Psyc 356 - Chapter 10: Rogers: Person-Centered Theory
According to Carl Rogers, a second basic assumption of the person-centered theory is the _____.
Actualizing tendency
According to Carl Rogers, the _____ refers to the tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
Actualizing tendency
Positive Regard & Positive Self-Regard
An individual becomes a person by making contact w/ a caregiver whose positive regard for that individual fosters positive self-regard
Carl Rogers defined _____ as a state of uneasiness or tension whose cause is unknown.
Anxiety
According to Carl Rogers, _____ are experienced as awareness of an incongruence between the self-concept and the organismic experience is gained.
Anxiety and threat
According to Carl Rogers, without _____ the self-concept and the ideal self would not exist.
Awareness
Carl Rogers defined _____ as the symbolic representation of some portion of an individual's experience.
Awareness
Carl Rogers believed that when one of an individual's experiences in inconsistent with one part of his or her self-concept, he or she will behave in a(n) _____ manner in order to protect the current structure of his or her self-concept.
Defensive
According to Carl Rogers, _____ is the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.
Defensiveness
Self-Actualization
Develops after people a self-system & refers to the tendency to move toward becoming a fully functional person
Incongruence
Develops when the organismic self & the perceived self don't match
According to Carl Rogers, _____ can occur suddenly, or it can take place gradually over a long period of time.
Disorganization
In a state of _____, people sometimes behave consistently with their organismic experience and sometimes in accordance with their shattered self-concept.
Disorganization
With _____, people misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of their self-concepts.
Distortion
According to Carl Rogers, the two chief defenses are _____ and _____.
Distortion; denial
According to Carl Rogers, psychological disequilibrium begins when people _____.
Do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness
According to Carl Rogers, the third necessary and sufficient condition of psychological growth is _____.
Empathic listening
According to Carl Rogers, _____ refers to temporarily living in the other's life, moving about in it delicately without making judgments.
Empathy
According to Carl Rogers, the need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth is called _____.
Enhancement
Carl Rogers believed that the need for _____ the self is seen in people's willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding.
Enhancing
Barriers to Psychological Growth
Exist when a person experiences conditions of worth, incongruence, defensiveness, and disorganization
Which of the following terms did Carl Rogers use to describe the tendency of a person of tomorrow to see each experience with a new freshness and appreciate it fully in the present moment?
Existential living
According to Carl Rogers, once clients reach Stage 6 of therapeutic change, they _____.
Experience an irreversible movement toward becoming fully functioning or self-actualizing
Like many personality theorists, Carl Rogers built his theory on the scaffold provided by _____.
Experiences as a therapist
According to Carl Rogers, _____, whether positive or negative, do not foster psychological health but, rather, prevent people from being completely open to their own experiences.
External evaluations
According to Carl Rogers, our perceptions of other people's view of us are called _____.
External evaluations
True or false: According to Carl Rogers, as clients perceive that they are sympathetically understood, they are less likely to listen to themselves more accurately or have sympathy for their own feelings.
False
According to Carl Rogers, the term _____ refers to a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
Formative tendency
Identify a true statement about the evaluation of Carl Rogers' person-centered theory.
It lends itself to either confirmation or disconfirmation
Conditions of Worth & External Evaluation
Lead to vulnerability, anxiety, and threat and prevent people from experiencing unconditional positive regard
After therapeutic change, a congruent client becomes _____.
Less defensive and more open to experience
According to Carl Rogers, the need for _____ includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but it also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo.
Maintenance
According to Carl Rogers, the conservative nature of _____ is expressed in people's desire to protect their current, comfortable self-concept.
Maintenance needs
In the early years, Carl Rogers approach was known as _____.
Nondirective
In order to measure change from the client's point of view, researchers relied on the _____.
Q sort technique
The _____ begins with a universe of 100 self-referent statements printed on 3-by-5 cards, which participants are requested to sort into nine piles from "most like me" to "least like me."
Q sort technique
Process of Therapeutic Personality Change
Ranges from extreme defensiveness, or an unwillingness to talk about self, to a final stage in which clients become their own therapists and are able to continue psychological growth outside the therapeutic setting
With regard to the therapy groups, researchers found that the group showed less discrepancy between _____ after therapy than before.
Self and ideal self
Carl Rogers believed that _____ is a subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it.
Self-Actualization
According to Carl Rogers, _____ is the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness.
Self-actualization
According to Carl Rogers, in the case of certain people, even compliments that are genuinely dispensed, seldom have a positive influence on the _____ of the recipient.
Self-concept
According to Carl Rogers, the _________ includes all those aspects of one's being and one's experiences that are perceived in awareness by an individual.
Self-concept
Carl Rogers hypothesized that during therapy, clients would assimilate into their _____ those feelings and experiences previously denied to awareness.
Self-concepts
E. Tory Higgins developed a version of Carl Rogers's theory known as the _____ that continues to be influential in personality and social psychological research.
Self-discrepancy theory
The _____ argues not only for the real self-ideal self discrepancy but also for real self-ought self discrepancy.
Self-discrepancy theory
According to Carl Rogers, which of the following stages of therapeutic change can occur outside the therapeutic encounter?
Stage 7
Formative Tendency
States that all matter, both organic & inorganic, tends to evolve from simple to more complex forms
According to Carl Rogers, science begins and ends with the _____, although everything in between must be objective and empirical.
Subjective experience
Carl Rogers believed that scientists must have many of the characteristics of _____; that is, they must be inclined to look within, to be in tune with internal feelings and values, and to be intuitive and creative, etc.
The person of tomorrow
According to Carl Rogers, the greater the incongruence between an individual's perceived self and an individual's organismic experience, the more _____ he or she is.
Vulnerable
Carl Rogers believed that people are _____ when they are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience.
Vulnerable
Anxious, Threatened, & Defensive
Vulnerable people are unaware of their incongruence and are likely to become anxious, threatened, & defensive
Research at the University of Chicago Counseling Center was built around the basic _____ hypothesis, which states that all persons have within themselves the capacity for self-understanding as well as the capacity and tendency to move in the direction of self-actualization and maturity.
Client-centered
Carl Rogers is best known as the founder of _____, but he developed a humanistic theory of personality that grew out of his experiences as a practicing psychotherapist.
Client-entered therapy
According to Carl Rogers, a _________________ _______________ ____________ arises when the positive regard of a significant other is conditional, when an individual feels that in some respects they are prized and in others not.
Condition of worth
According to Carl Rogers, _____ become the criterion by which people accept or reject their experiences.
Conditions of growth
According to Carl Rogers, _____ exists when a person's organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings.
Congruence
With regard to the therapy group, researchers discovered that the "normal" controls had a higher level of _____ than the therapy group at the beginning of the study.
Congruence
According to Carl Rogers, to be _____ means to be real or genuine, to be whole or integrated, to be what one truly is.
Congruent
Carl Rogers believed that the most basic outcome of successful client-centered therapy is a _____ client.
Congruent
Basic Outcomes of Client-Centered Counselling
Congruent clients who are open to experiences and who have no need to be defensive
In describing a formative tendency, Carl Rogers believed that for the entire universe a, _____, rather than a disintegrative one, is in operation.
Creative process
An area of research where Carl Rogers's ideas continue to be influential is _____.
Goal pursuit
According to Carl Rogers, the _______________ ____________ is defined as one's view of self as one wishes to be.
Ideal self
According to Carl Rogers, the second subsystem of the self is the _____.
Ideal self
Out of the three levels of awareness identified by Carl Rogers, the first level involves events that are experienced below the threshold of awareness and are either _____ or _____.
Ignored; denied
With regard to awareness, Carl Rogers believed that a compliment from another also implies the right of that person to criticize or condemn, and thus the compliment carries a(n) _____ for certain people.
Implied threat
According to Carl Rogers, a source of psychological distress is _____, or when one's ideal self does not sufficiently overlap with his or her self-concept that can be represented in the goals a person chooses to pursue.
Incongruence
According to Carl Rogers, the _____________ between one's self-concept and one's organismic experience is the source of psychological disorders.
Incongruence
Which of the following statements is true about Carl Rogers' person-centered theory?
It is rated average on its ability to spark research within the general field of personality
According to Carl Rogers, the self-concept is not identical with the _____.
Organismic self
Carl Rogers believed that all individuals have an _____________ ____________ ______________ or OVP.
Organismic valuing process
Carl Rogers defined _____ as a natural instinct directing an individual toward the most fulfilling pursuits.
Organismic valuing process
Disorganized
People become disorganized whenever distortion & denial are insufficient to block out incongruence
The term "__________________-____________" is used to refer to Rogerian personality theory.
Person-centered
According to Carl Rogers, a person develops a need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person that can be referred to as _____.
Positive regard
Carl Rogers was of the notion that as children become aware that another person has some measure of regard for them, they begin to value _____.
Positive regard
According to Carl Rogers, ___________ _________ is defined as the experience of prizing or valuing one's self
Positive self-regard
Carl Rogers believed that the source of ________________ ______________ lies in the positive regard that is received from others, but once established, it is autonomous and self-perpetuating.
Positive self-regard
Actualization Tendency
Possessed by human & other animals; The predisposition to move toward completion or fulfillment
Persons of Tomorrow (Fully Functioning Persons)
Theoretically, successful clients will become persons of tomorrow, or fully functioning persons
Carl Rogers's explanation for _____ is that when persons come to experience themselves as prized and unconditionally accepted, they realize, perhaps for the first time, that they are lovable.
Therapeutic change
Identify a characteristic of persons of tomorrow according to Carl Rogers.
They are confident of their ability to experience harmonious relations with others
Carl Rogers defined _____ as an awareness that our self is no longer whole or congruent.
Threat
In the context of Carl Rogers' process of therapy, Stage 1 of therapeutic change is characterized by clients' _____.
Unwillingness to communicate anything about themselves
Carl Rogers believed that therapists have _____ when they are experiencing a warm, positive and accepting attitude toward what is the client.
Unconditional positive regard
When the need to be liked, prized, or accepted by another person exists without any conditions or qualifications, ______________ ______________ ____________ occurs.
Unconditional positive regard
Distortion & Denial
When the organismic self & perceived self are incongruent, people will become defensive and use distortion & denial as attempts to reduce incongruence
Unconditional Positive Regard & Empathy
When vulnerable people come in contact w/ a therapist who is congruent & who has unconditional positive regard and empathy, the process of personality change begins