Psyc Test

8. A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustratesA) an unconditioned response.B) operant conditioning.C) discrimination.D) generalization.

D) generalization.

Type B

Easy going

B)James-Lange theory.

Emotions result from attention to our bodily activity

C)Cannon-Bard theory.

Our response to an emotion-induced stimulus occurs at the same time as our subjective feeling of the emotion

The Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance increases with arousal only to a certain point

1.Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates A) the Type A personality. B) the faith factor. C) problem-focused coping. D) an external locus of control.

A) the Type A personality.

16. Reducing one's anger through aggressive action or fantasy is called A)catharsis.B)behavior feedback. C)spontaneous remission. D)relative deprivation.

A)catharsis.

5. After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the A)two-factor theory. B)James-Lange theory. C)Cannon-Bard theory. D)Yerkes-Dodson law.

A)two-factor theory.

12. Rosana believes she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates A) a Type B personality.B) the faith factor. C) emotion-focused coping. D) an internal locus of control.

D) an internal locus of control.

2. Compared to those with an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to

D) cope effectively with stressors.

11. When asked what is most necessary for a happy and meaningful life, most people first mention the importance of satisfying their __________ needs. A. achievementB. safetyC. sexualD. affiliation

affiliation

12. John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whetherA) consumer buying habits are influenced by newspaper advertisements.B) worker productivity in influenced by hourly wage rates.C) academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept.D) aggressive behavior is influenced by threats of punishment.

aggressive behavior

10. Thaddeus will perform in a band concert at his school tomorrow. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, his musical performance is likely to be _________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is _________. A. best; very lowB. worst; moderateC. best; very highD. best; moderate

best ; moderate

Learning11. Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate A) operant conditioning.B) spontaneous recovery.C) classical conditioning.D) observational learning.

classical

4. Which of the following "C-words" connects LEAST to self-motivation?A. choiceB. compassionC. competenceD. community

compassion

9. Which of the following is NOT true with respect to sexual orientation? A)Virtually all cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual. B)The environmental factors that influence sexual orientation are presently unknown. C)Identical twins are somewhat more likely than fraternal twins to share a homosexual orientation. D)With the help of a therapist, most people find it easy to change their sexual orientation.

d

15. After a scary biking accident, Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe bike trail every day for a week. The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustratesA) discrimination.B) operant behavior.C) generalization.D) spontaneous recovery.

spontaneous recovery

Type D

surpress their negative behavior emotion to avoid social disapproval

13. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?A) playing jump ropeB) running through a maze to get a food rewardC) sweating in hot weatherD) clapping after a thrilling concert performance

sweating

6. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a _______ schedule of reinforcement.A) fixed-ratioB) fixed-intervalC) variable-intervalD) variable-ratio

fixed - ratio

16. Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip now fears all small animals. His fear demonstrates the process ofA) stimulus generalization.B) operant conditioning.C) spontaneous recovery.D) extinction.E) response generalization.

generalization

. Positive reinforcers _______the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ______the rate of operant responding.A) decrease; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) increase; increaseD) have no effect on; decrease

increase ; decrease

Mr. Porter believes aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes aggression is a(n)A. incentiveB. homeostatic mechanismC. instinctD. drive

instinct

5. Mason, a stockholder, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a _______ reinforcer.A) positiveB) negativeC) conditionedD) partial

negative

. Eight-year-old Tommy has been acting up in class and so will not be allowed to go to recess and play with his classmates. The negative feeling Tommy has about the punishment is due to A. narcissismB. self-esteemC. ostracismD. chain migration

ostracism (exclusion)

11. Work activities are most likely to foster happiness when they promote A) rumination. B) emotional catharsis. C) the experience of flow. D) relative deprivation.

the experience of flow

9. Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustratesA) negative reinforcement.B) the law of effect.C) respondent behavior.D) spontaneous recovery.

the law of effect

3. According to drive-reduction theory, a need refers to A. a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal. B. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior. C. a desire to perform a behavior in order to avoid punishment. D. a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of all people.

A. a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

6. Which of the following approaches to therapy would most likely involve efforts to understand an adult's psychological disorder by exploring that person's childhood experiences? A. psychoanalysis B. behavior therapy C. humanistic therapy D. cognitive therapy

A. psychoanalysis

Emotion9. The __________ is the point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight. A. set pointB. basal metabolic rateC. body mass indexD. obesity rate

A. set point

8. Benny's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving her three-year-old his favorite candy as soon as she boards the boat. The mother's strategy best illustrates A.counterconditioning. B.cognitive therapy. C.transference. D.interpersonal psychotherapy.

A.counterconditioning.

2. Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process ofA) operant conditioning.B) extinction.C) spontaneous recovery.D) generalization.

B) extinction.

1. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of A) observational learning.B) generalization.C) operant conditioning.D) spontaneous recovery.

B) generalization.

3. If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstratesA) prosocial behaviorB) latent learningC) intrinsic motivationD) modeling

B) latent learning

17. Matt regularly buckles his safety belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of A) respondent behavior.B) negative reinforcement. C) secondary reinforcement. D) spontaneous recovery.

B) negative reinforcement.

Sample Questions for Chapter 8: Learning7. Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have seen all the Spiderman movies. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try jumping across to the next roof. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?A) instinctive driftB) observational learningC) immediate reinforcementD) classical conditioning

B) observational learning

4. While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of A) social exchange theory. B) the two-factor theory of emotion. C) equity theory. D) the mere exposure effect.

B) the two-factor theory of emotion.

14. Bernard is an ambitious, highly competitive corporate lawyer who recently had a heart attack. He tends to be impatient and a perfectionist, and he gets angry over little things. Research suggests that Bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his A)ambition.B)anger.C)perfectionism.D)competitiveness.

B)anger.

5. A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as A. fixation. B. free association. C. projection. D. hypnosis.

B. free association.

7. Jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least four hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best university teams in the country. His goal and behavior best illustrate the concept ofA. belongingness needsB. self-esteem needsC. self-transcendence needsD. self-actualization needs

B. self-esteem needs

3. Dogs strapped in a harness and given repeated shocks they could not avoid developed A) a Type B personality. B) an internal locus of control. C) learned helplessness. D) problem-focused coping.

C) learned helplessness.

6. Luciano believes the best way to get over the anger he feels toward his high-school teacher is to scream shameful profanities while hitting a punching bag. His belief best illustrates

C) the catharsis hypothesis.

15. Alex experiences little distress because he expects things to work out the way he wants them to. This best illustrates the value of A)a Type A personality. B)spontaneous remission. C)optimism. D)biofeedback.

C)optimism.

4. When two-year-old Matthew was told he would not get dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his A. Superego. B. Ego. C. Id. D. Oedipus complex.

C. Id.

10. The therapeutic alliance refers to A. the transference of feelings from earlier relationships to client-therapist interactions. B. a form of therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals. C. a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and a client. D. a program developed by the American Psychological Association to advance evidence-based practice.

C. a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and a client.

12. When researchers monitored the professional accomplishments of more than 1500 highly intelligent individuals, they found that the most successful were more ambitious, energetic, and persistent. This best illustrates the importance of A. high intelligenceB. narcissismC. achievement motivationD. self-disclosure

C. achievement motivation

7. Empathic understanding of the patient's subjective experiences is a major goal of A. psychoanalysis. B. biomedical therapy. C. client-centered therapy D. behavior therapy

C. client-centered therapy

9. Training people to actively dispute their own self-defeating ideas best illustrates A. psychoanalysis. B. behavior therapy. C. cognitive therapy. D. client-centered therapy.

C. cognitive therapy.

1. A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates A. stress inoculation training. B. aversive conditioning. C. exposure therapy. D. client-centered therapy.

C. exposure therapy.

8. For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves toA. create an incentiveB. create an instinctual driveC. maintain homeostasisD. eliminate homeostasis

C. maintain homeostasis

3. In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates A.stress inoculation training. B. systematic desensitization. C.a token economy. D.virtual reality exposure therapy.

C.a token economy.

8. Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will A) calm their emotions and reduce their anger. B) lead them to perceive their employer's actions as unavoidable. C) rechannel their anger into constructive motivation. D) increase their hostility.

D) increase their hostility.

19. Rannilt was euphoric after learning she had been accepted by the medical school of her choice. After a few weeks, however, she is only mildly happy when she thinks about her admission to medical school. This change in her feelings can best be explained in terms of A) the catharsis hypothesis. B) relative deprivation. C) the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. D) the adaptation-level phenomenon.

D) the adaptation-level phenomenon.

7. After receiving exciting news about the birth of a healthy grandson, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates A) catharsis. B) the adaptation-level phenomenon. C) subjective well-being. D) the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

D) the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

18. For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ___________ schedule.A) fixed-intervalB) variable-intervalC) fixed-ratioD) variable-ratio

D) variable-ratio

13. Who is the best example of a Type A personality?A)Bonnie, a relaxed, fun-loving professor. B)Susan, a brilliant, self-confident accountant.C)Clay, a reflective, open-minded artists. D)Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist.

D)Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist.

10. The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called A)the spillover effect. B)the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. C)spontaneous expression. D)the facial feedback effect.

D)the facial feedback effect.

2. To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates A. psychodynamic therapy. B. operant conditioning. C. free association. D. systematic desensitization.

D. systematic desensitization.

Type A

Super motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered

10. Punishment______ the rate of operant responding, Negative reinforcement_______ the rate of operant responding.A) increase; decreasesB) decreases; increasesC) decreases; decreasesD) has no effect on; has no effect on

decrease ; decrease

n Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)A) unconditioned stimulus.B) unconditioned response.C) conditioned stimulus.D) conditioned response.

unconditioned s