PSYC 370- Final
Neurotransmitter molecules are packaged in vesicles by a. Golgi complexes. b. ribosomes c. buttons d. peptides e. microtubules
a. Golgi complexes.
Demassio's Somatic Marker hypothesis is most similar to which theory of emotion? a. The James-Lange theory b. The James Lazarus theory (Lazarus & Folkman) c. The Schacter and Singer theory d. The Cannon-Bard theory
a. The James-Lange theory
Which of the following is true about circadian rhythms? a. They are about 24 hours in length. b. They vary from 12-48 hours across individuals. c. They alter alertness but do not impact hormonal levels. d. They are shorter than ultradian rhythms.
a. They are about 24 hours in length.
In response to "stress," the ______ gland(s) release(s) stress hormones (both SAM-CAT and HPAC). a. adrenal b. adrenalin c. pituitary d. thyroid
a. adrenal
Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually a. agonists of that neurotransmitter. b. antagonists of that neurotransmitter. c. enzymes of that neurotransmitter. d. receptor blockers. e. ligands of that neurotransmitter.
a. agonists of that neurotransmitter.
If you had to name one limbic system structure as the primary structure involved in emotions of fear and anxiety, it would be the ______. a. amygdala b. fornix c. cingulate gyrus d. hypothalamus
a. amygdala
A change in the resting potential of a dendrite from -70 mV to -72 mV is called a. an IPSP. b. an EPSP. c. a depolarization. d. both A and C e. both B and C
a. an IPSP.
The front of your brain is a. anterior b. posterior c. lateral d. dorsal
a. anterior
Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by a. axoaxonic synapses. b. axodendritic synapses. c. dendrodendritic synapses. d. axosomatic synapses. e. both A and D
a. axoaxonic synapses.
The reticular formation is in the a. brain stem. b. cortex c. thalamus d. olfactory bulb. e. spinal cord.
a. brain stem.
The stress hormones ______ are used by your body to respond to short-term stressors. a. epinephrine and norepinephrine b. NPY and PYY c. B and T cells d. norepinephrine and cortisol
a. epinephrine and norepinephrine
The most anterior lobe of the cerebral cortex is the a. frontal lobe b. parietal lobe c. temporal lobe d. occipital lobe
a. frontal lobe
Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as a. inhibitory is to excitatory. b. EPSPs are to IPSPs. c. APs are to IPSPs. d. APs are to EPSPs. e. APs are to no APs.
a. inhibitory is to excitatory.
The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential a. keeps the action potential from spreading actively back down an axon towards the cell body. b. increases the firing rate. c. increases the speed of axonal transmission. d. produces a second, negative action potential. e. produces saltatory conduction.
a. keeps the action potential from spreading actively back down an axon towards the cell body.
The visual imagery of REM dreaming may be the outcome of PGO waves producing arousal in the ______. a. occipital cortex b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. retinohypothalamic pathway d. lateral hypothalamus
a. occipital cortex
Action potentials begin by the a. opening of voltage-activated sodium channels. b. closing of ligand-activated chloride channels. c. closing of ligand-activated potassium channels. d. opening of ligand-activated potassium channels. e. closing of voltage-activated calcium channels.
a. opening of voltage-activated sodium channels.
In its resting state, a neuron is said to be a. polarized b. depolarized c. hypopolarized d. hyperpolarized e. firing
a. polarized
The back of your head is a. posterior b. dorsal c. inferior d. anterior e. ventral
a. posterior
After release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by a. reuptake b. synaptic enzymes c. the postsynaptic receptors. d. deactivating enzymes. e. ribosomes
a. reuptake
Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on a. ribosomes b. the Golgi complex. c. vesicles d. mitochondria e. microtubules
a. ribosomes
The end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the a. sodium channels close. b. sodium channels open. c. potassium channels open. d. potassium channels close. e. both A and D
a. sodium channels close.
The limbic system and basal ganglia are, for the most part, in the a. telencephalon b. diencephalon c. mesencephalon d. myelencephalon e. metencephalon
a. telencephalon
In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information a. to the CNS. b. to the PNS. c. from the CNS. d. from the cortex. e. from the brain.
a. to the CNS.
Neuropeptides are transported from the cell body to the buttons at a speed of about a. 100 meters per minute. b. 40 centimeters per day. c. 60 meters per second. d. 40 meters per hour. e. 20 meters per second.
b. 40 centimeters per day.
Sharp pain is the result of pain information conveyed by fiber pathways while the slower but persisting dull pain is transmitted by fiber pathways. a. C; A-delta b. A-delta; C c. T; transmission d. A-alpha; A-delta
b. A-delta; C
There is little resistance in the resting neural membrane to the passage of a. K- ions. b. Cl- ions. c. Na+ ions. d. proteins e. receptors
b. Cl- ions.
Which of the following is NOT true about consciousness? a. Awareness of our environment is a key component of attention and is result of activation of networks of cortex dedicated to sensory processing rather than one specific region of the brain b. Consciousness is determined only by activity in the brain stem c. The Default Mode Network is a group of cortical structures including the Posterior Cingulate Cortex, the insula, temporal cortex, and the hippocampus that when activated create a sense of coherence in our experience of the self in the world d. Awareness is also related to activity of the insula, which integrates sensory information, with information from the limbic system, and hypothalamus
b. Consciousness is determined only by activity in the brain stem
Stage 2 of sleep is indicated by sleep spindles and ______. a. theta spikes b. K complexes c. alpha bundles d. slow-wave bundles
b. K complexes
There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic action; this neurotransmitter is a. dopamine b. acetylcholine c. acetylcholinesterase d. norepinephrine e. glutamate
b. acetylcholine
Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter. a. facilitators b. agonists c. antagonists d. autoreceptors e. endorphins
b. agonists
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by a. an efflux of sodium ions. b. an influx of calcium ions. c. the sodium-potassium pump. d. the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock. e. the release of calcium ions from the buttons.
b. an influx of calcium ions.
Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is a. extremely rare. b. antidromic c. orthodromic d. both A and B e. both A and C
b. antidromic
Which of the following are thought to play a role in reducing excessive neurotransmitter release? a. dendritic receptors b. autoreceptors c. dendritic spines d. postsynaptic receptors e. somatic receptors
b. autoreceptors
What part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated? a. dendrites b. axon c. cell body d. buttons e. both A and B
b. axon
Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by a. binding to presynaptic receptors. b. binding to postsynaptic receptors. c. entering postsynaptic neurons. d. binding directly to calcium ions. e. attaching to vesicles.
b. binding to postsynaptic receptors.
Studies of the relationship between sleep and learning show that both REM and non-REM sleep are important in ______. a. hippocampal repair b. consolidation c. synaptic spine increases d. myelination
b. consolidation
The stress hormone(s) ______ is/are used by your body to respond to prolonged stress. a. epinephrine/nor-epinephrine b. cortisol c. Substance S d. thyroid hormone
b. cortisol
Homogeneous distribution of ions in neural tissue is promoted by a. nonrandom assignment. b. electrostatic pressure c. the sodium-potassium pump. d. selective ion channels. e. nonrandom movement.
b. electrostatic pressure
The stress hormones are ______ and are produced by the adrenal glands. a. pineal gland, mirror neurons, and amygdala b. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol c. serotonin, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids d. glucocorticoids, cortisol, and hypothalamus
b. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol
APs are said to be all-or-none: This means that all APs a. are the same. b. in a particular neuron are the same. c. travel at the same speed. d. all of the above e. both A and C
b. in a particular neuron are the same.
Projections from the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus induce sleep by inhibiting arousal areas, including the ______. a. hippocampus b. lateral hypothalamus c. thalamus d. pedunculopontine nuclei
b. lateral hypothalamus
In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce a. their effects more rapidly. b. longer lasting effects. c. more localized effects. d. all of the above e. both A and C
b. longer lasting effects.
Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own a. EPSPs b. neurotransmitter c. IPSPs d. cyclic AMP. e. APs
b. neurotransmitter
The lobe at the back of the brain, which serves a visual function, is the a. frontal lobe. b. occipital lobe. c. temporal lobe. d. prefrontal lobe. e. parietal lobe.
b. occipital lobe.
After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the a. sodium-potassium pump. b. random movement of ions. c. refractory period. d. electrostatic gradient. e. EPSPs
b. random movement of ions.
The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the a. absolute refractory period. b. relative refractory period. c. voltage gating in the buttons of the neuron. d. sodium-potassium pump. e. ligand gating in the buttons of the neuron.
b. relative refractory period.
Metabotropic receptors are linked to a. ligand-activated ion channels. b. signal proteins and G proteins. c. ionotropic receptors. d. vesicles e. receptor subtypes.
b. signal proteins and G proteins.
The soma is a. often myelinated. b. the cell body. c. covered by nodes of Ranvier. d. next to the nucleus. e. smaller than a terminal button.
b. the cell body.
External lighting conditions alter circadian rhythms via ______. a. the brain stem b. the retinohypothalamic pathway c. sleep structures in the basal forebrain d. changes in metabolism
b. the retinohypothalamic pathway
There are three kinds of spatial summation and\ a. one kind of temporal summation. b. two kinds of temporal summation. c. three kinds of temporal summation. d. four kinds of temporal summation. e. no such thing as temporal summation.
b. two kinds of temporal summation.
The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of a. nodes of Ranvier. b. voltage-activated ion channels. c. ligand-activated ion channels. d. myelin e. EPSPs
b. voltage-activated ion channels.
Another word for "integration" is a. "firing." b. "all-or-none." c. "summation." d. "release." e. "activation."
c. "summation."
Which of the following is NOT true about pain processing in the cortex? a. The amygdala creates somatic markers to signal impending pain (anticipatory pain) b. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can send inhibit transmission of pain signals from the spinal cord to the brain c. All tactile (touch/pain) stimuli are embodied (located) on the somatosensory homunculus in the orbitofrontal cortex d. The anterior cingulate cortex processes information related to the emotional response to pain
c. All tactile (touch/pain) stimuli are embodied (located) on the somatosensory homunculus in the orbitofrontal cortex
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is associated with processing tactile information? a. Frontal lobe b. Temporal lobe c. Parietal lobe d. Occipital lobe
c. Parietal lobe
When people are injured while engaging in competitive sports and life threatening situations sometimes, they sometimes do not experience pain associated with their injury until later, after the game is over or after the danger is passed. What does this tell us about how the brain processes pain? a. That only humans have the capacity to perceive pain b. That the evolution of the pre-frontal cortex has interfered with the ability to process pain c. That the CNS has evolved to have strategies to suppress both pain behaviors and pain perception when it is advantageous That the CNS always processes pain first and then it evaluates environmental stimuli
c. That the CNS has evolved to have strategies to suppress both pain behaviors and pain perception when it is advantageous
Just as you are parking your car at home, a moderate earthquake hits. You get out of your car and run to your bathroom, where you notice you are shaking. According to the James-Lange theory, you felt afraid: a. Because a fear of earthquakes is innate b. After you thought about the possible threat to bodily harm c. When you noticed you were shaking d. When you felt the earthquake
c. When you noticed you were shaking
The EEG patterns typical of waking states of consciousness are ______. a. alpha and delta b. delta and theta c. alpha and beta d. beta and delta
c. alpha and beta
Action potentials originate at the a. terminal buttons. b. synapses c. axon, adjacent to the axon hillock. d. node of Ranvier. e. nucleus
c. axon, adjacent to the axon hillock.
The top of your brain is a. anterior b. posterior c. dorsal d. ventral
c. dorsal
Westward travel is less disruptive of the circadian rhythm than eastward travel, in part because it is easier to ______. a. go to sleep early than to go to sleep when you are used to b. go to sleep early than to go to sleep later c. go to sleep later than to go to sleep when you are not sleepy d. sleep during the day than to stay awake when it's dark
c. go to sleep later than to go to sleep when you are not sleepy
If you were looking to identify the structure in in charge of releasing hormones during the stress response, which structure would you choose? a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. orbitofrontal cortex
c. hypothalamus
Ionotropic receptors are linked to a. ribosomes b. neurotransmitters c. ligand-activated ion channels. d. vesicles e. G proteins.
c. ligand-activated ion channels.
How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out. a. to the axon hillock b. to the terminal buttons c. no more than a couple of millimeters d. no more than 50 millimeters e. both B and D
c. no more than a couple of millimeters
Conduction of action potentials along an axon is a. instantaneous b. decremental c. nondecremental d. entirely passive. e. always saltatory.
c. nondecremental
Melatonin is produced in the ______. a. SCN b. adrenal gland c. pineal gland d. hypothalamus
c. pineal gland
An interesting new theory for sleep claims that CSF circulation increases during sleep to ______. a. heat the brain during sleep b. cool the brain during sleep c. remove toxins from the brain during sleep d. circulate learning proteins to the cortex
c. remove toxins from the brain during sleep
Light will ______ melatonin in the body. a. increase b. have no effect on c. suppress d. eliminate
c. suppress
In mammals, the ______ is the brain area most associated with biological rhythms. a. lateral geniculate nucleus b. brain stem c. suprachiasmatic nucleus d. optic chiasm
c. suprachiasmatic nucleus
The inferior and superior colliculi compose the a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. tectum d. hippocampus e. cerebellum
c. tectum
A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between a. neuron membranes. b. synapses and cell bodies. c. the inside and outside of a cell. d. nuclei and tracts e. ganglia and nerves.
c. the inside and outside of a cell.
During REM sleep, ______. a. delta activity predominates b. respiration and heart rates decrease c. the sleeper is in a state of atonia d. EEG patterns show mostly theta activity
c. the sleeper is in a state of atonia
Peptide neurotransmitters (i.e., neuropeptides) are synthesized in the cell body and a. stored in the Golgi complex until they are broken down. b. released by the Golgi complex into the synapse. c. transported via microtubules to the buttons. d. stored in vesicles with small-molecule neurotransmitters. e. transported along the axons to the nodes of Ranvier.
c. transported via microtubules to the buttons.
Sodium-potassium pumps are a. integrators b. refractory c. transporters d. excitatory e. inhibitory
c. transporters
Neurotransmitters are often stored in a. aluminum foil. b. ribosomes c. vesicles d. nodes of Ranvier. e. the synaptic cleft.
c. vesicles
A complete cycle through all sleep stages takes approximately ______ minutes. a. 30 b. 60 c. 120 d. 90
d. 90
The AMPHAC model is a neuroscience model of dreaming. We did not spend a lot of time talking about this model in class. But, based on what you know about the relationship between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, which of the following seems likely to be true about the AMPHAC's model of dreams and nightmares? a. For nightmares, the breaks on the system don't work because the amygdala goes off line b. For typical dreams, the hippocampus activates visual memories. The prefrontal cortex increases autonomic arousal and the amygdala puts the breaks on arousal by inhibiting the prefrontal cortex c. For nightmares, the breaks on the system don't work and the amygdala fails to inhibit the pre-frontal cortex. d. For typical dreams, the hippocampus activates visual memories. The amygdala increases autonomic arousal and the pre-frontal cortex "puts on the breaks" inhibiting activity of the amygdala
d. For typical dreams, the hippocampus activates visual memories. The amygdala increases autonomic arousal and the pre-frontal cortex "puts on the breaks" inhibiting activity of the amygdala
The Gate Control Model proposed that pain perception can be modulated depending on the environmental context. Where is the pain gate? In other words, where is pain modulated a. In the peri Aquiductal Gray region of the brain stem b. In the interoceptive cortex c. In the somatosensory cortex d. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
d. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
The distinction between anxiety and fear is: a. It can be adaptive. b. Personal characteristics and perception of the environment are important in determining if an event is stressful or not. c. It can involve a physiological demand on your body. d. It is always unpleasant and is not helpful
d. It is always unpleasant and is not helpful
The enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse is a. dopamine b. L-DOPA. c. acetylcholine d. acetylcholinesterase e. a G protein.
d. acetylcholinesterase
Which of the following are membrane potentials? a. EPSPs b. IPSPs c. APs d. all of the above e. both A and B
d. all of the above
When a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecule binds to an ionotropic receptor, the a. cell fires. b. cell stops firing. c. ligand is activated. d. associated ion channel opens or closes. e. EPSP gradually increases.
d. associated ion channel opens or closes.
The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the a. diencephalon b. limbic system. c. somatosensory system. d. basal ganglia. e. thalamus
d. basal ganglia.
Nondirected synapses a. involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid. b. are sometimes string-of-beads synapses. c. involve the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across gap junctions. d. both A and B e. both B and C
d. both A and B
The receptors of the neuromuscular junction are a. cholinergic b. nicotinic c. muscarinic d. both A and B e. both A and C
d. both A and B
Which of the following is a passive process that acts to distribute ions evenly in neural tissue? a. random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients b. electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients c. sodium-potassium pumps, which distribute Na+ and K+ ions equally d. both A and B e. both A and C
d. both A and B
Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by a. their high internal concentration. b. their high external concentration. c. the negative resting potential. d. both B and C e. none of the above
d. both B and C
The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are a. about the size of a neuron. b. too small to be seen with the naked eye. c. less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter. d. both B and C e. none of the above
d. both B and C
Neurons are specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit a. action potentials. b. axons c. synapses d. electrochemical signals. e. pizzas
d. electrochemical signals.
Myelination a. causes cancer. b. penetrates the blood brain barrier. c. occurs only on Schwann cells. d. increases the speed of axonal conduction. e. increases the speed of synaptic transmission.
d. increases the speed of axonal conduction.
Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged a. membrane potentials. b. EPSPs c. IPSPs d. ions e. crystals
d. ions
The hippocampus is a. a neocortical structure. b. in the frontal lobes. c. six-layered. d. shaped like a sea horse in cross section. e. in the diencephalon.
d. shaped like a sea horse in cross section.
The skin conductance response measures ______ activity. a. adrenal gland b. limbic system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system
d. sympathetic nervous system
PGO waves ______. a. begin about 90 minutes prior to REM b. travel from the pons, through the medial geniculate nucleus, to the orexin-releasing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus c. are likely responsible for dreaming in non-REM sleep d. travel from the pons, through the lateral geniculate nucleus, to the occipital lobe
d. travel from the pons, through the lateral geniculate nucleus, to the occipital lobe
Action potentials can be conducted a. actively b. passively c. orthodromically d. antidromically e. all of the above
e. all of the above
EPSPs are a. graded responses. b. postsynaptic responses. c. transmitted decrementally. d. depolarizations. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors a. are more prevalent. b. produce longer lasting effects. c. produce effects that are more diffuse. d. produce effects that take longer to develop. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that a. are less diffuse. b. develop more rapidly. c. are more enduring. d. all of the above e. both A and B
e. both A and B
At rest, a. a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV. b. the electrical charge outside the neuron is 70 mV less than inside the neuron. c. a neuron is polarized. d. all of the above e. both A and C
e. both A and C
After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by a. reuptake b. enzymatic degradation. c. G proteins. d. all of the above e. both A or B
e. both A or B
Prevalent in the cytoplasm of most terminal buttons are a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. synaptic vesicles. d. all of the above e. both B and C
e. both B and C
The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is a. active b. decremental c. extremely rapid. d. all of the above e. both B and C
e. both B and C
Vesicles travel from the cell body to the buttons a. on action potentials. b. via microtubules. c. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per second. d. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per day. e. both B and D
e. both B and D
The midbrain is a. part of the mesencephalon. b. part of the metencephalon. c. the mesencephalon. d. part of the brain stem. e. both C and D
e. both C and D
Which of the following is currently thought to be a valid general principle of synaptic transmission? a. Each neuron releases only one neurotransmitter. b. Each neurotransmitter acts on only one receptor subtype. c. All receptors are in postsynaptic membranes. d. All neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. e. none of the above
e. none of the above
During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the a. opening of sodium channels. b. closing of chloride channels. c. opening of chloride channels. d. closing of potassium channels. e. opening of potassium channels.
e. opening of potassium channels.