is clinging to his mother's coat as she tries to reassure him. He also noticed that when their mothers returned they seemed to rebuff her efforts to comfort them. These children are displaying behaviors MOST commonly associated with a(n) _____ style of attachment. a. insecure-avoidant b. secure c. disorganized/disoriented d. insecure-resistant/ambivalent

d. insecure-resistant/ambivalent

According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, which stage is noted by the exploration of identity status? a. identity diffusion b. identity foreclosure c. confusion d. moratorium

d. moratorium

A father who responds quickly to the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth by smiling, laughing, and communicating positively to his child is demonstrating a. caregiver responsibility b. reciprocal attachment c. parental security d. parental sensitivity

d. parental sensitivity

Charlene's 2-month-old infant cries when she needs to be fed and is comforted when held. Charlene's 2-month-old is in the _____ phase. a. attachment-in-the-making b. clear-cut attachment c. reciprocal relationship d. preattachment

d. preattachment

Two-year-old Grace attends a playgroup for toddlers with her mother. When Grace takes another child's toy or pushes another child, Grace's mother gently asks her, "Do you see how that hurts [the other child]?" Grace's mother is engaging in an effective parenting style to increase prosocial behavior through: a. reasoning using cognitive techniques. b. reward and punishment. c. authoritarian parenting. d. reasoning in an emotional tone of voice.

d. reasoning in an emotional tone of voice.

Three-year-old Derek tells his father that he does not like it when he has to go to work. After his father explains why he goes to work, Derek listens and accepts his explanation. According to Bowlby, Derek is in the _____ phase. a. attachment-in-the-making b. clear-cut attachment c. preattachment d. reciprocal relationship phase.

d. reciprocal relationship phase

Nine-month-old Keisha shows reacts with separation distress if her mother or father leave her presence. This indicates that she: a. has developed self-recognition. b. has developed self-consciousness. c. has developed a social identity. d. recognizes that she and her parents are separate entities.

d. recognizes that she and her parents are separate entities.

John Bowlby replaced the psychoanalytic notion of a "needy, dependent infant" with the idea of a "competence-motivated infant" who uses his or her primary caregiver as a(n) _____ base. a. insecure b. competent c. attached d. secure

d. secure

Brenda feels good about her accomplishments. She made the soccer team, got straight A's in her classes, and has three really good friends. Brenda's evaluation of her self and her feelings about her evaluation are known as: a. mastery orientation. b. competence. c. ethnic role behavior. d. self-esteem.

d. self-esteem.

A feeling of concern for another person in reaction to that person's emotional state or condition is known as: a. generosity. b. empathy. c. altruism. d. sympathy.

d. sympathy.

In Bowlby's attachment theory, the secure base refers to: a. the evolutionary roots of how children become attached to caregivers. b. a special setting developed for needy, dependent infants. c. a comfortable and safe home setting. d. the haven of safety a caretaker provides that allows a child to explore the environment.

d. the haven of safety a caretaker provides that allows a child to explore the environment.

Thirteen-year-old Mark refuses to go to school because he has a pimple. He is convinced that everyone will make fun of him. Mark's behavior is an example of: a. the invincibility fable. b. formal operational thought. c. the personal fable. d. the imaginary audience.

d. the imaginary audience.

Bonnie loves to dress eccentrically, dyes her hair wild colors, and has many facial piercings. She believes that everyone is looking at her when she goes out in public. Bonnie seems to have created a(n) _____ audience. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

imaginary

The thinking that leads young people to believe that everyone is watching them is known as the _____ audience.

imaginary

According to the text, U.S. children, relative to Philippine children, tend to be _____ prosocial toward nonrelatives.

more

Pia is sexually attracted to other women. This tendency would be referred to as her sexual _____.

orientation

Marisol, who is a 5th-grade student, tells her father after the spelling bee that she is the best speller in her class, but not in the entire 5th grade. Marisol is engaging in _____ comparison.

social